Orientation Of Origin Research Articles

Examining the Role of Family, Media, Peers in Young Caucasian Men’s Understandings of Body Dissatisfaction: A Thematic Analysis Using the Tripartite Influential Model and Social Comparison Theory

This study explores the factors contributing to body dissatisfaction among young Caucasian men. It focuses on family, peers, and media influences, addressing a gap in the literature that rarely integrates men’s experiences. The research draws on the Tripartite Influence Model and Social Comparison Theory, using thematic analysis to examine semi-structured interviews with eight participants aged 20–21. The research considers participants’ sexual orientation and country of origin when analysing the data. The findings show that family, peers, and the media positively and negatively shape body dissatisfaction among participants. Positive familial support can enhance body image, while negative comments from family members and peers exacerbate dissatisfaction. Social media was found to often reinforce unattainable body standards. The research contributes to the limited literature on men’s body dissatisfaction by expanding the application of the Tripartite Influence Model and Social Comparison Theory to this population. The study underscores the need for greater societal awareness and a more inclusive approach to body image research that considers diverse ethnic backgrounds and sexual orientations. We argue that more attention needs to be paid to men’s body dissatisfaction, as men are often excluded from these discussions. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of male body image, offering a foundation for future research and societal discourse on this often-overlooked issue.

Control Violence Begins in Adolescent Dating: A Research from Students' Perception.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of controlling violence experienced by adolescents in the Region of Murcia, as well as to analyze the patterns and sociodemographic variables involved such as sex, age, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, and country of origin of the families with the consequent cultural background provided. Using a sample of 454 secondary and high school students who completed a survey, the results revealed that 29.96% of the respondents were perpetrators (exerted violence) and 35.68% were victims of at least one dating abuse behavior. Significant differences were found in the occurrence of abuse based on family background, age, and religion. Finally, the results revealed that there were no significant differences in the victimization or perpetration of violence in relation to sex, but the older the victim, the less control exercised in cybernetic media, and the greater the control of the other in relation to family origin, where those from Latin American and African countries showed a greater propensity to control their partners than those of Spanish origin.

The Impact of Bias and Discrimination

This article describes the bias and discrimination that play a role in the lives of people viewed as different based on color, ethnicity, gender, language, appearance, age, religion, sexual orientation, or country of origin. Bias and discrimination play a major role in the difficulties faced by unserved and underserved populations such as migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and others across the globe.

Differential anatomy within the femoral origin of the medial patellofemoral complex: Implications or reconstruction

Objectives:The medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) includes the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament (MQTFL). Recent reports have described reconstruction of this fan-shaped ligament to treat patellar instability using a double stranded technique to recreate both components of the complex, with a common origin on the medial femur. Much effort has been placed on accurately identifying the “point” of femoral origin during reconstruction due to the influence of femoral tunnel position on MPFC graft function, however, the MPFC origin is elongated in nature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the shape and orientation of the MPFC origin and identify the difference between the most proximal and distal margins of the elongated femoral footprint.Methods:20 paired fresh frozen cadaveric knees were dissected. From an intraarticular approach, the MPFC was exposed and followed to its footprint on the medial femur. All other soft tissue was removed from the distal femur, and the footprint of the MPFC, the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle were marked. Images of the medial femur were analyzed using Image J software. The length and width of the MPFC footprint was described to the nearest 0.1mm, as well as the angle of the long axis of the footprint relative to the axis of the femoral shaft (0.1 degrees). The position of the footprint’s most proximal and distal margins were identified and described in relation to the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle. The positions for each were compared using paired t tests.Results:17 knees from 10 cadavers (7M, 3F, mean age 73.1) were included in this study. The MPFC femoral footprint had a length of 11.7mm+/-1.8mm (Range 9.6,15.7) and a width of 1.7mm+/-0.4mm (Range, 0.9, 2.2). The long axis of the footprint was found to lie at an angle 14.6+/-16.6 degrees anterior to the axis of the femoral shaft. The most proximal fibers originated 7.4mm+/-3.8mm anterior and 1.8mm+/-4.7mm distal to the adductor tubercle, and 4.1mm+/-2.6mm posterior and 8.4mm+/-5.6mm proximal to the medial epicondyle. The most distal fibers originated 4.9mm+/-4.2mm anterior and 1.3mm+/-4.3mm and distal to the adductor tubercle, as well as 7.1mm+/-2.4mm posterior and 0.5mm+/-5.6mm distal to the medial epicondyle. Overall, the distal margin of the footprint was 10.9mm+/-1.7mm distal (p<0.001) and 2.6mm+/-3.2mm more posterior (p=0.005) than the proximal margin of the MPFC origin.Conclusions:The femoral footprint of the MPFC is ribbon shaped, with the distal margin being 10.9 mm distal and 2.6 mm posterior to the proximal margin. This differential anatomy of the femoral origin suggest that MPFL and MQTFL reconstruction may require separate placements of the femoral tunnels to anatomically recreate these fibers. Further biomechanical studies are needed to determine the optimal femoral tunnel placement in the setting of double-limbed MPFC reconstruction, as well as the long term benefit of this technique in the treatment of patellar instability.

