Photoresistor Research Articles

Solar tracker design on solar panel for stm32 microcontroller based on battery charging system

This paper describes about solar energy is one of the energy sources that won’t terminated. Solar energy can be easily converted into electrical energy by using solar panels. Solar panels that are placed horizontally on the ground, the solar panel cannot absorb the light perfectly. Therefore, solar panels require an automatic solar tracking system to increase the efficiency of the solar panels. In this study, a solar tracker has been designed using a light dependent resistor (ldr) sensor based on the stm32 microcontroller. From the results of the study, the increase in power obtained from the use of a solar tracker was 27.97%. In static solar panels, the time required to fully charge the 12v, 7ah lead acid battery is 5 hours 10 minutes, while using a solar tracker the lead acid battery charging time is 3 hours 30 minutes. The use of a solar tracker saves battery charging time for 1 hour 40 minutes compared to static solar panels.

Optically Remote Control of Miniaturized 3D Reconfigurable CRLH Printed Self-Powered MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Applications.

A novel design of a reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a 3D geometry-based solar cell integration that is operating at sub-6 GHz for self-power applications in a 5G modern wireless communication network. The proposed antenna array provides three main frequency bands around 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, with excellent matching impedance of S11 ≤ -10 dB. The proposed MIMO array is constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below -20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element is excited with a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The proposed radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs). The proposed antenna array is fabricated and tested experimentally in terms of S-parameters, gain and radiation patterns. The maximum gain is found to be 3.6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It is realized that the proposed array realizes a significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses. Such an antenna array is found to be very applicable for femtocell wireless communication networks in the 5G systems.

Optically remote‐controlled miniaturized 3D reconfigurable CRLH‐printed MIMO antenna array for 5G applications

AbstractA reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a three‐dimensional geometry that is operating at sub‐6 GHz for 5G applications. The proposed antenna array provides a wideband with excellent matching impedance, S11 ≤ −10 dB, from 3.1 to 5.75 GHz. The proposed MIMO array is constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below −20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element is excited with a coplanar waveguide. The proposed radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of light‐dependent resistors (LDRs). The antenna array is tested in terms of S‐parameters and radiation patterns. The maximum gain is found to be 3.6, 6.9, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6, 3.9, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It is realized that the proposed array realizes a significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses.

Device-based Real-time Single User Indoor Localization Using Internet of Things

Background: Localization is an important area of implementation of the internet of things based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Outdoor user tracking is possible using the global positioning system; however, the global positioning system accuracy decreases in indoor environments. To overcome this problem, the wireless sensor network is used in internet of things-based technology for localization. Objective: The wireless sensor network-based indoor localization is categorized into two categories; rangebased and range-free localization. In range-based localization, it first computes the relative distance and then calculates relative coordinates. In range-based techniques, distance and position are calculated. The internet of things-based localization uses the range-based and range-free techniques of a wireless sensor network to localize any object. The Light Dependent Resistor-based localization work has been proposed in previous research. In this research, the light-dependent resistor traces a person’s entry /exit event as the person switches ON/OFF lights of the building. However, it was not a sufficient effort to localize a person using light dependent resistor. To overcome the problem of light dependent resistor, the two PIR sensors have been used in each room along with one RFID based approach in this study. Methods: An indoor scenario has been considered in this study. The hardware setup has been configured to trace the user. When a user enters inside a building, he will switch on the lights, and the light sensor records the light intensity and gives some reading. The difference in the reading of the light sensor (before switching ON the light and after switching OFF the light) gives some clue about a user in an indoor scenario. Nevertheless, if the lights of many rooms remain switched ON, then the user cannot be localized using the above method. In order to sort out this ambiguity of light sensors, two passive infrared sensors in each room along with one radio frequency identification-based model have been proposed in the present study. Implementing the single-user localization using a light-dependent resistor sensor becomes erroneous if a person moves from one room to another and the lights get turned ON/OFF. Moreover, the LDR-based model is affected by sunlight during the daytime. Results: As the implementation of passive infrared sensors along with one RFID-based localization technique gives 93% efficiency, the light-dependent resistor-based localization system gives an efficiency of 35%. Conclusion: The light-dependent resistor-based approach is prone to more errors because the user may enter multiple rooms while the lights of each room remain ON. To overcome this problem, a passive infrared sensor and radio frequency identification-based approach for a single user indoor localization has been proposed. The proposed techniques are easy and cost-effective for implementation. The results show that the proposed technique provides better localization accuracy than a light-dependent sensor-based technique for single-user indoor localization.

Design and Programming of a Microcontroller Based on a Solar Tracking System

This paper is regarding the design and program of a Microcontroller Arduino Uno board using Arduino software to work as a photo-sensor (Active) Single Axis Solar Tracker System (SASTS). A solar panel, two photo-resistors which are also known as Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs) on two sides (north/south) of the photovoltaic (PV,) and a servo motor are connected to the Uno board, which is previously running a code that is prepared by Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) then it works as a tracking system. Here, the LDRs send the signal of the presence or absence of the light to the board and based on that signal the Uno reflects a new signal to the servo motor to rotate and find the light source. Lastly, the photo sensor single-axis tracker is made. While the system tries to move the panel face to the sun and change the irradiance intensity, in the meantime it starts a search to find the angle of the highest irradiance. Based on the results that are extracted from the data, the tracker system significantly boosts the output power ratio of the solar panel. Through using the Micro-controller Uno board, LDRs, servo motor, and specially designed mechanical base, the tracking system is constructed, determined from acquired data the influence of the STS on increasing the solar panel power ratio is tremendously obvious. Significantly, the tracker system rises the power ratio of the PV system. Significantly, the tracker system raises the power ratio of the PV. As a result, the tracker system remarkably boosts the output power ratio of the solar panel and increases by up to 32.18%.

