Origami Paper Research Articles

Quantum Dot-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Three-Dimensional Origami Paper Microfluidic Chip for Fluorescence Detection of Phycocyanin.

In this work, we developed a novel strategy using fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) combined with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on three-dimensional (3D) origami paper-based microfluidic devices for specific recognition and sensitive detection of phycocyanin. This method can realize the liquid phase of QDs@MIPs being transferred to the solid-phase paper base and achieve easy portability for the analysis. Under optimal conditions, we successfully demonstrated the proposed paper@QDs@MIPs 3D microfluidic chip for the sensitive and selective detection of phycocyanin protein target in a simple and robust manner. Our results revealed that the method exhibited a dynamic response to phycocyanin in the range of 10-50 mg/L with a limit of detection of 2 mg/L. Importantly, this device could provide quantitative information very conveniently and show great potential to be further extended to the detection of other proteins or biomarkers for environmental and food safety research.

Rigid Origami via Optical Programming and Deferred Self-Folding of a Two-Stage Photopolymer.

We demonstrate the formation of shape-programmed, glassy origami structures using a single-layer photopolymer with two mechanically distinct phases. The latent origami pattern consisting of rigid, high cross-link density panels and flexible, low cross-link density creases is fabricated using a series of photomask exposures. Strong optical absorption of the polymer formulation creates depth-wise gradients in the cross-link density of the creases, enforcing directed folding which enables programming of both mountain and valley folds within the same sheet. These multiple photomask patterns can be sequentially applied because the sheet remains flat until immersed into a photopolymerizable monomer solution that differentially swells the polymer to fold and form the origami structure. After folding, a uniform photoexposure polymerizes the absorbed solution, permanently fixing the shape of the folded structure while simultaneously increasing the modulus of the folds. This approach creates sharp folds by mimicking the stiff panels and flexible creases of paper origami while overcoming the traditional trade-off of self-actuated materials that require low modulus for folding and high modulus for mechanical robustness. Using this process, we demonstrate a waterbomb base capable of supporting 1500 times its own weight.

A Three-Dimensional Origami Paper-Based Device for Potentiometric Biosensing.

Current paper-based potentiometric ion-sensing platforms are planar devices used for clinically relevant ions. These devices, however, have not been designed for the potentiometric biosensing of proteins or small molecule analytes. A three-dimensional origami paper-based device, in which a solid-contact ion-selective electrode is integrated with an all-solid-state reference electrode, is described for the first time. The device is made by impregnation of paper with appropriate bioreceptors and reporting reagents on different zones. By folding and unfolding the paper structures, versatile potentiometric bioassays can be performed. A USB-controlled miniaturized electrochemical detector can be used for simple and in situ measurements. Using butyrylcholinesterase as a model enzyme, the device has been successfully applied to the detection of enzyme activities and organophosphate pesticides involved in the enzymatic system as inhibitors. The proposed 3D origami paper device allows the potentiometric biosensing of proteins and small molecules in a simple, portable, and cost-effective way.

A Three‐Dimensional Origami Paper‐Based Device for Potentiometric Biosensing

AbstractCurrent paper‐based potentiometric ion‐sensing platforms are planar devices used for clinically relevant ions. These devices, however, have not been designed for the potentiometric biosensing of proteins or small molecule analytes. A three‐dimensional origami paper‐based device, in which a solid‐contact ion‐selective electrode is integrated with an all‐solid‐state reference electrode, is described for the first time. The device is made by impregnation of paper with appropriate bioreceptors and reporting reagents on different zones. By folding and unfolding the paper structures, versatile potentiometric bioassays can be performed. A USB‐controlled miniaturized electrochemical detector can be used for simple and in situ measurements. Using butyrylcholinesterase as a model enzyme, the device has been successfully applied to the detection of enzyme activities and organophosphate pesticides involved in the enzymatic system as inhibitors. The proposed 3D origami paper device allows the potentiometric biosensing of proteins and small molecules in a simple, portable, and cost‐effective way.

