Function Of Orientation Research Articles

Foot kinematics as a function of ground orientation and weightbearing.

The foot is responsible for the bodyweight transfer to the ground, while adapting to different terrains and activities. Despite this fundamental role, the knowledge about the foot bone intrinsic kinematics is still limited. The aim of the study is to provide a quantitative and systematic description of the kinematics of all bones in the foot, considering the full range of dorsi/plantar flexion and pronation/supination of the foot, both in weightbearing and nonweightbearing conditions. Bone kinematics was accurately reconstructed for three specimens from a series of computed tomography scans taken in weightbearing configuration. The ground inclination was imposed through a set of wedges, varying the foot orientation both in the sagittal and coronal planes; the donor body-weight was applied or removed by a cable-rig. A total of 32 scans for each foot were acquired and segmented. Bone kinematics was expressed in terms of anatomical reference systems optimized for the foot kinematic description. Results agree with previous literature where available. However, our analysis reveals that bones such as calcaneus, navicular, intermediate cuneiform, fourth and fifth metatarsal move more during foot pronation than flexion. Weightbearing significantly increase the range of motion of almost all the bone. Cuneiform and metatarsal move more due to weightbearing than in response to ground inclination, showing their role in the load-acceptance phase. The data here reported represent a step toward a deeper understanding of the foot behavior, that may help in the definition of better treatment and medical devices, as well as new biomechanical model of the foot.

Risk and ambiguity of COVID-19 inhibit intentions for post-pandemic travel via reduced valuation of tourism

PurposeThis study aims to examine how the initial ambiguity of COVID-19 contributed to tourists' intentions for visiting a once-viral outbreak site in the future.Design/methodology/approachThe present study (N = 248) used partial least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine whether perceptions of ambiguity and mismanagement of COVID-19 are indirectly related to intentions to travel to Wuhan in a post-pandemic world through perceptions of risk and tourism value. Further, whether the model effects differed as a function of individual safety orientation was examined.FindingsPerceptions of COVID-19 risk and tourism value serially mediated the effects of perceived COVID-19 ambiguity on post-pandemic travel intentions. Safety orientation did not moderate any paths. Perceived risk was a negative direct correlate of post-pandemic travel intentions.Originality/valueThe current study's strength is rooted in its specific targeting of post-pandemic travel intentions to Wuhan—the first city to experience a widescale outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent international stigma—compared to general travel inclinations.

Inducing collective action intentions for healthcare reform through medical crowdfunding framing

As a response to the shortcomings of the U.S. healthcare system, Americans are increasingly turning to crowdfunding platforms to bankroll their health-related costs. However, although medical crowdfunding has rapidly become institutionalized as part of the U.S. healthcare financing landscape, empirical evidence on how Americans perceive its role in healthcare and the impact it might have on public attitudes is scarce. To shed more light on the above, we analyze data from one correlational and one experimental study conducted over September–November 2021. Our correlational study reveals that political orientation is associated with Americans’ views on medical crowdfunding. Specifically, we find that those who self-identified as conservative perceived medical crowdfunding as a valid part of the system, and more positively than a universal healthcare system. In contrast, medical crowdfunding is perceived less positively, as hindering a system of universal and affordable healthcare by those more liberally-oriented. In our experimental study, we explore how medical crowdfunding narratives can induce social attitudes conducive to change. Specifically, we test the effect of politicized narratives (vs. control) on group efficacy and subsequently on collective action intentions for healthcare reform, as a function of political orientation. Our results show that politicized narratives might induce collective action intentions through higher group efficacy, but only among those who self-identified as conservative. Liberally-oriented individuals held high collective action intentions for healthcare reform and were not affected by the manipulation. Our work is the first to establish empirically that medical crowdfunding, when employing politicized narratives, can induce collective action intentions, but this effect is moderated by political ideology.

