Organic Waste Management Research Articles

PRODUKSI DAN KARAKTERISASI ECO-ENZIM DARI LIMBAH ORGANIK DAPUR

Garbage is the main problem causing environmental problems which are dominated by organic waste. Management of organic waste must be carried out extensively, one of which is by making eco-enzymes. This study aimed to determine the production of eco-enzymes from kitchen organic waste and the characterization of eco-enzymes based on them. This type of research is an experiment with a qualitative approach. The sample used is a mixture of kitchen organic waste, namely the production and characterization of eco-enzymes which include pH, COD, BOD, TSS, and TDS. The research results obtained data on eco-enzyme production by mixing 3 components in a ratio of 1 : 3: 10 (1 part sugar, 3 parts organic kitchen waste. 10 parts water), then put into a closed container and stored in a cool, dry place, circulation air is good, and dark for 3 months. Eco-enzyme characterization showed a pH of 2.59, a TDS of 2840mg/L, a TSS of 4.46mg/L, a BOD of 60 mg/L, and a COD of 13100mg/L. Kata kunci: Produksi, Karakterisasi, Eco-enzim

Microbial Technologies in Waste Management, Energy Generation and Climate Change: Implications on Earth and Space.

Microbes are important decomposers of organic waste. By decomposing organic waste and using it for their growth, microbes play an important role in maintaining ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen cycles. An ecosystem's microbial shift may disturb it's carbon/nitrogen cycle as a result of any climatechange or humanitarian factors, but heat produced by various instruments and greenhouse gases contribute significantly to global warming which in turn may be related to microbial shift of ecosystems. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, innovative clean energy production methods must be employed to develop fuels with minimal greenhouse effect. Biofuels, such as bioethanol, provide clean energy with less carbon dioxide emissions. For the production of bioethanol, it is always recommended to use microbes that are capable of decomposing complex organic matter (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose). Some microbes can efficiently decompose complex organic matter due to the presence of genetic machinery that produces cellulases and β-glucosidase. The membrane transporters are also important for microbes in uptake of simple sugars for metabolism and ethanol production. Microbial technologies are addressing the future needs fornot only organic waste management but also clean energy/bioethanol production. However, the role of these technologies on space missions and extraterrestrial settings needs to be explored to improve long term space missions.

Environmental life cycle assessment of treatment and management strategies for food waste and sewage sludge

A consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to compare the environmental impacts of food waste and sewage sludge management strategies. The strategies included a novel two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) system and alternatives including landfill, waste-to-energy, composting, anaerobic membrane bioreactor, and conventional AD (wet continuous stirred-tank reactor [CSTR]). The co-management of food waste with sewage sludge was also considered for the two-phase AD system and for a conventional AD reactor. A multidimensional LCA approach was taken, considering the five-midpoint impact categories of global warming, smog, human health particulate, acidification, and eutrophication estimated using the U.S. EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts. Co-management of food waste and sewage sludge using the novel two-phase AD system was shown to maximize energy recovery and had a net global warming benefit while reducing other environmental impacts compared with the alternative management strategies. It had similar relative environmental advantages across all categories as conventional AD, with the advantage of a smaller physical footprint. However, both approaches featured net environmental burdens when the background electric grid intensity fell below 0.25 kg CO2-eq kWh−1, as could be expected in a decarbonized electric future. Upgrading the biogas produced from AD to renewable natural gas can displace the use of fossil natural gas for other non-electricity energy requirements that are difficult to decarbonize and may extend the time period of significant environmental benefits of utilizing AD for organic waste management. Treatment of the nutrient-rich supernatant generated by the novel two-phase AD system could be an obstacle for utilities with stringent nutrient discharge limits. Future research and full-scale implementation are needed to demonstrate the benefits of the two-phase AD system predicted through this analysis.

An automatic generation of pre-processing strategy combined with machine learning multivariate analysis for NIR spectral data

Pre-processing near-infrared (NIR) spectral data is indispensable in multivariate analysis, since the measured spectra of complex samples are often subject to overwhelming background, light scattering, varying noises, and other unexpected factors. Various pre-processing methods have been developed to remove or reduce the interference of these effects. Until now, most applications of NIR spectra pre-processing in multivariate calibration have been trial-and-error, with selecting a proper method depending on the nature of the data, expertise, and practitioner experience. Thus, it is usually challenging to determine the best pre-processing method for a given data. In order to tackle these problems, this study proposes a new concept of data pre-processing, namely, automatically generating a pre-processing strategy (AGoES). This concept belongs to the ensemble pre-processing method, where machine learning algorithms (PLSR, SVM, k-NN, DT, AB, and GPR) built on differently preprocessed data are combined by 5-fold cross-validation and grid search optimization. To investigate our concept, a public NIR spectral dataset was used to predict three responses, including dry matter content (DM), organic matter content (OM) and ammonium nitrogen content (AN) from manure organic waste. The results show that SVM is the best algorithm combined with the AGoES pre-processing to predict DM and AN with a ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 3.619 and 2.996, respectively. The AB tandem with AGoES pre-processing is the best strategy for predicting OM with an RPD of 3.185. Therefore, in the framework of the AGoES concept, it is unsupervised pre-processing, more simple, and feasible to apply multivariate analysis using machine learning algorithms.

