Cattle Origin Research Articles

In vitro culture of the strobilar stage of Echinococcus granulosus from protoscoleces of human, camel, cattle, sheep and goat origin from Kenya and buffalo origin from India

Protoscoleces from human, camel, cattle, sheep, goat (all from Kenya) and buffalo (from India) hydatid cysts were cultured under identical conditions in vitro using the diphasic culture system of Smyth (1979b). Organisms from all sources grew and segmented in culture. Genital anlagen developed in all cultured worms but further genital differentiation occurred only in cultures of cattle (testes) and camel (testes and genital pore) material. The possible significance of these results is discussed in relation to the general epidemiology of hydatid disease and the potential infectivity of the different strains to man.

Hydatid disease in the Turkana District of Kenya, IV. The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs, and observations on the role of the dog in the lifestyle of the Turkana.

The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the Turkana District of Kenya was 39.4% of 695 examined. Of these, 98 (35.8%) had heavy Echinococcus worm burdens (10(3)-5 X 10(4) ), while 54 (19.7%) and 122 (44.5%) had medium (201-1000) and light (1-200) burdens. The possible sources of these infections are discussed. The prevalence rate differed in various parts of the district, ranging from 63.5% in the northwest, where the highest incidence of human hydatidosis also occurs, to nil along the shores of Lake Turkana. Infection rates of 32.0% and 16.7% were recorded at Lokitaung (north-east) and Lodwar (central), while in the south 48.9% of dogs harboured Echinococcus. This latter figure is surprising as the area has a low incidence of human hydatidosis. The Turkana keep a large number of dogs, and the reasons for this and the social role of the dog in the district is discussed. No difference in susceptibility was found between Turkana-type dogs and those of mixed breeds from Nairobi when they were experimentally infected with hydatid protoscolices from man, camels, cattle, sheep and goats. However, it proved difficult to infect the Turkana-type of dogs with viable protoscolices of cattle origin. The reasons for this and its epidemiological implications remain unclear. It is suggested that droughts, which affect Turkana every six to ten years, may play an important role in the perpetuation of hydatid disease in the area.

Observations on echinococcus granulosus of cattle origin in switzerland

Switzerland is one of the few countries where high fertility rates have been reported in cattle hydatid cysts and where the cattle/dog cycle is the most important for the maintenance of Echinococcus granulosus. The developmental and morphological characteristics of E. granulosus of Swiss cattle origin were studied and compared with that of E. granulosus of domestic animal origin from Great Britain and Australia, countries where bovine hydatid cysts are usually sterile and cattle play little role in the life-cycle of the parasite. Adult E. granulosus of Swiss cattle origin differed markedly in its developmental characteristics compared to other isolates, particularly in its rate of maturation in dogs, producing eggs as early as 35 days post-infection. The morphology of E. granulosus of Swiss cattle origin was characteristic and it could be easily distinguished from other isolates of the parasite. Further, E. granulosus of Swiss cattle origin was found to closely resemble that occurring in cattle in South Africa where high fertility rates have also been reported in bovine hydatid cysts. It is concluded that a strain of E. granulosus exists which is adapted to cattle and that further studies are required to determine whether this strain warrants formal taxonomic status as the species E. ortleppi which was originally described for the parasite of South African cattle origin.

Comparison of ultrasonic equipment for describing beef carcass characteristics in live cattle (Report on a joint ultrasonic trial carried out in the U.K. and Denmark)

