Orientation Of Bar Research Articles

Stellar Bars Form Dark Matter Counterparts in TNG50

Dark matter (DM) bars that shadow stellar bars have been previously shown to form in idealized simulations of isolated disk galaxies, but have yet to be studied in a fully cosmological context. In this work, we analyze a population of disk galaxies within the TNG50 simulation to determine the characteristics of their dark bars. We estimate bar strength and orientation using both the in-plane Fourier A 2 density moments and the quadrupolar coefficients of the spherical harmonic basis function expansions of the density. We additionally present two novel methods for measuring the bar pattern speed Ω p and rotation axis orientation using these coefficients, and apply them to one sample galaxy located in a TNG50 subbox. Consistent with isolated simulations, DM bars are shorter than their stellar counterparts and are 75% weaker in A 2. DM bars dominate the shape of the inner halo potential and are apparent in the time series of quadrupolar coefficients. In our selected subbox galaxy, the stellar and dark bars remain co-aligned throughout the last 8 Gyr and have identical Ω p . Pattern speed Ω p evolves considerably over the last 8 Gyr, consistent with torques on the bars due to dynamical friction and gas accretion, and is seen to increase following a merger at t lb = 1.5 Gyr. Rather than remaining static in time, the bar rotation axis displays both precession and nutation possibly caused by torques outside the plane of rotation. We find that the shape of the stellar and DM mass distributions are tightly correlated with Ω p .

The disc origin of the Milky Way bulg. The high velocity dispersion of metal-rich stars at low latitudes

Previous studies of the chemo-kinematic properties of stars in the Galactic bulge have revealed a puzzling trend. Along the bulge minor axis, and close to the Galactic plane, metal-rich stars display a higher line-of-sight velocity dispersion compared to metal-poor stars, while at higher latitudes metal-rich stars have lower velocity dispersions than metal-poor stars, similar to what is found in the Galactic disc. In this work, we re-examine this issue, by studying the dependence of line-of-sight velocity dispersions on metallicity and latitude in APOGEE Data Release 17, confirming the results of previous works. We then analyse an $N$-body simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy, also taking into account observational biases introduced by the APOGEE selection function. We show that the inversion in the line-of-sight velocity dispersion-latitude relation observed in the Galactic bulge -- where the velocity dispersion of metal-rich stars becomes greater than that of metal-poor stars as latitude decreases -- can be reproduced by our model. We show that this inversion is a natural consequence of a scenario in which the bulge is a boxy or peanut-shaped structure, whose metal-rich and metal-poor stars mainly originate from the thin and thick disc of the Milky Way, respectively. Due to their cold kinematics, metal-rich, thin disc stars are efficiently trapped in the boxy, peanut-shaped bulge, and at low latitudes show a strong barred morphology, which -- given the bar orientation with respect to the Sun-Galactic centre direction -- results in high velocity dispersions that are larger than those attained by the metal-poor populations. Extremely metal-rich stars in the Galactic bulge, which have received renewed attention in the literature, do follow the same trends as those of the metal-rich populations. The line-of-sight velocity-latitude relation observed in the Galactic bulge for metal-poor and metal-rich stars are thus both an effect of the intrinsic nature of the Galactic bulge (i.e. mostly secular) and of the angle at which we observe it from the Sun.

Comparison of Foraging Interactive D-prime and Angular Indication Measurement Stereo with different methods to assess stereopsis