Origami and kirigami inspired self-folding for programming three-dimensional shape shifting of polymer sheets with light

Origami and kirigami guided programmable shape shifting is explored via self-folding and spontaneous buckling of a thin sheet of shape memory polymer with light. By patterning the sheet with printed black ink lines as actuating hinges, we show that the folding angle can be well controlled by tuning the ink line width, which is predicted by both a simplified localized bilayer folding model and corresponding finite element method (FEM) simulation. Inspired by the approach of paper origami and kirigami combining folding and cutting, we then explored the design of prescribed patterned creases (i.e. ink lines) and/or cuts in the polymer thin sheet for programming a library of light-responsive three-dimensional (3-D) surfaces in a controlled fashion. Through the design of prescribed straight and curved crease patterns in origami, we demonstrated the generation of light-driven self-folding cylinders, helices, and pyramids with zero Gaussian curvature, as well as spontaneous formation of saddles with negative Gaussian curvature through localized curved folding induced global buckling. The quantitative underlying mechanism governing the geometry of the different self-folded 3-D structures is revealed through simple geometrical modeling and FEM simulations. Lastly, through kirigami combining both folding and cutting in the form of line cuts or cut-outs, we demonstrated the spontaneous formation of light-responsive, more complex pop-up kirigami structures.

Fully-drawn origami paper analytical device for electrochemical detection of glucose

In this work, an origami paper-based analytical device for glucose biosensor by employing fully-drawn pencil electrodes has been reported. The three-electrode system was prepared on paper directly by drawing with nothing more than pencils. By simple printing, two separated zones on paper were designed for the immobilization of the mediator and glucose oxidase (GOx), respectively. The used paper provides a favorable and biocompatible support for maintaining the bioactivities of GOx. With a sandwich-type scheme, the origami biosensor exhibited great analytical performance for glucose sensing including acceptable reproducibility and favorable selectivity against common interferents in physiological fluids. The limit of detection and linear range achieved with the approach was 0.05mM and 1–12mM, respectively. Its analytical performance was also demonstrated in the analysis of human blood samples. Such fully-drawn paper-based device is cheap, flexible, portable, disposable, and environmentally friendly, affording great convenience for practical use under resource-limited conditions. We therefore envision that this approach can be extended to generate other functional paper-based devices.

Highly specific electrochemical sensor of tumor marker using multi-nanoparticle labeling based 3D origami paper analytical device

and synthesis of a fluorescent off–on nanoprobe for MMP families (for an instance, collagenase IV, including MMP2, MMP4, and MMP9). The fabricated fluorescent nano-switch is the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-attached gold nanoparticle (GNP). The spacer inserted between FITC andGNP is a small peptide containing the core substrate sequence of MMPs and a free thiol group on the terminal cysteine. To ensure the desirable solubility, stability, and in vivo circulation of nano-switch, thiolated polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (HS-mPEG2000) was also conjugated to the surface of GNP. The structure of the nano-switch was optimized through adjusting the molar ratio of GNP vs. p-FITC, investigating the effect on the addition of HS-mPEG2000, and evaluating fluorescence recovery efficiency of the nano-switch. Investigated using confocal laser fluorescence microscope technology, the cellular uptake result showed that with the help of GNPs, the nano-switch can bemore easily in taken byHepG2 cells (liver hepatocellular carcinoma) and lighten the greenfluorescence of FITC around GNPs inside cells. However, the green fluorescence was only found in the cell culture medium for the p-FITC group. Furthermore, tissue frozen section results demonstrated that (1) the nano-switch showed higher fluorescence intensity in tumor tissues; (2) the fluorescence recovery of the nano-switch was not only found in the margin but also in the center of tumor tissues; (3) the nano-switch exhibited lower distribution in normal tissues including heart, spleen, and lung; and (4) when comparing with p-FITC, the similar and higher accumulation of the nano-switch in liver and kidney, respectively, indicated its liver targeting and renal elimination characters.