An experiment was conducted in Britain and in Denmark to obtain information on the potential of different ultrasonic equipment for describing body composition in live cattle. The following machines were tested: the “Scanogram”, the “Danscanner”, the Ohio Nuclear “Sonofluoroscope”, the Philips “Diagnost R” and the Bruel and Kjaer “Revolving transducer system, type 3402”. In Britain, thirty cattle, and in Denmark, twenty cattle, were scanned twice with each instrument. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was separated completely into lean meat, fat and bone. The repeatability of the scanning results was highest at the 1st lumbar vertebra position and higher for fat than muscle measurements. Correlations between ultrasonic measurements and corresponding carcass cut face measurements at 1st lumbar vertebra ranged from 0.52 to 0.81 for fat area and from 0.53 to 0.71 for area of M. longissimus dorsi. The percentage of lean in the carcass was best correlated with fat measurements, whereas muscle area was best correlated with dressing percentage and lean/bone ratio. Between the machines there was only a small difference between the correlations averaged over interpreter, location and origin of cattle. Among the operators, however, there was a preference for the “Danscanner” and “Scanogram”, which are specifically constructed for used on farm animals. It was concluded that those starting scanning work should know the anatomy of the relevant parts of the animal, receive training in the use of the equipment, ensure a good back-up service and arrange periodic checks of the accuracy of their measurements.

A comparative study of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal hosts in Kenya using isoelectric focusing and isoenzyme analysis

Macpherson C. N. L. and Mcmanus D. P. 1982). A comparative study of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal hosts in Kenya using isoelectric focusing and isoenzyme analysis. International Journal for Parasitology 12: 515–521. The soluble enzyme extracts from protoscoleces obtained from hydatid cysts of human, camel, cattle, sheep and goat origin were compared on the basis of their isoenzyme patterns for GPI and PGM using isoelectric focusing. Consistent GPI and PGM isoenzyme patterns were obtained for larvae of human, camel and sheep material. Cattle material varied occasionally in having an additional cathodic band in some of the GPI patterns. Two distinct isoenzyme patterns were evident in the goat material for both enzymes. The more common goat patterns were similar to those of human, cattle and sheep (Kenya, U.K. and Argentina) material, which were similar to each other. The rare goat patterns were similar to those obtained for camel material. Cyst location in the various intermediate hosts had no effect on the zymograms obtained. Additionally, no alteration in the major banding patterns was observed between the larvae and homologous adults produced by experimental infections. Of 26 naturally infected dogs, 19 produced adult GPI zymograms resembling human/ sheep/goat (common form) experimental infection patterns, three were similar to experimental cattle infections and four had camel/goat (rare form) patterns.

Inhibited development of Ostertagia ostertagi in relation to production systems for cattle.

On a coastal farm in New South Wales where beef and dairy cattle production was carried on side-by-side, separate pasture plots were contaminated with eggs of Ostertagia ostertagi by calves from each production system in autumn, winter or spring. Successive groups of parasite-free tracer calves grazed on the plots for 14 days at 4-week intervals and were then killed for worm counts 14 days after removal from pasture. On all plots, the proportion of inhibited early 4th-stage larvae in tracer calves reached a maximum in spring, and was consistently and very significantly higher in calves which grazed plots contaminated with O. ostertagi of beef cattle origin. Factors which may be responsible for this difference between beef and dairy cattle populations of O. ostertagi are discussed.

Isolation and characterization of plasmids encoding heat-stable enterotoxin from Escherichia coli of cattle origin.

Isolation and characterization of plasmids encoding heat-stable enterotoxin from Escherichia coli of cattle origin.

Studies on cross-transmission and pathogenicity of Haemonchus contortus in white-tailed deer, domestic cattle and sheep.

Experiments were conducted to compare the relative pathogenicity and infectivity of deer- and cattle-derived Haemonchus contortus for three hosts, viz., white-tailed deer, cattle and domestic sheep. Parameters evaluated for all animals were: general physical condition, basic hematologic values, fecal egg counts and parasite infectivity rates. Clinical signs attributable to H. contortus infections were not observed in any of the experimental animals. Deer harboring H. contortus burdens greater than 70 worms/kg body weight had decreased packed cell volume, hemoglobin and total serum protein values. Statistical analyses indicated there was not a significant difference (P greater than .05) in infectivity of deer-derived H. contortus in these hosts. No significant difference (P greater than .05) in infectivity for deer was noted between deer-derived H. contortus and cattle-derived H. contortus. Morphometric comparisons of helminths recovered indicated that parasites of deer and cattle origin were both compatible with the description for H. contortus. Results suggest that cross-transmission of H. contortus occurs between deer and domestic livestock.