Purpose Stereopsis is a critical visual function, however clinical stereotests are time-consuming, coarse in resolution, suffer memorization artifacts, poor repeatability, and low agreement with other tests. Foraging Interactive D-prime (FInD) Stereo and Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) Stereo were designed to address these problems. Here, their performance was compared with 2-Alternative-Forced-Choice (2-AFC) paradigms (FInD Stereo only) and clinical tests (Titmus and Randot) in 40 normally-sighted and 5 binocularly impaired participants (FInD Stereo only). Methods During FInD tasks, participants indicated which cells in three 4*4 charts of bandpass-filtered targets (1,2,4,8c/° conditions) contained depth, compared with 2-AFC and clinical tests. During the AIM task, participants reported the orientation of depth-defined bars in three 4*4 charts. Stereoscopic disparity was adaptively changed after each chart. Inter-test agreement, repeatability and duration were compared. Results Test duration was significantly longer for 2-AFC (mean = 317s;79s per condition) than FInD (216s,18s per chart), AIM (179s, 60s per chart), Titmus (66s) or RanDot (97s). Estimates of stereoacuity differed across tests and were higher by a factor of 1.1 for AIM and 1.3 for FInD. No effect of stimulus spatial frequency was found. Agreement among tests was generally low (R2 = 0.001 to 0.24) and was highest between FInD and 2-AFC (R2 = 0.24;p<0.01). Stereoacuity deficits were detected by all tests in binocularly impaired participants. Conclusions Agreement among all tests was low. FInD and AIM inter-test agreement was comparable with other methods. FInD Stereo detected stereo deficits and may only require one condition to identify these deficits. AIM and FInD are response-adaptive, self-administrable methods that can estimate stereoacuity reliably within one minute.

Evaluating river morphology change with a geomorphic form variation approach

AbstractGeomorphic river design strives for natural resilience by encouraging geomorphic form complexity and morphological processes linked to greater habitat diversity. Increasing availability of high‐resolution topographic data and spatial feature mapping methods provide advantages for morphological analysis and river restoration planning. We propose and evaluate an approach to quantifying topographic variability of geomorphic form and pixel‐level surface roughness resulting from channel planform geometry differences using spatially continuous variety computation applied to component metrics including flow direction, aspect and planform curvature. We define this as the geomorphic form variation (GFV) approach and found it scalable, repeatable and a multi‐stage analytical metric for quantifying physical aspects of river‐bed topographic variability. GFV may complement process‐based morphological feature mapping applications, hydraulic assessment indices and spatial habitat heterogeneity metrics commonly used for ecological quality evaluation and river restoration. The GFV was tested on controlled synthetic channels derived from River Builder software and quasi‐controlled sinuous planform flume experiment channels. Component variety metrics respond independently to specific geometric surface changes and are sensitive to multi‐scaled morphology change, including coarser‐grained sediment distributions of pixel‐level surface roughness. GFV showed systematic patterns of change related to the effects of channel geometry, vertical bed feature (pool‐bar) frequency and amplitude, and bar size, shape and orientation. Hotspot analysis found that bar margins were major components of topographic complexity, whereas grain‐scale variety class maps further supported the multi‐stage analytical capability and scalability of the GFV approach. The GFV can provide an overall variety value that may support river restoration decision‐making and planning, particularly when geomorphic complexity enhancement is a design objective. Analysing metric variety values with statistically significant hotspot cluster maps and complementary process‐based software and mapping applications allows variety correspondence to systematic feature changes to be assessed, providing an analytical approach for river morphology change comparison, channel design and geomorphic process restoration.

Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement

Abstract This article describes an experimental investigation of the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams repaired by near-surface-mounted (NSM) steel bars. The first beam was loaded under a two-point load up to failure, and the other six deep beams were loaded to 0.4 and 0.75 of ultimate load. Then, they were repaired by NSM steel bars. The bar orientation and angle were the main variables in these beams. The primary goal of this study is to determine whether it is possible to restore the reinforced concrete deep beam with shear reinforcement to its full load-carrying capacity by NSM steel bars as the method of repair. All deep beams were tested with a shear span-depth ratio of 0.8. The test findings showed that the NSM steel repair bars were very effective in restoring the loaded deep beams’ full capacity. Moreover, NSM steel bars enhanced the original deep beams’ strength capacity from 4.16 to 19.44%. The ultimate load, mechanisms of failure, load–crack width distribution, and load–deflection profile are tracked as results.

Learned spatial suppression is not always proactive.