The Impostor Phenomenon Among Black Doctoral and Postdoctoral Scholars in STEM

Aim/Purpose: This study examined experiences related to the impostor phenomenon among Black doctoral and postdoctoral scholars in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Background: Research on the impostor phenomenon is usually focused on undergraduates, especially for Blacks, with sparse research on Black doctoral and postdoctoral scholars. This phenomenon was originally investigated among Whites. Due to fewer studies on Blacks, culturally-relevant understanding of the impostor phenomenon is limited. Methodology: This study used surveys and interviews (convergent mixed-methods) to examine the impostor phenomenon among U.S.-based doctoral and postdoctoral scholars (together referred to as “trainees”) in STEM. Participants took a survey (that used the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale or CIPS to individually compute impostor phenomenon scores) and a one-on-one, semi-structured interview. Survey (with CIPS scores) and interview data were converged from the same participants, who were recruited from a national conference focused on minorities in STEM (convenience sampling). Using constant comparative method and analytic induction, interview-data were categorized into themes. Contribution: Findings documented race-based impostor-experiences, possibly culturally relevant to other groups of underrepresented minorities (URMs). Findings have implications for research, policy, and practice. These include future initiatives to broaden participation in STEM careers among the underrepresented groups, support those who might experience this phenomenon and transition challenges in academia, and create greater awareness of the challenges trainees face based on their background and life experiences. Findings: Surveys indicated moderate to intense impostor phenomenon among 15 participants at the time data were collected. Interviews with the same participants found six themes linked to the impostor phenomenon: 1) Being the only-one, 2) Lack of belonging, 3) Stereotyping, micro-aggression and judgment, 4) External appearances, 5) Feeling like the “diversity enhancers,” and 6) Complications of intersecting identities. Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners should consider the tensions and complications of Black identity and how it ties to training experiences in STEM as well as how race-based impostor phenomenon could shape an individual’s interaction with faculty, mentors, and peers. This knowledge could be helpful in designing professional development programs for Blacks. Recommendation for Researchers: Study findings could have research implications on the way doctoral and postdoctoral training is reimagined to be more inclusive and welcoming of diversity across multiple axes of gender, race/ethnicity, class, first-generation status, ability, sexual orientation, and country of origin, among others. Impact on Society: Black trainees could be vulnerable to leaving STEM fields due to their underrepresentation, lack of critical mass, racial discrimination, and other unpleasant experiences. Conversations around training, development, and means to address psychological distress could focus on culturally-relevant experiences of the impostor phenomenon. Future Research: Future research could look at the experiences of other underrepresented groups in STEM such as Native Americans and Hispanics as well as among faculty of color and individuals from other fields beyond STEM.

Using the \u2018journey metaphor\u2019 to restructure philosophy of religion

This essay forwards a new orientation and point of origin for philosophy of religion—an orientation that does not privilege theism, and a point of origin that does not begin with the attributes and proofs of God (and thereby privilege theism). To do so, it turns to the metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, specifically their analysis of the metaphor life is a journey. It draws on the internal structure of the journey metaphor to identify its core, constituent parts: journeys have a point of origin and destination, a route that is planned, obstacles and sights that are encountered along the way, and a traveler who is accompanied by and encounters other travelers. It then uses these core, constituent parts to generate five philosophical questions about the “journey” of the self and five philosophical questions about the “journey” of the cosmos: (1) Who am I (as traveler)?; (2) Where do I come from?; (3) Where am I going?; (4) How do I get there?; (5) What obstacles lie in my way?; (6) What is the cosmos?; (7) Where does the cosmos come from?; (8) Where is the cosmos going?; (9) How does the cosmos get there?; (10) What obstacles lie in the cosmos’ way? The majority of the essay then shows how each of these questions generates topics for global philosophy of religion and embraces content from a diversity of religious philosophies. Thus, this essay concludes that the journey metaphor is able to offer a new orientation and point of origin for philosophy of religion that is inclusive of a global diversity of religious traditions.