Biochar and Its Potential Application for the Improvement of the Anaerobic Digestion Process: A Critical Review

Poor management of organic waste is a key environmental and public health issue as it contributes to environmental contamination and the spread of diseases. Anaerobic digestion (AD) presents an efficient method for organic waste management while generating energy and nutrient-rich digestate. However, the AD process is limited by key factors, which include process inefficiencies from substrate-induced instability, poor quality digestate, and poor management of effluent and emissions. Lately, there has been more interest in the use of biochar for improving anaerobic digestion. Biochar can improve methane production by speeding up the methanogenesis stage, protecting microorganisms from toxic shocks, and reducing inhibition from ammonia and volatile fatty acids. It can be applied for in situ cleanup of biogas to remove carbon dioxide. Applying biochar in AD is undergoing intensive research and development; however, there are still unresolved factors and challenges, such as the influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis on the performance of biochar when it is added to the AD process. In light of these considerations, this review sheds more light on various potential uses of biochar to complement or improve the AD process. This review also considers the mechanisms through which biochar enhances methane production rate, biochar’s influence on the resulting digestate, and areas for future research.

Improving dry anaerobic methane production from OFMSW by co-digestion with grass waste and pretreatment with white rot fungi

Anaerobic digestion is a process that can provide both clean energy and environmentally sustainable management of organic wastes. However, dry anaerobic digestion is susceptible to inhibitions and still has technological hurdles that limit its implementation. The study of operational parameters for the treatment of OFMSW in many places of the world is conducted, but the effect of the substrate composition is poorly understood. The present study evaluated strategies to enhance methane production from two different types of OFMSW, provided by two municipalities of Sabana Centro (Colombia), that are distinguished from each other by the presence (Cajicá, W1) and absence (Chia, W2) of meat residues. For both residues, higher methane production was achieved when the lowest substrate to inoculum ratio was used. ACoD with MGW enhanced biogas production with both sources of OFMSW, increasing 61% of production when non-meat residues were used, and always being necessary for production on residues with meat. Fungal pretreatment did not increase methane yields as expected from experiences in other studies due to pH drops and the accumulation of potential toxic inhibitors. In conclusion, as organic waste composition is critical to achieve an efficient dry anaerobic digestion performance, results presented in this work highlights the need to consider how much nature of the substrate influences the process. The findings of this study hold significance for the scientific community working on dry anaerobic digestion. The study presents novel insights into the co-digestion of OFMSW and the pretreatment with the WRF. Furthermore, the results have practical implications for local authorities in Sabana Centro. Based on these findings, policymakers can formulate new source-separation policies, and a dry anaerobic digestion facility can be designed to meet the specific characteristics of the substrates.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Municipal Solid Waste Management

Waste management incorporates technological, climatic, environmental, and demographic concerns. Socio economic, legal aspects. Traditional methodologies struggle to analyze, predict, and enhance such complex linear processes. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help tackle solid waste management (MSWM) concerns.AI solves obscure problems, learns from mistakes, and manages uncertainty and incomplete facts. Although much research has been done in this field, few review studies have evaluated AI's potential in MSWM. This research examines MSWM AI models and approaches, application areas, performance factors, and software platforms used to construct such models.AI uses in MSWM are also mentioned. This document offers AI models and ideas for organic waste management and deployment, as well as reporting output criteria for implementing these frameworks.

Effect of size and additives on the decomposition process and nutrient content of urban organic waste compost

To participate in overcoming the problem of 500 tons of organic waste per day in Makassar City, in 2017-2019 Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute of Macassar conducted research activities to develop community-based organic waste management models for pollution control and urban farming development. One of the activities is making compost from urban litter using a shredding machine to speed up the decomposition process, and mixing household waste rich in N, P, K and micro nutrients to increase the nutrient content of the compost. Observations showed that the litter mincing process significantly accelerated the decomposition process. Furthermore, the addition of nutrient-rich material from household waste into compost material has increased the nutrient content of compost which is higher than the SNI standard, thereby increasing the competitive value of compost against factory-made chemical fertilizers. These two activities have an impact on increasing public interest in managing urban organic waste to reduce pollution while developing urban farming.