Learning to ignore distractors is critical for navigating the visual world. Research has suggested that a location frequently containing a salient distractor can be suppressed. How does such suppression work? Previous studies provided evidence for proactive suppression, but methodological limitations preclude firm conclusions. We sought to overcome these limitations with a new search-probe paradigm. On search trials, participants searched for a shape oddball target while a salient color singleton distractor frequently appeared in a high-probability location. On randomly interleaved probe trials, participants discriminated the orientation of a tilted bar presented briefly at one of the search locations, allowing us to index the spatial distribution of attention at the moment the search would have begun. Results on search trials replicated previous findings: reduced attentional capture when a salient distractor appeared in the high-probability location. However, critically, probe discrimination was no different at the high-probability and low-probability locations. We increased the incentive to ignore the high-probability location in Experiment 2 and found, strikingly, that probe discrimination accuracy was greater at the high-probability location. These results suggest that the high-probability location was initially selected before being suppressed, consistent with a reactive mechanism. Overall, the accuracy probe procedure demonstrates that learned spatial suppression is not always proactive, even when response time metrics seem consistent with such an inference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Attentional Biases Toward Spiders Do Not Modulate Retrieval.

When responding to stimuli, response and stimulus' features are thought to be integrated into a short episodic memory trace, an event file. Repeating any of its components causes retrieval of the whole event file leading to benefits for full repetitions and changes but interference for partial repetitions. These binding effects are especially pronounced if attention is allocated to certain features. We used attentional biases caused by spider stimuli, aiming to modulate the impact of attention on retrieval. Participants discriminated the orientation of bars repeating or changing their location in prime-probe sequences. Crucially, shortly before probe target onset, an image of a spider and that of a cub appeared at one position each - one of which was spatially congruent with the following probe target. Participants were faster when responding to targets spatially congruent with a preceding spider, suggesting an attentional bias toward aversive information. Yet, neither overall binding effects differed between content of preceding spatially congruent images nor did this effect emerge when taking individual fear of spiders into account. We conclude that attentional biases toward spiders modulate overall behavior, but that this has no impact on retrieval.

A new species of cloud fish of the genus Hypsolebias from Northeast Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Abstract A new species of cloud fish of the genus Hypsolebias is described from a temporary pool in the rio Trairi basin, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. It is the first record of the genus Hypsolebias for the basin. The new speciesbelongs to the H. flammeus species-group, which is composed of the species H. alternatus, H. brunoi, H. delucai, H. fasciatus, H. longignatus, H. marginatus, H. multiradiatus, and H. flammeus. The new species differs from all other species of the group, except H. flammeus, H. multiradiatus,and H. brunoi, by male color pattern and the presence of a metallic blue sheen surrounding the black spots of females. It differs from H. flammeus, H. multiradiatus and H. brunoi by dorsal and anal fin shape (both rounded vs. pointed) and by the orientation of the reddish-brown bars on the body and anal fin of males (diagonal vs. vertical). The new species differs from its congeners of Northeast Brazil mainly by the higher number of dorsal fin rays in males and the higher number of scales in the longitudinal series.

3D INDOOR CORRIDOR MAPPING WITH CALIBRATED ROPS OF A MULTI-FISHEYE CAMERA-RIG

Abstract. We present a 3D indoor mapping simulation in the location with limitations to access (i.e., pipeline drainage, sewer, box girder, etc.) by utilising a multi-fisheye camera rig. This camera rig (i.e., Pilot One) offers a 360 Field of View (FoV) coverage that represents an efficient data acquisition solution. Particular attention is focused on camera calibration consists of Interior Orientation Parameters (IOPs) and Relative Orientation Parameters (ROPs) to generate an accurate 3D reconstruction result. An appropriate Self-Calibration Bundle Adjustment (SCBA) approach, assisted with Australis coded targets, is conducted to have stable pre-calibration parameters that can be applied in a 68 meters corridor study field. We performed forward and backward data acquisition with unstitched original images and stitched images separately in a straight line to simulate data acquisition for future applications. However, due to the camera model and uncalibrated images, there is a “banana effect” in the stitched image. Twenty scale bars are used in this study. To achieve the ideal position and orientation of the scale bars, we attempt to construct a number of scenarios. The objective of this simulation is to determine the minimum number of scale bars that can be applied to a corridor where is difficult to access. We try to set up without any Control Scale Bars (CSB) with 20 Check Scale Bars (CkSBs). Even though this trial only has a 3.8 cm CkSBs error, it produced a length estimation error of 2.3 m (i.e., 3.37% of 68.1m) when compared with Terrestrial Laser Scanning.