The effect of orientation on the deformation behavior of Cr2AlC

The MAX phases are a group of ternary carbides and nitrides with potential for use in advanced high temperature applications. Numerous studies have shown their main deformation mechanism to be basal plane slip, even in extreme orientations, yet the fundamentals of this mechanism and dependencies on size and applied stress state remain inconclusive. Based on similar studies in Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC, the current work investigated the onset of basal plane slip as a function of loading orientation by compressing single crystal micropillars of Cr2AlC. The results suggest clear changes in the critical resolved shear stress with loading orientation (non-Schmid effects), and attempts were made to rationalize this behavior by comparison with models of dislocation activity. On this basis, it is proposed that external influences on dislocation mobility are likely the governing factor in the observed non-Schmid effects in the MAX phases.

Green Financial Services for Rural Revitalization in Xinjiang — — Taking Changji Prefecture as an Example

In the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is emphasized that efforts should be made to solve the urgent problems of the people and promote common prosperity. To solve the problem of rural development and achieve common prosperity, we must continue to promote the strategy of rural revitalization. Under the dual-carbon vision of "carbon peak, carbon neutralization", green finance, which has dual functions of green ecological function orientation and economic development, has become an important driving force for rural revitalization. In 2017, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Hami City and Karamay City in Xinjiang were approved as green financial reform and innovation pilot areas. Among them, Changji Prefecture is a national demonstration area of rural governance, with 17 demonstration villages of Rural Revitalization in autonomous regions, and the demonstration of Rural Revitalization is representative. Therefore, taking Changji Prefecture as an example, this paper studies the current situation of rural revitalization of green financial services, and on this basis, puts forward reasonable and effective suggestions from three levels of government, financial institutions, agricultural operators and rural green industry enterprises for future development. This paper provides a theoretical basis and reference for the development path of rural revitalization of green financial services in remote rural areas of Xinjiang and the whole country.

Investigations of the silicone anisotropic magnetically active composites properties

New anisotropic silicone magneto active composites have been synthesized and investigated. A significant increase in the composites elastic moduli depending on the ferromagnetic carbonyl iron filler concentration and filler orientation functions was established. These materials surface structure and filler sizes were visualized by atomic force microscopy. The investigated composites elastic strengthening nature is discussed.

Evaluation of CNC routed surface quality of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and oak (Quercus robur L.) with different milling angles as function of grain orientation

The study assessed CNC routing quality on maple and oak samples, using 90º V-Grooving router bits at various milling angles as function of grain orientation: 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, and feed speeds of 3 and 6 m/min at spindle speed of 15,000 rpm. The routing quality was evaluated by roughness parameters for the V flank surfaces and by visual examination for the flanks’ edges. The change in the feed speed had no significant effect for the flanks surface quality of both species, but roughness values were considerable higher for maple samples at 90º and u=3 m/min (Rk = 23.7 µm compared to along the grain, Rk=9.83 µm for u=6 m/min) due to possible processing vibrations. The milling angle as function of grain orientation was significant in the case of oak, as the processing roughness increased with the cutting angle from 0° (Rk=11 to 13 µm) to 60°(Rk =28 to 30 µm). Fuzziness around the earlywood pores of oak was higher for the 6 m/min feed speed. A substantial increase in waviness coinciding with the annual growth areas was measured for crosscut oak samples (Wa = 34.0 µm, compared with Wa =7 .39 µm along the grain). The surface waviness of maple was not sensitive to the variation in the cutting angle or feed speed (Wa was around 3 to 4 µm). For the flank edges, the best visual option was found for cutting along the wood grain and the worst was for 60º, which caused biggest ruptures and especially for the 3 m/min feed speed, for both species.

Mode I fracture properties of thermally-modified spruce wood (Picea abies) at different moisture contents