Immunogenetic and population genetic analyses of Iberian cattle.

Blood samples were collected from more than 100 animals in each of 2 Spanish cattle breeds (Retinto and De Lidia), 2 Portuguese breeds (Alentejana and Mertolenga), and American Longhorn cattle. All samples for the 4 Iberian breeds were tested for 20 polymorphic systems; American Longhorn were tested for 19 of the 20. For each breed an average inbreeding coefficient was estimated by a comparison of the observed and expected heterozygosity at 7 or 8 codominant systems tested. All breeds had positive values but only 3 breeds had estimates of inbreeding that were statistically significantly different from 0: De Lidia with f = 0.17, Retinto with f = 0.08 and Mertolenga with f = 0.05. The De Lidia breed especially may be suffering from inbreeding depression since this high value is greater than expected if all of the animals were progeny of half-sib matings. Genetic distances were calculated from the gene frequency data on these 5 breeds plus 9 other European breeds. Analyses of these distances show a closely related group of the 4 Iberian breeds and American Longhorn, confirming the close relationships among the Iberian breeds and the Iberian, probably Portuguese, origin of American Longhorn cattle.

A survey on drug resistance and R plasmids in Salmonella isolated from domestic animals in Japan.

A total of 217 Salmonella strains isolated from domestic animals (78 strains from cattle, 74 from swine and 65 from chickens) in Japan in 1976 were examined for drug resistance and prevalence of R plasmids. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were commonly encountered among 20 serovars identified in this survey. Of the 217 strains examined, 164(76%) were resistant to one or more of the drugs tested. High incidence of multiple drug resistance was observed in the Salmonella strains of cattle origin, over 70% of which showed a multiple resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin and sulfonamide. Of the 164 resistant Salmonella strains, 104 (63%) were found to carry R plasmids which were capable of performing a conjugal transfer. Of them, 64 (62%) were originated from cattle. Most of them had multiple resistant markers, including chloramphenicol. It was also found that R plasmids of incompatibility groups H1 and Iα were widely distributed among Salmonella strains isolated from domestic animals, especially from cattle, in Japan.

Origin and domestication of Zebu cattle ( Bos indicus)

Domestication of plants and animals was the basis of settled life of man. India is believed to be the centre of origin of Zebu cattle, Bos indicus, which later spread to Africa and southeast Asia. The available archaeological, cultural and genetical data are presented to throw further light on the origin, centers of domestication and relationship of Zebu cattle all over the world. This material is compared with the similar data of Western cattle, Bos taurus, to support the hypothesis of their independent origin and domestication. Need for further study is stressed.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF BEEF CATTLE

A system for the artificial insemination fo beef cattle was described. The system involved preparation of the cattle and facilities, visual oestrous detection twice a day, drafting each morning and insemination of oestrous cows twice a day. The AI program was evaluated during the course of the program and at pregnancy test 35 to 90 days after the end of the insemination period. The insemination period was from 25 to 60 days depending on efficiency, with programs from 25 to 35 days being favoured. Results for 12218 first inseminations (65.9%) and 2222 second inseminations (57.8%) in 56 AI programs compared favourably with results in dairy AI. Pregnancy rates in lactating cows (70.5%) were significantly higher than in nonlactating cows and heifers (66.1%). Overall efficiency of well-managed AI programs were represented by 63% of cows put into a program becoming pregnant in a 29-day insemination period. Seventy-two per cent of the cows put into the program were inseminated yielding an 88% pregnancy rate. The efficiency of visual oestrous detection was 95% but this estimate did not include false positives. Efficiency of AI programs were effected by management, nutrition, infection, inseminators, facilities and the origin and type of cattle put into a program. Environmental factors such as handling, stress and thunderstorms did not effect efficiency except via a nutritional effect.