Effects of spatial working memory capacity and resolution loads on postural stability while dual-tasking.

Increased spatial processing demands, e.g., working memory loads, which include capacity load and resolution load, may interfere with postural stability. To date, there has been little evidence to demonstrate whether capacity load and resolution load affect postural stability. Therefore, this study manipulated capacity load and resolution load in a spatial working memory task to examine how postural stability is affected. Sixteen healthy young participants were tested in a dual-task paradigm that consisted of a postural task with a tandem Romberg stance and a spatial working memory task with different capacity loads and resolution loads in different sessions. Participants were required to detect a salient change (45° in low resolution) or a subtle change (15° in high resolution) in the bar orientation as a resolution load. Capacity load was manipulated by storing the number of bars, with two bars in low capacity and four in high capacity. The results showed significant interactions between capacity load and resolution load on dual-task effects of sway velocity. In the low-resolution condition, the dual-task effects of anteroposterior and mediolateral sway velocity were significantly lower in the high capacity than in the low capacity, yet no significant differences occurred in the high-resolution load condition. Our results suggest that increased capacity loads interfere with postural stability only in low-resolution loads while dual-tasking.

Influence of the profile type and bar orientation on the performance of intumescent coatings applied to steel tension bars

Intumescent coatings are commonly used in civil engineering to improve the fire resistance of steel constructions. Especially in the case of tension bars, where mostly circular or rectangular solid sections are used, intumescent coatings offer an efficient measure to improve the fire resistance taking advantage of profile-following application and low coating thickness requirements. Thus, the architectural appearance of slender profiles can be preserved. The paper describes real-scale mechanically loaded and unloaded fire tests of circular and rectangular solid steel tension bars with intumescent coating. The aim of these tests is to investigate the influence of the different profile types as well as different bar orientations on the performance of intumescent coatings. The results are used to specify a normative test and assessment procedure to be implemented in a new European standard for determining the contribution of intumescent coatings to the fire resistance of circular or rectangular bars used as tension members.

Discrimination of edge orientation by bumblebees.

Simple feature detectors in the visual system, such as edge-detectors, are likely to underlie even the most complex visual processing, so understanding the limits of these systems is crucial for a fuller understanding of visual processing. We investigated the ability of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) to discriminate between differently angled edges. In a multiple-choice, “meadow-like” scenario, bumblebees successfully discriminated between angled bars with 7° differences, significantly exceeding the previously reported performance of eastern honeybees (Apis cerana, limit: 15°). Neither the rate at which bees learned, nor their final discrimination performance were affected by the angular orientation of the training bars, indicating a uniform performance across the visual field. Previous work has found that, in dual-choice tests, eastern honeybees cannot reliably discriminate between angles with less than 25° difference, suggesting that performance in discrimination tasks is affected by the training regime, and doesn’t simply reflect the perceptual limitations of the visual system. We used high resolution LCD monitors to investigate bumblebees’ angular resolution in a dual-choice experiment. Bumblebees could still discriminate 7° angle differences under such conditions (exceeding the previously reported limit for Apis mellifera, of 10°, as well as that of A. cerana). Bees eventually reached similar levels of accuracy in the dual-choice experiment as they did under multiple-choice conditions but required longer learning periods. Bumblebees show impressive abilities to discriminate between angled edges, performing better than two previously tested species of honeybee. This high performance may, in turn, support complex visual processing in the bumblebee brain.