ABSTRACT The influence of moisture content and density on fracture properties of unmodified and thermally modified spruce wood (Picea abies) has been investigated. Thermal modification was done at 180 °C, 200 °C, and 230 °C, and samples were conditioned at 20%, 44%, 76%,% and 88% relative humidity. Double cantilever beam specimens with TL and RL orientation were used for testing. The crack length was determined via digital image correlation, and the compliance of the specimen was determined via multiple loading-unloading cycles of the specimen. The strain energy release rate was calculated, which decreased with an increasing degree of modification and increased with increasing wood moisture content. The analysis showed that the strain energy release rate increased more with wood moisture content for unmodified samples, while the dependence of the release rate on moisture was less obvious for modified samples. The strain energy release rate values are higher in the TL orientation than in the RL orientation, while the crack length has no significant influence. The highest strain energy release rate was 0.256 N/mm for the unmodified TL specimens exposed to 88% relative humidity, and the lowest was 0.071 N/mm for the RL orientation of the thermally modified specimens at 230 °C and then exposed to 88% relative humidity. From all measurements, functions were fitted to calculate the strain energy release rate as a function of orientation, degree of modification, moisture content, and density of the spruce wood, which can be used to calculate the strain energy release rate for any combination of the factors studied.

Exploring the Adsorption Mechanism of N2O on Graphene: A DFT Study on Circum-Coronene for Catalysis, Sensing, and Energy Storage Applications.

We have investigated the adsorption potential of N2O (nitrous oxide) over graphene. To do this, we utilized various methods and techniques to calculate the potential of N2O over the graphene surface. We performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations for different conformations of N2O on the graphene surface, including parallel, N-up, and O-up and random (∼1000) orientations. We used different force field methods (significantly Improved Lennard-Jones potential) to obtain the best interaction potential that could accurately describe the N2O-graphene adsorption. This involves evaluating the system's potential energy as a function of distance and orientation between the N2O molecule and the graphene surface. By comparing the results of different potential methods, we aimed to identify the most appropriate one that could best describe the adsorption behavior of N2O on graphene. The ultimate goal of the study was to gain insights into the fundamental mechanisms and energetics of N2O adsorption on graphene, which could be useful for a wide range of applications in areas such as catalysis, sensing, and energy storage.

Impact of Caregiving on Cognitive Functioning: Evidence From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

Few studies have examined the association between caregiving and the cognitive functioning of caregivers. This study explored the association between caring for family members and cognition and how the link differs by caregiving intensity and caregiving types. Furthermore, rural-urban and gender heterogeneity were investigated. This study analyzed Waves 2011, 2013, and 2018 of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, with cognitive functioning assessed in 3 dimensions: memory, executive function, and orientation function. The cognition trajectories between caregivers and noncaregivers were compared with the growth curve model. Results demonstrated a positive association between caregiving and cognitive functioning (β = 0.249, p < .001). Considering caregiving intensity, the positive association was only found in low (β = 0.335, p < .001) and moderate-intensity caregivers (β = 0.250, p < .05) but not in high-intensity caregivers. Moreover, grandparents, adult children, and multiple caregivers had a higher average cognition level at age 60 than noncaregivers (all β > 0, all p < .05), and adult child caregivers exhibited a significantly slower rate of decline in cognition across age (β = 0.040, p < .01). However, spousal caregivers showed no significant disparities with noncaregivers. Moreover, the impact of caregiving on memory function is more apparent among urban adults. Results indicate that caregiving can benefit cognitive function. This study proposes considering caregiving intensity and caregiving types when exploring caregiving and cognition. Based on these findings, policy-makers may overcome the challenges involved in establishing and developing a supportive informal care system in China.

Orientation anisotropy and strain localization during elevated temperature tensile deformation of single crystal and bi-crystal Ni-based GTD444 superalloy

The aspects of grain boundary character as well as orientation of constituent grains are important for high temperature applications of directionally solidified (DS) blades as they are expected to influence the overall mechanical behavior; however, there exist limited studies at critical test temperature. Single crystals (SX) with orientations [001] and [101] and their equivalent bi-crystals (BX) are used to understand the effects of crystal orientation and grain boundary misorientation on the deformation of Ni-based (GTD444) superalloy at 650 °C. The high temperature tensile tests are coupled with digital image correlation (DIC) to study plastic heterogeneity as a function of crystal orientations. Among the two SX samples, the [001] orientation had slightly higher yield stress than [101] orientation. On the other hand, the ductility of [101] orientation is 1.5 times of [001] orientation. DIC strain field maps and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) showed extensive flow localization in one of the grains in BX samples. However, flow localization appeared to be insensitive to grain boundary misorientation. The measured lattice rotation by OIM is shown to be correlated with localized strain for all the samples. Selected transmission electron microscopy and detailed fractography analyses of the deformed samples were performed to understand the deformation mechanisms active in each of the orientations. It is found that there is greater strain localization within γ channels in [001] which leads to higher hardening. In contrast, shearing of γ' precipitates followed by increased dislocation activity in conjunction with higher lattice rotation lead to higher ductility in [101] orientation.