Dipole‐ and loop‐mode switchable origami paper antenna

ABSTRACTA pattern‐switchable origami antenna is designed with paper using inkjet‐printing technology. The proposed antenna can be switched between loop and dipole antenna modes by folding and unfolding the paper, respectively. Eutectic gallium‐indium liquid metal is introduced in order to avoid cracks in the conductive ink when the paper is folded. The performance of the proposed antenna is demonstrated through simulation and measurement results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:668–672, 2016

3D Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Origami Folding Principles

Recently, there has been much interest in the development of energy storage and electronic devices using paper and textile components. The low cost, roll-to-roll fabrication methods, flexibility, and bendability of these substrates are attractive for high-performance devices. Many flexible devices demonstrated using paper or cellulose components include organic field effect transistors, RF devices, sensors, microfluidics, displays, transparent conducting films, and light-emitting diodes and 3D antennas. Specifically for energy storage and conversion applications, the ability for the power source to be intimately integrated to unconventional substrates has motivated research in flexible devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, nanogenerators, solar cells, and fuel cells. For applications such as MEMS, smart dust motes, and on-chip power, there is an increasing need for batteries with high energy areal energy due to the limited area available in the device. However, it is difficult to increase the energy per footprint area in 2D, planar devices since increasing the thickness of the active material layers also leads to a corresponding increase in resistivity and decrease in electrochemical performance. To address these issues, we have taken an approach that uses the conventional 2D planar battery platform but applies origami folding concepts typically used to fold paper into more compact shapes in order to realize a Li-ion battery with higher areal charge storage capacity. Origami paper folding techniques, namely the Miura-ori pattern, were used to compact a Li-ion battery and increase its energy per footprint area. Full cells were prepared using Li4Ti5O12 and LiCoO2 powders deposited onto paper coated with carbon nanotubes as current collectors. Our 5 x 5 folded cell was found to display a ~14X increase in areal energy density compared to the planar version.

Electrochemical K-562 cells sensor based on origami paper device for point-of-care testing

A low-cost, simple, portable and sensitive paper-based electrochemical sensor was established for the detection of K-562 cell in point-of-care testing. The hybrid material of 3D Au nanoparticles/graphene (3D Au NPs/GN) with high specific surface area and ionic liquid (IL) with widened electrochemical windows improved the good biocompatibility and high conductivity was modified on paper working electrode (PWE) by the classic assembly method and then employed as the sensing surface. IL could not only enhance the electron transfer ability but also provide sensing recognition interface for the conjugation of Con A with cells, with the cell capture efficiency and the sensitivity of biosensor strengthened simultaneously. Concanavalin A (Con A) immobilization matrix was used to capture cells. As proof-of-concept, the paper-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of K-562 cells was developed. With such sandwich-type assay format, K-562 cells as model cells were captured on the surface of Con A/IL/3D AuNPs@GN/PWE. Con A-labeled dendritic PdAg NPs were captured on the surface of K-562 cells. Such dendritic PdAg NPs worked as catalysts promoting the oxidation of thionine (TH) by H2O2 which was released from K-562 cells via the stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Therefore, the current signal response was dependent on the amount of PdAg NPs and the concentration of H2O2, the latter of which corresponded with the releasing amount from cells. So, the detection method of K-562 cell was also developed. Under optimized experimental conditions, 1.5×10−14mol of H2O2 releasing from each cell was calculated. The linear range and the detection limit for K-562 cells were determined to be 1.0×103–5.0×106cells/mL and 200cells/mL, respectively. Such as-prepared sensor showed excellent analytical performance with good fabrication reproducibility, acceptable precision and satisfied accuracy, providing a novel protocol in point-of-care testing of cells.

Robogami: A Fully Integrated Low-Profile Robotic Origami

Intelligent robotic systems that can react to unprogrammed tasks and unforeseen environmental changes require augmented “softness.” Robogami, a low-profile origami robot, addresses intrinsic (material-wise) and extrinsic (mechanism-wise) softness with its multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) body driven by soft actuators. The unique hardware of the Robogami and its submillimeter thick construction enable diverse transformations as those achievable by the paper origami. The presented Robogami shows the first fully integrated version that has all the essential components including its controller within a thin sheet. Construction of this robot is possible via precise, repeatable, and low cost planar fabrication methods often reserved for microscale fabrications. In this research, we aim at expanding the capabilities of Robogamis by embedding bidirectional actuation, sensing, and control circuit. To assess the performance of the proposed sensors and actuators, we report on the performance of these components in a single module and in the four-legged crawler robot.