Application of Machine Learning to Two Large-Sample Household Travel Surveys: A Characterization of Travel Modes

Even in a context of rapidly evolving transportation and information technologies, household travel surveys remain an essential source of information for transportation planning. Moreover, as planning authorities become increasingly concerned with reducing the use of the private car, travelers’ mode choice patterns should be reexamined. In this study, a machine learning algorithm (Random Forest) was employed to characterize the use of eight different travel modes observed in two consecutive household travel surveys undertaken in Montreal, Canada. The analysis incorporated roughly 160,000 observed trips. The Random Forest algorithm was trained on the 2008 survey data and applied to the 2013 survey. The usefulness of the algorithm was evaluated using two numerical representations: the confusion matrix and the importance matrix. The results of this evaluation showed that the Random Forest algorithm could generate a detailed and precise characterization of travel submarkets for four of the most commonly observed modes of travel (auto-drive, public transit, school bus, and walk) using 11 attributes of households, persons, and trips. However, the auto-passenger mode was difficult to characterize because of its dependence on unobserved intra-household interactions. The algorithm also had difficulty identifying users of rarely observed modes (park-and-ride, kiss-and-ride, bicycle), but performed better in this regard than a traditional mode choice model. Finally, traveler’s age and the spatial orientation of origin–destination pairs were found to be decisive factors in the use of the auto-drive mode. This finding, combined with the stability of mode choice patterns observed over 5 years, highlights the difficulty of significantly reducing automobile use.

Learning from All the Faithful: A Contemporary Theology of the Sensus Fidei ed. by Bradford E. Hinze and Peter C. Phan

Reviewed by: Learning from All the Faithful: A Contemporary Theology of the Sensus Fidei ed. by Bradford E. Hinze and Peter C. Phan Austin Walker (bio) Learning from All the Faithful: A Contemporary Theology of the Sensus Fidei. Edited by Bradford E. Hinze and Peter C. Phan. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2016. Pages 400. Paper and E-pub: $46.00. ISBN: 9781498280211. When in The Letter to the Duke of Norfolk Newman tells us that the publication of an authoritative judgment is as likely to open as to close debate, if only because theologians must try to discover what the magisterium meant, he could have been speaking proleptically of Lumen Gentium's claim that "the entire body of the faithful, anointed as they are by the Holy One, cannot err in matters of belief."1 In so speaking, council fathers laid the seeds for a theology of the sensus fidei,2 though they made clear that the infallibility of a universal consensus had always been in the soil, as it were, and at least implicitly at work throughout the Church's history.3 But how the entire body of the faithful could be considered infallible, and in what way the lay faithful related to the episcopacy and the magisterium, has been the topic of intense discussion in the fifty years following the Second Vatican council. Within the last five years, three events have coincided to give these investigations a new urgency: the publication of two documents (in 2012 and 2014) on the sensus fidei by the International Theological Commission (ITC) and the ascension of Pope Francis, who in interviews and writings has drawn attention to the sensus fidei.4 In this milieu, with a renewed interest in the unerring and Spirit-given sense of the faithful, editors Bradford E. Hinze and Peter C. Phan have [End Page 75] produced the anthology, Learning from All the Faithful: A Contemporary Theology of the Sensus Fidei. They boldly mark out the "contemporary" character of their approach in the introduction, which begins by identifying the relevant interpretive categories as those of "generation, gender, race, sexual orientation, and country of origin, and [those who have] their doubts . . . about official church teaching and policy" (xv). The volume moves beyond those categories, even if it often returns to them in its 25 essays, which are separated into four sections: (1) a historical survey of theological reflection on the sensus fidei (including a chapter on Newman); (2) a consideration of the adequacy of sociological methods for ascertaining the "true sense" of the faithful; (3) a broad category on "systematic theology and social ethics," with essays on topics as diverse as hermeneutics, Lonergan, and gender theory; and (4) a discussion of how the sensus fidei could be ascertained in light of "World Christianity." As is to be expected from an anthology that brings together diverse authors, the essays are individual efforts to build up a theology of the sensus fidei by drawing on a wide variety of academic disciplines, which is both a challenge and a reward for the reader who follows the whole volume. The bold reader must be prepared to move from the Thomistic language of connaturality to that of Bourdieu's power relations. One helpful unifying feature is that for all their differences, most of the essays take as their point of departure Lumen Gentium and the ITC's reports. Because the ITCs 2014 report on "Sensus Fidei in the Life of the Church" credits Newman's An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine and On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine as instrumental in the recovery of the sensus fidei as a locus theologicus,5 Newman is (by my count) the second-most referenced personage in this collection, behind only Pope Francis. For all that, scholars of Newman may be frustrated by the general level of engagement with his thought. It may be the case that the Newman who is engaged in this volume is the Newman summarized in a necessarily truncated fashion by "Sensus Fidei in the Life of the Church," which may unintentionally open him to charges of rationalism and clericalism.6 Two examples should suffice. First, the eighteenth and nineteeth...