#4279 ATTENTION AND EMOTIONAL COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH NORMAL NEUROCOGNITIVE SCREENING TEST RESULTS: AN EGYPTIAN TRIPLE CENTER STUDY

Abstract Background and Aims Cognitive impairment (CI) is common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. St. Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) examination is a traditional cognitive assessment method that relies on a pen-and-paper format. SLUMS test is known to be one of the most sensitive tests to detect early CI. Its questions cover many functions, including memory, attention, orientation, and overall executive function. This study aimed to compare its results with computerized neurocognitive battery assessment for attention and emotional orientation functions. Method One hundred twenty HD patients from three different in-hospital HD centers in Dakhlia governorate, Egypt, were subjected to the 10-minute Arabic-validated version of the SLUMS test for early CI (11 questions- 30 points). The patients were below 60 years old with no previous functional or structural neurological disease history. According to the stated test interpretation scores, fifty patients were defined to have no CI. Those patients underwent computerized neurocognitive battery assessment for attention and emotional cognition accuracy and response times; their results were analyzed compared to another fifty age, gender, and educational level-matched healthy controls. Results Of the 120 SLUMS-tested patients, 50 patients (41.6%) had no CI, 43 with mild to moderate CI (36%), and 27 with severe CI (22.4%). The classified 50 HD patients with no CI results within the computerized neurocognitive battery assessment revealed significantly reduced scores than matched healthy controls in the number of true positive answers of continuous number performance test for attention (90.46±26.61 vs. 109.15±14.56, respectively, p &amp;lt;0.001), emotion recognition correct answers (29.44±5.54 vs. 31.41±4.65, respectively, p 0.02), emotional recognition response times by m.seconds (3482.76±2907.62 vs. 2907.62±732.98, respectively, p &amp;lt;0.001), and correct answers of emotion differentiation test (19.82±5.88 vs.23.77±3.63, respectively, p &amp;lt;0.001). HD patients' age was the only clinical correlate to emotional recognition and differentiation accurateness (rho = 0.442, p &amp;lt;0.001 and rho = 0.3, p 0.02, respectively). Conclusion Early detection of CI in HD patients is an important target to improve the patient's quality of life and functionality. The complete dependence on the known simple screening assessment may miss a significant portion of the early-affected personnel.

Investigation of cognitive functions in children with bone tumours and lymphoma in treatment process.

Neurocognitive sequelae are among the most debilitating effects of cancer observed in children. Yet we know very little about the impact on neurocognitive functioning, especially cancer types that develop outside the central nervous system. This study aimed to assess and compare the cognitive functions (CoF) of children with bone tumours and lymphoma in the treatment process. The CoF of children with bone tumours (n = 44), lymphoma (n = 42) and their non-cancer peers (n = 55) were assessed with Dynamic Occupational Therapy Assessment for Children. The CoF of children with cancer were compared with their non-cancer peers. Then, children with bone tumours and lymphoma were compared in binary. One-hundred forty-one children aged 6-12 years with a mean age of 9.4 (SD = 1.5) were included in this study. The orientation and visuomotor construction functions of children with bone tumours and orientation, praxis and visuomotor construction functions of children with lymphoma performed worse than their non-cancer peers (pk < 0.001). While orientation, spatial perception, visuomotor construction and thinking operations functions of children with bone tumours and lymphoma were similar (pk > 0.016), praxis functions of children with lymphoma were found to be worse than children with bone tumours (pk < 0.016). Our findings show that children with bone tumours and lymphoma in the process of treatment are at risk for impairment of their CoF. The findings highlight the importance of assessing CoF in children with bone tumours and lymphoma and considering specific differences between groups. It is essential to assess CoF and develop early intervention plans in these children.