Hexanoic acid improves the production of lipid and oleic acid in Yarrowia lipolytica: The benefit of integrating biorefinery with organic waste management

Microbial oil serves as a sustainable feedstock for producing biodiesel and bio-jet fuels in biorefineries. Sustainable and economical microbial oil production requires the combination of the biorefinery concept and organic waste management. Here, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), by-products of anaerobic digestion of organic waste, have been incorporated as co-substrates in lignocellulosic microbial oil production by an oleaginous yeast of Yarrowia lipolytica. The supplementation of VFAs (acetic, butyric, and hexanoic acids) increased microbial oil production of Y. lipolytica by up to 47%. Specifically, the oleic acid content in microbial oil increased from 41% to 64% with hexanoic acid supplementation, resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in oleic acid titer. Transcriptome analysis showed that hexanoic acid altered fatty acid metabolism (through β- and ω-oxidation) and global transcriptional regulation during microbial oil production. These findings suggest that hexanoic acid is a useful supplement that improves the industrial yield of microbial oil and selectively increases oleic acid content.

Assessment of Manure Compost Used as Soil Amendment—A Review

Organic waste management is an important concern for both industries and communities. Proper management is crucial for various reasons, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainability, and improving public health. Composted manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter that can be used as a soil amendment in agriculture. Some important benefits of using composted manure in agriculture include: improves soil fertility, enhances soil structure, reduces soil erosion, suppresses plant diseases, and reduces reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Composted manure represents one of the most effective methods of organic waste valorization. Its macronutrients and micronutrients content can increase plant yield, without any reported negative or toxic effects on the soil and plants at various application rates. However, improper use of farmyard manure can have negative effects on the environment, such as air pollution from greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidification, and contamination of surface water and groundwater by nitrates and phosphates. The properties of the soil, including aeration, density, porosity, pH, water retention capacity, etc., can be improved by the structure and composition of manure. The slow-release source of nutrients provided by the nutrient content of compost can determine proper plants growth. However, it is crucial to use compost in moderation and regularly test soil to prevent excessive nutrient application, which can have adverse effects on plants and the environment.

Analisis efektifitas pengelolaan sampah organik kering dengan metode komposting pada taman kota

Every day was produced dry organic waste from Ahmad Yani Park Medan City accumulates in the Tanjung Marelan Landfills. The average waste generation reaches 0.797 m3/day. Continuous accumulation of dry organic waste can endanger the environment and public health. The purpose of the study was to examine how effective composting is as a method of managing dry organic waste in a city park. This research is quasi-experimental, research object was 5 kg of dry organic waste, four repetitions with three composting methods, namely Barkley, Composting Bag, and Takakura. The research location is Taman Ahmad Yani, Medan City. The study used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis with ANOVA one-way test and Bonferroni Test. Based on the results of the study, the composting time for dry organic waste in the three composting methods applied lasted 19-25 days. The results of the study, the composting time for dry organic waste is 19-25 days. The compost maturity characteristics same for each composting method, namely blackish brown in color, earthy smell and texture, pH 7,0-7,2, and temperature <30oC according to SNI Compost Quality Standard: 19-7030-2004. Based on the results of the ANOVA test p-value=0,010 and Bonferroni Test, showed that there was a significant difference in the decrease the volume of dry organic waste in each treatment after composting. The reduction of dry organic waste reached 67% -75.75%. The application of the composting method is an effective solution as a dry organic waste management method to reduce the accumulation of dry organic waste in landfills.

Organic Solid Waste Management by Producing Eco-Enzymes from Fruit Skin in Permata Tembalang

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2020 estimates that waste dumps in Indonesia will be 67.8 million tons. However, organic waste management in Indonesia is still relatively low. The accumulation of organic waste in the landfill, which usually causes unpleasant odors and potentially cause an explosion due to the production of methane gas from natural decomposition processes, can be avoided by prioritizing waste management from the source. An alternative way to handle organic waste is make eco-enzymes because it is efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. This is the focus of the community service team. The community service method is carried out in three stages, including the preparation stage, the implementation stage, and the final stage. The preparation stage consists of doing a module for sorting organic waste and its utilization (making eco-enzymes). The next phase consists of socialization, education, and training on sorting organic waste and making the right eco-enzymes. The final stage consists of evaluation and making a final report. The expected result after education, socialization, or training has been carried out by the community service team, the community members, especially RT 04 RW 05 Permata Tembalang, know better and understand the sorting and utilization of organic waste.