Spatial scale and distribution of neurovascular signals underlying decoding of orientation and eye of origin from fMRI data.

Multivariate pattern analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is widely used, yet the spatial scales and origin of neurovascular signals underlying such analyses remain unclear. We compared decoding performance for stimulus orientation and eye of origin from fMRI measurements in human visual cortex with predictions based on the columnar organization of each feature and estimated the spatial scales of patterns driving decoding. Both orientation and eye of origin could be decoded significantly above chance in early visual areas (V1-V3). Contrary to predictions based on a columnar origin of response biases, decoding performance for eye of origin in V2 and V3 was not significantly lower than that in V1, nor did decoding performance for orientation and eye of origin differ significantly. Instead, response biases for both features showed large-scale organization, evident as a radial bias for orientation, and a nasotemporal bias for eye preference. To determine whether these patterns could drive classification, we quantified the effect on classification performance of binning voxels according to visual field position. Consistent with large-scale biases driving classification, binning by polar angle yielded significantly better decoding performance for orientation than random binning in V1-V3. Similarly, binning by hemifield significantly improved decoding performance for eye of origin. Patterns of orientation and eye preference bias in V2 and V3 showed a substantial degree of spatial correlation with the corresponding patterns in V1, suggesting that response biases in these areas originate in V1. Together, these findings indicate that multivariate classification results need not reflect the underlying columnar organization of neuronal response selectivities in early visual areas.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Large-scale response biases can account for decoding of orientation and eye of origin in human early visual areas V1-V3. For eye of origin this pattern is a nasotemporal bias; for orientation it is a radial bias. Differences in decoding performance across areas and stimulus features are not well predicted by differences in columnar-scale organization of each feature. Large-scale biases in extrastriate areas are spatially correlated with those in V1, suggesting biases originate in primary visual cortex.

The Endorsement of the Moral Foundations in Food-Related Moral Thinking in Three European Countries

Food has become a prominent object of everyday moral discussions. This study examines how gender, political orientation, and country of origin are connected to moral foundation endorsement in food-related moral thinking. Respondents were university students (N = 371) from Finland, Denmark, and Italy who completed a word association task, in that given stimulus words were “ethical food” and “unethical food.” Results showed a presence of five moral foundations in the data, and indicated high prevalence of the Purity/Sanctity foundation in food-related moral thinking. As expected, gender differences emerged in the endorsement of the Fairness/Reciprocity and the Purity/Sanctity foundations. Also, between-country differences emerged in four of the five moral foundations, indicating that even within Europe countries may differ from each other in their endorsement of foundations. The results also verified the previously found effect of political orientation in three of the five moral foundations, although the study used a completely new and different type of method compared with previous studies. The study concludes by proposing more cross-national comparative studies where the focus is on the specific objects of moral thinking.