Single-Crystal Quality Detection and Evaluation Algorithms Applied to Roller Mill Orientation Instrument

The roller mill orientation instrument (RMOI) integrates the processing and the orientation of single-crystal bars. This type of equipment realizes the integration of two processes: grinding of the single-crystal ingot and orientation of the single-crystal bar. This integration enhances production efficiency and the precision of the orientation. However, this type of approach has two significant constraints: 1) there is no quality detection algorithm for the plane of the crystal bar; it is, therefore, currently necessary to randomly find a crystal plane for orientation, which means that there is no guarantee of the quality of the plane after cutting and 2) there is a lack of evaluation methods to determine the overall quality of the crystal bar. This affects the production process and the requirements for the quality of the crystal bar and further affects the popularization and application of the equipment. Here, to overcome these constraints, we first propose a deep learning 1-D convolutional neural network (1-D-CNN) algorithm to perform feature extraction and supervised classification based on the rocking curve of the single crystal. In sharp contrast to the shallow learning method support vector machine (SVM), SVM feature extraction is insufficient, and the accuracy is low. The average accuracy of 1-D-CNN is 92.00%. This realizes the quality requirements for the successful detection of the crystal plane. Next, using the obtained quality detection results of each crystal plane, a hybrid algorithm combining improved Canopy (ICanopy) and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means algorithms is presented, which improved the average accuracy by 10% compared with the traditional Canopy- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means algorithm, and the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -nearest neighbor ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> NN) algorithm is further utilized. Finally, an ICanopy- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> NN algorithm is formed, which realizes the overall quality evaluation of the crystal bar under various situations, and the average accuracy increases by 3.33%–90%. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated by the analysis of results obtained from practical data.

Biaxial column design using visual basic 6.0

Computers have been playing an important role in Civil engineering discipline. The aid of programming languages is unfathomable in designing the Civil engineering structures like buildings, hydraulic structures etc. In this paper, the design of biaxial rectangular or square column is performed for three different columns for different ultimate loading and ultimate moments by an educational software written in Visual Basic (VB) 6.0. The user interface of this software gives results of percentage of minimum steel, area of the steel and orientation of steel bars in bi-axial column. The students expressed their improvement after introducing this robust software. The understanding level of subject by students is analyzed before and after using this software is presented in this paper.

Laboratory investigation of dowel bars’ misalignment using pull-out test

Joint lockup due to dowel misalignment significantly affects joint and concrete pavement performance by causing joint distresses. The current paper presents an experimental study to assess the effectiveness of standard pull-out test in the evaluation of dowel misalignment effect on joint lockup of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP). The tests were conducted at two different ages of concrete ; 3 and 28 days. The results showed that the standard pull-out test or individually pulling of misaligned dowels cannot reflect the realistic defect of dowel misalignment. It also showed that the vertical orientation of misaligned dowel bars during the concrete casting reduces the pull-out load due to more distance from the exposure surface. Another observation was for all specimens, the pull-out load increases with an increase in concrete age

Psychophysical Haptic Measurement of Vertical Perception: Elucidating a Hand Sensory Bias

The primary sensory modality for probing spatial perception can vary among psychophysical paradigms. In the subjective visual vertical (SVV) task, the brain must account for the position of the eye within the orbit to generate an estimate of a visual line orientation, whereas in the subjective haptic vertical (SHV) task, the position of the hand is used to sense the orientation of a haptic bar. Here we investigated whether a hand sensory bias can affect SHV measurement. We measured SHV in 12 subjects (6 left-handed and 6 right-handed) with a forced-choice paradigm using their left and right hands separately. The SHV measurement was less accurate than the SVV measurements (−0.6 ± 0.7) and it was biased in the direction of the hand used in the task but was not affected by handedness; SHV left hand −6.8 ± 2.1° (left-handed −7.9 ± 3.6°, right-handed −5.8 ± 2.5°) and right hand 9.8 ± 1.5° (left-handed 7.4 ± 2.2°, right-handed 12.3 ± 1.8°). SHV measurement with the same hand was also affected by the haptic bar placement on the left or right side versus midline, showing a side effect (left vs midline −2.0 ± 1.3°, right vs midline 3.8 ± 1.7°). Midline SHV measures using the left and right hands were different, confirming a laterality effect (left hand −4.5 ± 1.7°, right hand 6.4 ± 2.0°). These results demonstrate a sensory bias in SHV measurement related to the effects of both hand-in-body (i.e., right vs left hand) and hand-in-space positions. Such modality-specific bias may result in disparity between SHV and SVV measurements, and therefore cannot be generalized to vertical or spatial perception.