Sosialisasi Pengolahan Sampah Organik Menggunakan Maggot BSF Di Desa Sembalun Timba Gading Kecamatan Sembalun Lombok Timur

Community service activities aim to socialize kitchen organic waste management that can be done at the household level. This socialization activity was carried out at the request of a village youth leader who hoped to solve the problem of the accumulation of vegetable and fruit waste in Sembalun Timba Gading Village. The targets of community service activities are youth leaders, community leaders, and village officials. The socialization of organic waste management begins with dissemination of sorting kitchen organic waste (s.o.d) and continues with socialization on processing s.o.d. using the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot. This processing technology will solve the problem of household waste and unsold vegetable and fruit waste and increase people's income by producing products in the form of commercial maggot and used maggot (kasgot). Maggot products can be used as poultry and fish feed, while cassava can be used as organic fertilizer for rice fields, plantations and horticultural crops. The socialization activity was enthusiastically attended by village administrators and youth of Sembalun Timba Galih Village (about 25 people). Service participants will follow up on this activity by making a proposal for a training program for organic waste processing using BSF maggot in order to create environmental cleanliness in tourist areas such as Sembalun Timba Gading Village. Community service activities resulted in an increase in knowledge, attitudes, and enthusiasm for the administrators and youth of Sembalun Timba Gading Village in solving waste problems and committed to working together synergistically with academics to carry out organic waste management training in the next Sembalun Timba Gading Village.

Pengaruh Sosialisasi, Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi, serta Dukungan Pemerintah Terhadap Adopsi Inovasi Pengelolaan Sampah Organik

Successful of organic waste management is closely related to the adoption of innovation by the community. This study aims to see the effect of socio-economic conditions, socialization and government support to the adoption of organic waste management innovation. Research location was in Perak Utara Village, Pabean Cantikan District, Surabaya for 100 respondents. Independent variables are socialization programs, socio-economic conditions and government support while innovation adoption is the dependent variable. Data was obtained through a questionnaire. Data analysis used SPSS 25.00 for windows. Through linear regression analysis, the influence of independent variables consists of socialization program (X1), socio-economic conditions (X2) and government support (X3) on the dependent variable adoption of innovation (Y) are obtained by equation: Y' = -0.830 + 0.525X1 + 0.132X2 + 0.610 X2 + e. Without good social economic conditions (X1 = 0), no outreach program (X2 = 0) and without government support (X3 = 0) will have a negative effect on innovation adoption. Determination analysis shows the influence of independent variables to the dependent variable is 63.1% or socialization program, socio-economic conditions and government support are able to explain 63.1% of the innovation adoption, while remaining 36.9 % is influenced by other variables outside of this study.

Isolated and identified pathogenic bacteria from black soldier fly larvae with “soft rot” reared in mass production facilities and its incidence characteristics

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can transform organic waste into high-end proteins, lipids, chitin, biodiesel, and melanin at an industrial scale. But scaling up of its production capacity has also posed health risks to the insect itself. In this investigation, larval “soft rot” which is occurring in mass production facilities that cause larval developmental inhibition and a certain degree of death was reported. Responsible pathogen GX6 was isolated from BSFL with “soft rot” and identified to be Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus. No obvious impact on larval growth was observed when treated with GX6 spores, whereas mortality of 6-day-old BSFL increased up to 29.33% ± 2.05% when GX6 vegetative cells (1 × 106 cfu/g) were inoculated into the medium. Moreover, higher temperature further enhanced the BSFL mortality and suppressed larval development, but increasing substrate moisture showed the opposite effect. The middle intestine of infected larvae became swollen and transparent after dissection and examination. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that GX6 had destroyed the peritrophic matrix and intestinal microvilli and damaged epithelial cells of larval gut. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of intestinal samples revealed that gut microflora composition was significantly altered by GX6 infection as well. It can be noticed that Dysgonomonas, Morganella, Myroides, and Providencia bacteria became more numerous in the intestines of GX6-infected BSFL as compared to controls. This study will lay foundations for efficient control of “soft rot” and promote healthy development of the BSFL industry to contribute to organic waste management and circular economy.