The time-dilation aftereffect depends on orientation and eye of origin

The time-dilation aftereffect depends on orientation and eye of origin

The time-dilation aftereffect depends on orientation and eye of origin

The time-dilation aftereffect depends on orientation and eye of origin

The ‘string of beads’ fossil ( Horodyskia) in the mid-Proterozoic of Tasmania

Horodyskia has been found at a single Tasmanian locality, in the Cassiterite Creek Quartzite (ca. 1300–800 Ma), part of a thick Proterozoic, mildly deformed, low greenschist facies, marine shelfal siliciclastic succession known as the Rocky Cape Group. The rock hosting the fossils is thinly interbedded and interlaminated dark grey slaty shale and quartzose siltstone. The sharp-based, graded siltstone layers are interpreted as distal storm surge deposits on an outer marine shelf. The ‘strings of beads’ are mostly preserved at the base of the siltstone layers, in concave hyporelief (external moulds) on the soles of the event beds, and as convex epirelief (casts) on the tops of the underlying shale beds. The casts comprise shale identical to the underlying bed. The beads average 1.7 mm in diameter, and the gap between the borders of adjacent beads tends to be approximately equal to the bead diameter. Occasionally, the fossils are preserved within shale, as wholly flattened beads delineated by a subtle darkened halo. The Tasmanian ‘strings of beads’ have most of the morphological attributes of previously described Horodyskia, including regularity of size and spacing of beads in any one string, lack of branching, and in some instances, ‘haloes’ and casts with apical depressions. The strings on at least one bedding plane have a strong N–S preferred orientation of unknown origin. Tectonic deformation has resulted in 30% shortening in a SW–NE direction. The morphologic similarity, but differing mode of preservation of the Tasmanian Horodyskia to the two previously described Mesoproterozoic species is strong evidence for a biologic origin for the string of beads phenomenon. After morphological and morphometric comparisons with other species of Horodyskia, the Tasmanian specimens are assigned to Horodyskia williamsii.

Instead of Review (Leonti's Charismatic Doctrine and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate)

In our scientific reconnaissance we have repeatedly turned to the analysis of social and spiritual origins, features of the doctrine of religious association of the charismatic orientation of the Orthodox origin of the Leontians, the personality of Leontius, the activities of his followers. Again, the small work of the Archpriest of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, Vasily Ostapchuk, entitled "The Life and Activity of Father Leonti", published in 500 in Rivne in 2006, forced us to turn to the figure of Leonti, his teachings and activities.

The Mitochondrial Genome of a Deep-Sea Bamboo Coral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Isididae): Genome Structure and Putative Origins of Replication Are Not Conserved Among Octocorals

Octocoral mitochondrial (mt) DNA is subject to an exceptionally low rate of substitution, and it has been suggested that mt genome content and structure are conserved across the subclass, an observation that has been supported for most octocorallian families by phylogenetic analyses using PCR products spanning gene boundaries. However, failure to recover amplification products spanning the nad4L-msh1 gene junction in species from the family Isididae (bamboo corals) prompted us to sequence the complete mt genome of a deep-sea bamboo coral (undescribed species). Compared to the "typical" octocoral mt genome, which has 12 genes transcribed on one strand and 5 genes on the opposite (cox2, atp8, atp6, cox3, trnM), in the bamboo coral genome a contiguous string of 5 genes (msh1, rnl, nad2, nad5, nad4) has undergone an inversion, likely in a single event. Analyses of strand-specific compositional asymmetry suggest that (i) the light-strand origin of replication was also inverted and is adjacent to nad4, and (ii) the orientation of the heavy-strand origin of replication (OriH) has reversed relative to that of previously known octocoral mt genomes. Comparative analyses suggest that intramitochondrial recombination and errors in replication at OriH may be responsible for changes in gene order in octocorals and hexacorals, respectively. Using primers flanking the regions at either end of the inverted set of five genes, we examined closely related taxa and determined that the novel gene order is restricted to the deep-sea subfamily Keratoisidinae; however, we found no evidence for strand-specific mutational biases that may influence phylogenetic analyses that include this subfamily of bamboo corals.

Ioannites - the course of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation of Orthodox origin

In the first decades of the XIX century. the territory of the Russian Empire from Western Europe is beginning to penetrate chiliastic ideas. The term "chiliism" refers to the well-known doctrine of the millennial kingdom of Icyca Christ on earth, dating to the first centuries of Christianity. The ideas of chilias became especially popular during the reign of Alexander I, who himself was sympathetic to the mystical-chiliatic teachings. Chilias in the Russian Empire spread in two ways. On the one hand, chiliastic ideas penetrated with the works of German mystics of the late eighteenth - early twentieth centuries. On the other hand, in anticipation of the fast approaching of the millennial kingdom of Christ, the German cultists of the Hiliists moved large parties across southern Russia to the Caucasus, thereby facilitating the spread of their ideas. The religious formations of the Orthodox sectarianism of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation are represented by the Jehovah-Hlinists ("Right Brotherhood"), the Ioannites, and the Malavans.