Integrating facies analysis with dipmeter data to characterize point bars of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Christina River, AB, Canada

The Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation contains crude bitumen reserves of the Athabasca Oilsands that formed by channel amalgamation and lateral migration of fluvio-tidal point bars. These point bars are widely accepted as incised valley fills during episodic base-level rises in tidally influenced estuary (Mathison, 2004; Hein et al., 2013). Historically, well logs such as gamma-ray and spontaneous potential were used in combination with core data to interpret facies and to conduct stratigraphic correlations of the McMurray Formation. Microresistivity image logs, dipmeter logs, and seismic data have greatly improved the identification of facies and recognition of point-bar geometry. In comparison to microresistivity image logs and seismic data, dipmeter data is more regionally accessible; the tool indicates the orientations of fractures, bedding planes and contacts and it is commonly used to delineate boundaries between different point bars in the McMurray Formation. This work provides examples of dipmeter tadpole analyses and discusses how dipmeter-log interpretations can be supported with core-based facies analyses.This study integrates dipmeter tadpole patterns, sedimentological and ichnological characteristics from 47 sedimentary cores. Vintage dipmeter tadpole patterns were observed and digitized from 52 wells to establish a detailed facies characterization with a particular emphasis on McMurray point-bar complexes and sheltered shoreface/delta deposits. In particular, dipmeter data are useful in indicating paleocurrent directions and lateral accretion orientation of point bars, which helps to reconstruct paleodepositional history and stratigraphic relationships. Point bars in the study area are characterized by these sedimentological and dipmeter characteristics: 1) a lower point-bar section characterized by trough cross-bedded sandstone (locally inclined stratified master bedding) with local mud clasts and disorganized, low-to high-angle dipmeter readings; 2) a middle section represented by inclined heterolithic stratified lateral accretionary deposits that exhibit consistent low-angle dips (5°–18°), and display subtle shallow-to-steep-to-shallow dipmeter pattern; and 3) an upper section of the point bar or in some cases abandoned channel strata comprising laminated and lenticular mudstone or bioturbated heterolithic intertidal strata, each showing low-angle (<4°) dipmeter measurements.The dipmeter characteristics of estuarine point bars are integrated with core observations to delineate distinct point-bar stacking patterns and stratigraphic units. In particular, dipmeter tadpole patterns help to refine facies interpretations, such as cross-stratified sandstone facies. Similar point bar scales and stacking patterns are observed in four channel sets. Point bars show either NW-SW or NE-SE lateral accretion surfaces, suggesting northward paleocurrent flow direction.The analyzed datasets support a transgressive fill incised valley fill model that is consistent with earlier McMurray studies in different areas. The four channel sets descend from different stratigraphic levels, but share similarities in scale, orientation and sedimentology/ichnology. The similarity attests to persistent transgression over McMurray time punctuated with regular sea-level fall and rise until the McMurray Formation strata were replaced by Clearwater Formation sedimentation.

Effect of different dental implant drilling template designs on heat generation during osteotomy - an in vitro study.