An experimental investigation of the composting process in an innovative home composting System: The influence of additives

Food-waste out of household consumption ends up in landfills resulting into huge waste of materials and energy enhancing greenhouse effect and threatening water supplies. Composting is common solution for solid organic waste management and can safely and effectively be employed in each household to produce quality compost materials. This study palpates the average composition of the Mediterranean dietary pattern food-wastes and investigates the efficiency of a novel home-composter in managing organic wastes from dish to composter to quality compost. Four different additives, low cost and easily found in the market, are addressed, (1) woodchip, (2) woodchips & zeolite, (3) woodchips & vermiculite and (4) perlite. C/N≈20 substrate’s composition is investigated.Results indicate that the composting process effectively converts food-wastes to compost within 21 days. The monitored parameters show good aeration and humidity levels of the substrate and an aerobic process. The product exhibits minor alkalinity and requires further maturing. Mineral additives help reducing TOC with vermiculite and perlite be the most promising. Zeolite and vermiculite result in higher TKN values of the product with zeolite exhibiting better performance. All minerals enchance C/N reduction when woodchips is proven inadequate as an additive if employed alone. The product can safely be used in domestic applications.

Peran Primer Koperasi Pengelola Sampah Dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Waste is a crucial problem in Indonesia, the current accumulation of waste is caused by improper waste management. Primary Waste Management Cooperative (PKPS) Kab. Cianjur acts as a facilitator who presents solutions to waste problems by creating innovations in waste management and making waste as a business opportunity in empowering the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the program, process, and results obtained by the Primary Waste Management Cooperative (PKPS) Kab. Cianjur in empowering the community. The method used in this study is a descriptive method, with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Based on the results of the research PKPS Kab. Cianjur has been able to overcome waste problems through several programs, namely organic waste sorting, maggot cultivation, socialization/controlling, and organic waste management training/workshops to waste banks TPS 3R. The PKPS process in empowering the community goes through 4 stages, namely planning, reflection, implementation, and evaluation. The results obtained by PKPS in empowering the community consist of 3 aspects, namely economic, environmental, and social.

SOSIALISASI BAHAYA SAMPAH ORGANIK DAN NON ORGANIK BAGI MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN PADA SANTRI MA'HAD AL JAMI'AH IAIN AMBON

Plastic waste is a material that has a negative impact for our life in earth. This is due to several reasons including; plastic waste takes 1000 years to decompose completely, the destruction of plastic waste by burning cause an incomplete combustion process that can produce toxic gases that are harmful to health, scientists from SCIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) and Imperial College London said that 90% of seabirds have plastic in their stomachs and it is estimated that number will continue to increase to 99% in the 2050. The purpose of carrying out this Community Service activity is to provide an understanding of the dangers of organic and non-organic waste for living things and the environment, an understanding of management of organic and non-organic waste, and an understanding of a lifestyle that is minimal in waste. The method used in this activity is lectures with presentation slide media on the dangers of organic and non-organic waste for humans and the environment. The results of the socialization show that the students of Ma'had Al-Jamiah IAIN Ambon understand the dangers of organic and non-organic waste, how to manage organic and non-organic waste and understand a lifestyle that is zero waste.

Food Waste

This research project explored solutions for food waste reduction and mitigation across Te Whatu Ora / New Zealand Public Hospital systems by looking at the case study of Dunedin Public Hospital. Directly relating and supporting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.3, to halve global food waste at consumer and retail levels by 2030. This research was done by analysing appropriate literature exploring food and organic waste management strategies in national and international hospital service sectors and systems, further using the Food Recovery Hierarchy as a framework, which ranks the effects of these strategies when looking at them financially, environmentally and socially. Furthermore, this research looks at the barriers and enablers of the suggested organic waste management strategies. A food waste audit was conducted at Dunedin Public Hospital to assess and quantify the current organic waste within the system. The key questions of this study are: How do we prevent organic waste in the first place (preparation strategies)? What can we do with the organic waste produced to prevent it from going to landfills? What items in the food system are the most wasted? How much Greenhouse gas (GHG) is produced by this organic waste going to landfill? Organic waste produces methane, occupies land mass and has the potential for groundwater contamination. Ten per cent of total global GHG Emissions come from food waste, 22% of which is occurring at the consumption level. The key impact of this research is to mitigate organic waste going to landfills to reduce further climate change, thus benefiting environmentally, socially and economically. Supervised by: Ray O'Brien & Craig Cliff, Sustainability Office, University of OtagoScholarship funded by: Te Whatau Ora Southern

The Pre-service Biology Teachers' Understanding on Organic and Inorganic Waste Management

The study aimed to determine the understanding of the pre-service biology teachers regarding the importance of organic and inorganic waste management for the environment. The method used is a qualitative using questionnaire data collection method. The results showed that the pre-service biology teachers' understanding of organic and inorganic waste management was very high. However, there still needs to be more understanding of how to manage waste properly and its application.