Four‐year cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment patients with distinct baseline neuroanatomical atrophy profiles: A MEMENTO and QyScore® study

AbstractBackgroundNeuroanatomical atrophy profile is increasingly recognised as a valuable characterisation in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals and may provide prognostic information about cognitive decline.Method1153 MCI participants from the MEMENTO memory clinic study with 48‐month longitudinal follow‐up were included (mean (sd) Age = 70.6 (8.2), 60% female, CDR‐SB = 0.63 (0.72)). QyScore® volumetric quantification was applied to baseline 3DT1 images and four recognized neuroanatomical subtypes defined based on regional atrophy with respect to an internal normative database (z←1.64) [1,2]: no/minimal atrophy [N‐] (n = 1,012), limbic predominant: LP (n = 37), hippocampal sparing: HS (n = 84) and combined hippocampal and cortical atrophy [typical/diffuse: TD] (n = 20). 145 participants were amyloid positive (A+) via CSF or PET (Age = 73.7 (5.9): 47% female: N‐ = 114, LP = 8, HS = 21 and TD = 2). All participants underwent cognitive and functional assessments at baseline and 48 months, including mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), clinical dementia rating (CDR), Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCRST) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. Linear regression analysis (correcting for age, sex and baseline performance) investigated the relationship between baseline neuroanatomical subtype and subsequent 4‐year cognitive decline. Bonferroni correction was applied.ResultAt month 48, all subtypes demonstrated significant decline across memory, orientation, and executive function. Severity of decline varied across subscales and subtype and was particularly marked in A+ LP individuals (Figure 1). IADL remained stable for the N‐ and TD subgroups. 143 participants converted to dementia [102 = N‐, 18 = LP, 15 = HS, and 8 = TD subtypes, representing 10%, 49%, 18% and 40% of the total N‐, LP, HS and TD atrophy subtypes respectively]. HS and N‐ individuals also demonstrated the least decline across all domains and did not significantly differ on any tests. LP atrophy subtype demonstrated the greatest decline across all cognitive domains as well as global CDR and IADL (p&lt;0.001 compared with N‐ and HS subtypes). Similarly, TD phenotypes showed significant decline across multiple cognitive subscales compared with N‐ and HS subtypes (p&lt;0.001) particularly for orientation and global CDR.ConclusionEarly atrophy profiles in MCI populations can provide insights into the domains and severity of future patient progression over 4 years.[1] Planche et al., (2020)[2] Schwarz et al., (AAIC2022)

Bonding Additively Manufactured PLA Materials: Effects of Joint Scarf Angle and Substrate Raster Orientation

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the scarf angle of the bonding region and the raster orientation of 3D printed substrates for the adhesive scarf joints made of additively manufactured Polylactic acid (PLA) adherends. In the first step, single PLA specimens were 3D printed using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process in three different raster orientations of 0º, 45º, and 90º. Tensile and compression tests of them showed that the raster orientation of 90º gives the weakest results. Hence, in the second step, for the scarf joints, the PLA adherends were 3D printed in two different raster orientations of 0º and 45º. The joints were built with five different scarf angles of 15º, 30º, 45º, 60º, and 90º. The tensile and compression tests of all the specimens were conducted to determine the failure loads for different scarf angles and raster orientations. It is found that the endured load before rupture varies measurably as a function of the raster orientation of printed substrates and scarf angle of the joint, but differently for tensile and compression loadings. Eventually, the scarf angle for PLA scarf joints is determined which gives similar failure loads under both tension and compression loadings.

Meme sharing in relationships: The role of humor styles and functions

To better understand the role of memes in close relationships, this study synthesizes work on humor use in relationships (Hall, 2017), idiomatic communication (Hopper, et al., 1981) and memes as intergroup communication (Gal, 2019). Results from an online survey demonstrated that having a self-enhancing or self-defeating humor style was positively associated with meme usage in relationships, whereas having an affiliative humor style was negatively related to meme usage. Further, sending memes to fulfill the humor function of enjoyment was positively associated with relational satisfaction, whereas sending memes for the function of apology was negatively associated with relational satisfaction. Participants reported sharing memes most frequently in their closest relationships. Results demonstrate that the sharing of memes plays a meaningful role in many close relationships, and that the role of memes in relationships is partially a function of humor orientation of the individual and humor-related goals of the meme sharing.