This in vitro study examined the effect of different implant drilling template designs on heat generation during osteotomy and on cooling fluid distribution. Five different template designs were investigated in a standardized setup against a control group and a negative control group: Occlusal-splint-design (OSD), OSD-covering, OSD-lateral opening, Bar design, and Orientation template. Pilot and one consecutive drill were run at 800rpm with external irrigation and 2-kg load. Thermocouples recorded temperature changes at depths of 3, 6, and 9mm in a bovine rib model. In the second experimental setup, the drill channel of one rib sample was perforated, and the irrigation volume passing through the drill channel was collected separately over time. Following mean temperature rises occurred [in °C]: control, 4.9; negative control, 12; OSD, 5.6; OSD-covering, 4.7; OSD-lateral opening, 3.8; Bar design, 5.1; and Orientation template, 4.9. The highest temperature increases were found at a drilling depth of 6mm (p<.006). The 2.2-mm drill resulted in a significantly higher temperature rise than the 2.8-mm drill (p<.001). The mean volume (ml/min) of irrigation through the drill channel was Control group-flow, 28.5; OSD, 4.1; OSD-covering, 2; OSD-lateral opening; 5.8; bar design, 4; and Orientation template, 24.1. Within the limitations, it was shown that fully guided drilling templates reduce the amount of cooling liquid at the point of osteotomy. The template designhad an influence on the effective volume of the cooling liquid. However, this did not seem to increase the intraosseous temperature significantly.

Geomorphology and sedimentology of features formed at the outlet during the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake

We present a conceptual model for the character of the 11.6 cal. ka BP drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake in the outlet area based on a new geomorphological map as well as new sedimentological information. We combine this new information with a review of the previous work on this well‐studied area. The model includes the premise of remnant ice in the Lången valley as suggested by previous workers and indicates the drainage began subglacially. Cobbly sediment on northeast Billingen formerly interpreted as beach sediment is interpreted to be a subglacial lag deposit. The ridge at Timmersdala is composed of drainage sediment from the initial phases of the drainage, deposited in a subglacial tunnel that emptied out on to central Klyftamon. Continued drainage widened the tunnel by frictional melting, eventually lifting and fracturing the ice. Pendant bars, expansion bars and boulder sheets on central and southern Klyftamon formed during the drainage event. Cobbly and bouldery drainage sediment in the bars, which is massive and poorly sorted, was deposited as bedload from sediment‐charged water. Imbrication, bar orientation, and changes in grain size and Cambrian‐clast content indicate flow to the west–northwest. Most sediment in the bars was derived from erosion on Klyftamon, but Cambrian rock from Billingen is present, delivered directly by the flood waters and/or from debris‐rich icebergs from the broken‐up remnant ice. This flood event is distinguished from other Quaternary megafloods by being sediment‐supply limited and having a short, subaerial floodway (20 km).

Evaluation of horizontally and vertically aligned bar racks for guiding downstream moving juvenile chub (Squalius cephalus) and barbel (Barbus barbus)

Bar racks are commonly installed to divert fish away from water intakes, such as those at hydropower stations or other abstraction points. In temperate regions their effectiveness has predominantly been assessed in relation to diadromous species, such as salmon and eel. This study compared the efficacy of horizontally and vertically oriented racks (5 mm diameter and 10 mm spacing) to guide downstream moving groups of five chub (Squalius cephalus) and barbel (Barbus barbus) to a bypass channel in a recirculating flume under two discharge regimes, and with the rack angled at either 30° or 45° to the direction of flow. Regardless of treatment, the bulk flow predominantly passed through the bars resulting in a lack of a well-established sweeping flow across the rack face, and consequently many instances of entrainment and impingement occurred. Total guidance (the number of bypass entries expressed as a percentage of the total number of approaches) was low and comparable between species with means of 21.3% and 24.8% for chub and barbel, respectively. Bar orientation had limited influence on all metrics, with the exception of the number of guidance events which was higher for the vertical treatment. Interspecific differences in the number of entrainments and guidance events and the exhibition of fine-scale avoidance behaviours were apparent, being higher for chub. In conclusion, the racks used here were not suitable for guiding juvenile cyprinids under conditions similar to those tested. Accounting for interspecific differences and reducing avoidance behaviour are important factors that should be considered in advancing guidance screens for multiple species.