Letter: Introduction of Bali cattle to Northern Australia.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 51, Issue 2 p. 108-108 INTRODUCATION OF BALI CATTLE TO NORTHERN AUSTRALLA J. H. CALABY, J. H. CALABY CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, Australian Capital Territory, 2602Search for more papers by this author J. H. CALABY, J. H. CALABY CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, Australian Capital Territory, 2602Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1975.tb09428.xCitations: 8AboutRelatedInformationPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume51, Issue2February 1975Pages 108-108 RelatedInformation RecommendedThe Origin of Indonesian Cattle and Conservation Genetics of the Bali Cattle BreedK Mohamad, M Olsson, G Andersson, B Purwantara, HTA van Tol, H Rodriguez-Martinez, B Colenbrander, JA Lenstra, Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsBanteng and Bali Cattle in Indonesia: Status and ForecastsB Purwantara, RR Noor, G Andersson, H Rodriguez-Martinez, Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsAn estimate of specificity for a Johne's disease absorbed ELISA in northern Australian cattleDJ PITT, DS PINCH, A. JANMAAT, RJ CONDRON, Australian Veterinary JournalAn evaluation of the anamnestic test for brucellosis in cattle of the northern pastoral areaL. A. CORNER, G. G. ALTON, L. N. McNICHOL, T. STREETEN, K. F. TRUEMAN, Australian Veterinary JournalAn estimate of specificity for a Johne's disease absorbed ELISA in northern Australian cattleDJ PITT, DS PINCH, A JANMAAT, RJ CONDRON, Australian Veterinary Journal

Relationship of foot-and-mouth disease virus plaque size on cell cultures to infectivity for cattle by intramuscular inoculation

With sixteen virus strains of cattle origin representing all seven types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), infectivity for cattle by intramuscular (i.m.) inoculation was significantly related to plaque size on primary calf kidney cell cultures; the larger plaque viruses were more infectious. This relationship was not observed when these virus strains were inoculated into cattle tongues, mice or cell cultures (by CPE technique). For the 16 strains, the approximate minimum infective doses, expressed in bovine ID50 units, varied from 10 to 10,000 units for i.m. inoculation and from 0.01 to 2.0 units for tongue inoculation of cattle. The tongue route of inoculation for FMDV in cattle was from 100 to 200,000 times more sensitive for producing infection than i.m. inoculation. Of 195 cattle given various doses of FMDV by i.m. inoculation, 154 were infected, 13 were only antigenically stimulated or immunized and 28 were not clinically or serologically affected; with some strains, virus doses of as much as 15,000 bovine ID50 units failed to elicit a detectable response. Five of the FMD viruses that had 20 or more serial passages by cattle tongue inoculation produced smaller plaques in calf kidney cell cultures and were less infectious for cattle by i.m. inoculation than four field strains that had two to three laboratory passages and probably had natural passage primarily in cattle. Thus, serial passage of FMD viruses by cattle tongue inoculation may not be the ideal method for retaining field strain characteristics. Also, the hosts of natural passage may influence results.

114. Mythical Origin of Cattle in Africa.

114. Mythical Origin of Cattle in Africa.

胎兒ノ頭蓋骨ヨリ見タル東方亞細亞大陸家畜牛ノ系統的研究

胎兒ノ頭蓋骨ヨリ見タル東方亞細亞大陸家畜牛ノ系統的研究

The Evolution of British Cattle and the Fashioning of Breeds

THE author of this book exhibits a considerable knowledge of the literature which bears upon the subject of the origin and development of British cattle. His references range from Cæsar's Gallic war to Thomson's recent book on heredity; they embrace not only husbandry in the old and agriculture in the new sense, but political and social history, and such details of the modern sciences of palæontology and Mendelism as are necessary for his purpose. Thus a knowledge of the habits of the peoples dealt with and of the circumstances affecting them at various times is brought to bear upon the problem of the migration of cattle and of the blending of different breeds in olden days, while the evidence he has culled from various writings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is especially noteworthy and valuable to the student of heredity, inasmuch as it throws light on the causes which influenced the establishment of modern breeds during a period of which but little is generally known of stock breeding.