Sources of long-term speeding in binocular rivalry

We previously demonstrated long-term speeding of binocular rivalry (VSS 2004). We further investigated how the rate of perceptual alternations changed with both short- and long-term experience. During each 20 s trial, Os reported perceptual alternations between “+” and “x” shapes. When Os viewed the rivalry stimuli for the first time, alternations were slow, but they rapidly speeded, stabilizing after only 3–5 trials. Following this rapid initial speeding, alternation rates remained stable (at least across 40 trials) within a day, but gradually speeded across days, reaching an asymptote in 15–30 days. The initial rapid speeding transferred across visual hemifields, but was asymmetric; initial experience in the RVF produced slower asymptotic alternations in the LVF. In contrast, the long-term speeding was specific in position, orientation, luminance polarity, and eye of origin. To begin to identify the source of this speeding, we presented Os with subsets of the rivalry experience. To determine whether experience of rivalry is critical, we had Os experience pattern alternations (e.g., + in the left eye alternating with x in the right eye) which simulated the dynamics of actual rivalry. For long-term speeding, actual and simulated rivalry produced similarly stimulus-specific speeding, suggesting that the speeding was due to modifications of post-rivalry processes. Interestingly, the initial speeding appears to require experience of rivalry. Additional experiments determined contributions of experiencing: (1) transitions without speeding, (2) binocular stimulus transitions, or (3)stimuli without transitions. Overall, these results suggest that the rate of binocular rivalry is determined by at least two separate processes, (1) processing that resolves binocular conflict that is fast adapting, stimulus general, and hemisphere asymmetric, and (2) post-rivalry pattern processing which is slow adapting (potentially sleep dependent), stimulus specific, and hemisphere symmetric.

Low spatial frequencies are suppressively masked across spatial scale, orientation, field position, and eye of origin

Masking is said to occur when a mask stimulus interferes with the visibility of a target (test) stimulus. One widely held view of this process supposes interactions between mask and test mechanisms (cross-channel masking), and explicit models (e.g., J. M. Foley, 1994) have proposed that the interactions are inhibitory. Unlike a within-channel model, where masking involves the combination of mask and test stimulus within a single mechanism, this cross-channel inhibitory model predicts that the mask should attenuate the perceived contrast of a test stimulus. Another possibility is that masking is due to an increase in noise, in which case, perception of contrast should be unaffected once the signal exceeds detection threshold. We use circular patches and annuli of sine-wave grating in contrast detection and contrast matching experiments to test these hypotheses and investigate interactions across spatial frequency, orientation, field position, and eye of origin. In both types of experiments we found substantial effects of masking that can occur over a factor of 3 in spatial frequency, 45 degrees in orientation, across different field positions and between different eyes. We found the effects to be greatest at the lowest test spatial frequency we used (0.46 c/deg), and when the mask and test differed in all four dimensions simultaneously. This is surprising in light of previous work where it was concluded that suppression from the surround was strictly monocular (C. Chubb, G. Sperling, & J. A. Solomon, 1989). The results confirm that above detection threshold, cross-channel masking involves contrast suppression and not (purely) mask-induced noise. We conclude that cross-channel masking can be a powerful phenomenon, particularly at low test spatial frequencies and when mask and test are presented to different eyes.

The anterior dural (Hofmann) ligaments.

A dissection-based study of 18 embalmed cadavers (7 male, 11 female), mean age 84 (+/-8.4) years. To determine the morphology and morphometry of the anterior dural (Hofmann) ligaments. The attachment of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the dura mater is poorly understood. Anterior dural ligaments connect the anterior dura to the deep layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament, but appear to be limited to the lumbar region and have been observed to have a craniocaudal orientation. Their function is reported to help in supporting and protecting the dural sac and spinal cord. The spinal canal was opened exposing the dural sac, the spinal nerve roots incised, and spinal cord removed to mobilize the dural sac and gain access to Hofmann ligaments. The extent, orientation, length, and level of origin and insertion of the ligaments were documented. The orientation of the ligaments changed from caudocranial (dura to posterior longitudinal ligament) at upper thoracic levels to transverse at the level of T8-T9 to craniocaudal at lower thoracic and lumbar levels, often with multiple ligaments being present at a single level. Ligament length varied from 0.5 to 28.8 mm and was positively correlated with vertebral level and negatively correlated with orientation. Hofmann ligaments are present at most levels between C7 and L5; although most ligaments were limited to a single vertebral segment, some were observed to cross several segments.

Color-selective analysis of luminance-varying stimuli

Alternating adaptation to red and green luminance-varying gratings of different spatial frequencies simultaneously induces opposing color-selective size aftereffects ( Blakemore & Sutton, 1969) in the same retinal locus. With single-color adaptation, the aftereffect is larger and affects test patterns of both colors, though not equally. The color-insensitive portion of the effect shows very substantial interocular and cross-orientation transfer. The color-selective aftereffect, which accounts for about 1/3 of the total effect, is highly selective for both orientation and eye of origin. Thus, both color-selective and color-insensitive mechanisms participate in determining the perceptual characteristics of luminance-varying patterns.