Conceptual Transformation and Cognitive Processes in Origami Paper Folding

Research on problem solving typically does not address tasks that involve following detailed and/or illustrated step-by-step instructions. Such tasks are not seen as cognitively challenging problems to be solved. In this paper, we challenge this assumption by analyzing verbal protocols collected during an Origami folding task. Participants verbalised thoughts well beyond reading or reformulating task instructions, or commenting on actions. In particular, they compared the task status to pictures in the instruction, evaluated the progress so far, referred to previous experience, expressed problems and confusions, and�crucially�added complex thoughts and ideas about the current instructional step. The last two categories highlight the fact that participants conceptualised this spatial task as a problem to be solved, and used creativity to achieve this aim. Procedurally, the verbalisations reflect a typical order of steps: reading�reformulating�reconceptualising�evaluating. During reconceptualisation, the creative range of spatial concepts represented in language highlights the complex mental operations involved when transferring the two-dimensional representation into the real world. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of problem solving as a multilayered process involving diverse types of cognitive effort, consider parallels to known conceptual challenges involved in interpreting spatial descriptions, and reflect on the benefit of reconceptualisation for cognitive processes.

Low-Voltage Origami-Paper-Based Electrophoretic Device for Rapid Protein Separation

We present an origami paper-based electrophoretic device (oPAD-Ep) that achieves rapid (∼5 min) separation of fluorescent molecules and proteins. Due to the innovative design, the required driving voltage is just ∼10 V, which is more than 10 times lower than that used for conventional electrophoresis. The oPAD-Ep uses multiple, thin (180 μm/layer) folded paper layers as the supporting medium for electrophoresis. This approach significantly shortens the distance between the anode and cathode, and this, in turn, accounts for the high electric field (>1 kV/m) that can be achieved even with a low applied voltage. The multilayer design of the oPAD-Ep enables convenient sample introduction by use of a slip layer as well as easy product analysis and reclamation after electrophoresis by unfolding the origami paper and cutting out desired layers. We demonstrate the use of oPAD-Ep for simple separation of proteins in bovine serum, which illustrates its potential applications for point-of-care diagnostic testing.

Origami Pop-up Card Generation from 3D Models Using a Directed Acyclic Graph

Origami is a paper art used to create three-dimensional (3D) objects by cutting and folding a single sheet of paper. Origami is labor-intensive and requires a high skill level to generate two-dimensional (2D) objects that pop-up into realistic 3D objects. However, this special feature makes designing an origami architecture procedure challenging. This paper provides a novel algorithm to create an origami paper card from a 3D model with a user-specified folding line. The algorithm segments the 2D shape from a 3D model and creates layers of the pop-up paper card using a directed acyclic graph. After applying layers to the layout, the algorithm creates connections between layers, and then outputs the origami layout. Based on a directed acyclic graph, the algorithm computes a class of paper architectures containing two sets of layers and connections that approximate the input geometry while guaranteeing that a pop up card is physically realizable. The proposed method is demonstrated with a number of paper pop-ups, and physical experimental results are presented.

PENGGUNAAN ALAT PERMAINAN EDUKATIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS ANAK DI TK

In the process of educating at TK (Primary School), one of the main goalsis to develop the creativity of children optimally. It is so important aboutdeveloping the creativity of children can be seen from the difference ofthe role of the teacher which is early dominating a class, now must givemore a chance to the children to take a more active and creative role in thecomfortable atmosphere and that is supported with supplying educativegames. That dimension is underlying this research.This research heads for increasing the creativity of children through usingthe tools of educative games. Those tools which are used are origami paper,poster paint, and plastisin. The kind of this research is a research of classaction, because this research is relevant and agrees with the object ofresearch. The subject of this research is all of the pupils in group BI in TKABA I Braja Harjosari, 32 Pupils.The collecting of data that is collected in this research is observation,interview/discussion, and documentation. This research is going to actin cycle I and II around six times meeting. After analyzing and workingthrough in this research, the writer can take the conclusion that the usingtools of educative games can increase the creativity of the children age 5-6years. It can be proved with the percentage of !inal learning to cycle I up to56, 25% and then increasing at the cycle II becomes 71, 87%