MANAGEMENT AUDIT OF THE HUMAN RESOURCES FUNCTION AT PT POS INDONESIA (PERSERO) KCU SEMARANG

&lt;span&gt;This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of 8 (eight) HR functions at PT Pos&lt;span&gt; Indonesia (Persero) KCU Semarang. This research is a qualitative study, through the&lt;span&gt; distribution of questionnaires using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques&lt;span&gt; were carried out by interviews, questionnaires, documentation studies, and observations. Data&lt;span&gt; analysis uses management audit with four stages, namely preliminary audit, management&lt;span&gt; control reviews and tests, detailed audits, and reports. The results show that the company has&lt;span&gt; implemented 8 (eight) existing HR functions. In the implementation of the 8 (eight) HR&lt;span&gt; functions, it was found that performance appraisal, reward and compensation system,&lt;span&gt; employment relations, and termination of employment function have been effective. The&lt;span&gt; functions of orientation and placement, training and development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

Magnetostatic interaction between Bloch point nanospheres

Three-dimensional topological textures have become a topic of intense interest in recent years. This work uses analytical and numerical calculations to determine the magnetostatic field produced by a Bloch point (BP) singularity confined in a magnetic nanosphere. It is observed that BPs hosted in a nanosphere generate magnetic fields with quadrupolar nature. This finding is interesting because it shows the possibility of obtaining quadrupole magnetic fields with just one magnetic particle, unlike other propositions considering arrays of magnetic elements to generate this kind of field. The obtained magnetostatic field allows us to determine the interaction between two BPs as a function of the relative orientation of their polarities and the distance between them. It is shown that depending on the rotation of one BP related to the other, the magnetostatic interaction varies in strength and character, being attractive or repulsive. The obtained results reveal that the BP interaction has a complex behavior beyond topological charge-mediated interaction.

Hidden scale invariance in the Gay-Berne model. II. Smectic-B phase.

This paper complements a previous study of the isotropic and nematic phases of the Gay-Berne liquid-crystal model [Mehri et al., Phys. Rev. E 105, 064703 (2022)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.105.064703] with a study of its smectic-B phase found at high density and low temperatures. We find also in this phase strong correlations between the virial and potential-energy thermal fluctuations, reflecting hidden scale invariance and implying the existence of isomorphs. The predicted approximate isomorph invariance of the physics is confirmed by simulations of the standard and orientational radial distribution functions, the mean-square displacement as a function of time, and the force, torque, velocity, angular velocity, and orientational time-autocorrelation functions. The regions of the Gay-Berne model that are relevant for liquid-crystal experiments can thus fully be simplified via the isomorph theory.

Probing symmetry-breaking defects in polished graphitizable sp2 carbons using angle-resolved polarized Raman scattering

Raman scattering is commonly used to quantify defects in $s{p}^{2}$ carbons, mostly based on the values of the double-resonant D-band intensity. It is well known that this peculiar band undergoes changes when the $s{p}^{2}$ carbon is polished. However, the physical process behind this phenomenon is unclear so far. In this paper, we provide a deep understanding of the fundamental optical properties of the polishing-induced defects by combining angle-resolved polarized Raman scattering and theoretical calculations. We address the question regarding the types of these additional defects that participate in the intervalley double-resonance Raman process and contribute to the spatially inhomogeneous increase of the relative D-band intensity. The study was performed on anthracene-based coke pyrolyzed at $2000\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ and uses highly oriented pyrolytic graphite with known crystallographic orientations as a model material. The results shed light on the types of defects as well as the D-band peculiar behavior as a function of the spatial orientation of graphene layers dictated by polishing with respect to the fixed direction of the incident and scattered light. Moreover, the insignificant change in ${I}_{2\mathrm{D}}/{I}_{\mathrm{G}}$, the width and the position of the G band after polishing, and the insensitivity of less ordered carbons to this process are also discussed.