Think3d!: Training Spatial Thinking Fundamental to STEM Education

This article describes the initial implementation of an innovative program for elementary-age children involving origami and pop-up paper engineering to promote visuospatial thinking. While spatial ability measures correlate with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) success, a focus on spatial thinking is all but missing in elementary school education. Fourth-grade students took part in the program and then completed spatial thinking assessments or completed the assessments prior to program participation. All students completed assessments at three points in time—before, during, and after the intervention. Results suggest the program's promise in promoting spatial thinking, showing both spatial thinking gains and extensive engagement in the program. Questionnaire responses suggest the program may have particular appeal for girls, which could play a role in reducing gender disparities in spatial reasoning and in situations where spatial thinking can be applied.

DNA detection using origami paper analytical devices.

We demonstrate the hybridization-induced fluorescence detection of DNA on an origami-based paper analytical device (oPAD). The paper substrate was patterned by wax printing and controlled heating to construct hydrophilic channels and hydrophobic barriers in a three-dimensional fashion. A competitive assay was developed where the analyte, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and a quencher-labeled ssDNA competed for hybridization with a fluorophore-labeled ssDNA probe. Upon hybridization of the analyte with the fluorophore-labeled ssDNA, a linear response of fluorescence vs analyte concentration was observed with an extrapolated limit of detection <5 nM and a sensitivity relative standard deviation as low as 3%. The oPAD setup was also tested against OR/AND logic gates, proving to be successful in both detection systems.

Consuming Pork, Parading the Virgin and Crafting Origami in Tel Aviv: Filipina Care Workers’ Aesthetic Formations in Israel

This article investigates the sensual participation of Filipina care workers in Israel, more specifically in the urban space of Tel Aviv. By creating a rich communal life, by parading icons of the Virgin Mary through the streets, and by crafting Origami paper swans that have conquered urban spaces in all sizes, shapes and colours, migrants have fashioned modes of aesthetic and sensual belonging in the city. Their popular aesthetics, I argue, is intricately linked to the ironic Americanisation of a post-colonial nation, as well as the gendered niche of care, which Filipinos in the global economy have come to occupy. Drawing on the concept of ‘aesthetic formation’, this article foregrounds the performative aspects and centrality of objects, appearances and the senses in migrants’ making of community. Filipinos’ aesthetic formations in diaspora speak of collective struggles as well as of the emergence of new subjectivities beyond ethnic or cultural identities.

Design considerations of flat patterns analysis techniques when applied for folding 3-D sheet metal geometries

This paper discusses a systematic approach to implement the principles of Flat Pattern Analysis FPA for folding sheet metal products. The paper starts by highlighting the needs for the vehicular structure forming process with respect to the main production line requirements through using Quality Function Deployment QFD matrix. Additionally, the potentials of fold forming for sheet metal parts in achieving the major production needs will then be benchmarked against other forming techniques through a decision making tool namely; the Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP. The study investigates the application of flat pattern tools for sheet metal products derived from analysis for thin or zero thickness sheets (i.e. paper origami). The analysis sets an approach to generate all possible configurations of flat patterns that result in a specific 3-D structure profile. Secondly, a set of optimality selection metrics are developed and applied to these configurations to help determine the most optimized flat pattern. These optimality measures are a metric based on compactness, a metric for nesting efficiency to describe the strip layout planning, and two measures to assess the manufacturing aspect i.e. bending operation in terms of number and orientation of bend lines.

Symplectic Origami

An origami manifold is a manifold equipped with a closed 2-form which is symplectic except on a hypersurface where it is like the pullback of a symplectic form by a folding map and its kernel fibrates with oriented circle fibers over a compact base. We can move back and forth between origami and symplectic manifolds using cutting (unfolding) and radial blow-up (folding), modulo compatibility conditions. We prove an origami convexity theorem for hamiltonian torus actions, classify toric origami manifolds by polyhedral objects resembling paper origami and discuss examples. We also prove a cobordism result and compute the cohomology of a special class of origami manifolds.