Coulometer from a Digitally Controlled Galvanostat with Photometric Endpoint Detection.

In this work, a coulometer was developed from a digitally controlled galvanostat. A simple colorimeter based on a RGB LED was used as a light emitter coupled to light detectors, while light dependent resistance (LDR) and photodiodes have been developed as endpoint detectors. Both hardware and software have been adapted from the original galvanostat design. Regarding the hardware, new electrical signal conditioners (filters and voltage dividers) were included to optimize the working system. The software was developed based on an open source Arduino UNO microcontroller. The different variables that control the titration process are managed by an add-in module for Excel data acquisition software that is freely available. A study of the possible variables that influence the titration process has been carried out. The system was tested with two classical coulometric titrations such as iodometry (thiosulfate, ascorbic acid) and acid/base (potassium acid phthalate as standard). The developed system is versatile as different endpoint color indicators can be employed (starch and phenolphthalein for the investigated reactions). Different experimental arrangements have been studied: the nature of the electrodes (Pt, Ag), type of cells (two separate compartments or a single compartment), and light detectors (LDR, photodiode). The influence of several experimental parameters (both electrical, light, and integration time) was studied and chosen to obtain the best performance of the complete system. Reproducibility results below 1% can be obtained under controlled conditions. In the case of acid/base titrations, the presence of atmospheric carbon dioxide was detected, whose interference was mainly affected by the stirring rate and the titration time.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Robot Pemilah Sampah Anorganik dengan Inductive Proximity dan LDR Sebagai Sensor

The existence of garbage from day to day has always increased. In 2019, waste in Indonesia reached 98 million tons. Problems that arise because management of waste that is not done well, can hinder waste management. It is necessary to create a system that can sort waste according to its type so that the grouping of waste becomes more practical and the recycling process can be done easily. In this research, inorganic waste sorting robot was created that can be used as an automatic trash can that can sort and place inorganic waste according to its type. This system works by involving an inductive proximity sensor to detect metal waste and a light dependent resistor sensor equipped with a laser to detect metal waste, paper and plastic waste. From the results of testing on the tool, the accuracy of the detection of waste types for metal waste, paper waste and plastic waste is 84%, 88% and 90%, respectively. While the average response time of the non-organic waste sorting robot in detecting each type of waste is 2.15028 seconds for metal waste, 2.15014 seconds for paper waste and 2.15028 seconds for plastic waste

Influence of Micro-Controller-Based Single Axis Solar Tracker System on Solar Panel’s Performance: Case Study

There is governmental, academic, and business interest in new emerging renewable energy sources, such as solar energy. In particular, how and how much it produces energy and the environmental impact of these sources. To highly benefit from renewable energies, new methods should be utilized. In this paper, the Microcontroller Arduino Uno board has been used and programmed by Arduino software to build a system as a photo-sensor (Active) Single Axis Solar Tracker System (SASTS). The system was created using a solar panel, two Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) have been used on the two sides (north/south) of the photovoltaic (PV), and a servo motor is connected to the Uno board. The tracking system is constructed to procure the data using the Microcontroller Uno board and specially designed mechanical base. Based on the extracted results, the influence of the SASTS on increasing the solar panel performance is more evident than the outcome Maximum Power Point (MPP) of MATLAB Simulink. Continuously, the SASTS searches for the sun and its position in the sky and puts the PV direct to the sun. Significantly, the tracker system raises the power ratio of the PV. As a result, it significantly increases the solar panel's performance and increases by 55.2% on average during the daytime.

A FRACTAL MINKOWSKI DESIGN FOR MICROWAVE SENSING APPLICATIONS

This work describes a low-cost, extremely sensitive microwave sensor that may be used to distinguish between different liquid samples by measuring the variation in S21 magnitude. An interdigital capacitor (IDC) in series with a circular spiral inductor (CSI) and linked directly to a light dependent resistor (LDR) is used to do this and been installed minkowski farctal on end both stub. The suggested sensor operates at a frequency of 1.47 GHz. Using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave studio, the impacts of modifying the proposed LDR's value are evaluated parametrically. However, When the LDR value changes in relation to the light of incidence, a considerable change in the resonance band is observed. Many recent wireless technologies that use optical-based interface systems have found that such technology is an excellent candidate. The same model is developed for validation using a High-Frequency Simulator Structure (HFSS). The suggested sensor is built on an FR4 substrate with a 40×60 mm2 surface area. As a ground plane, a copper layer is applied to the rear panel. The results obtained by the two software systems are in perfect agreement.

Low-cost and portable colorimetric platform for simultaneous detection of Fe, methanol, and total phenols in wine

A multi-channel colorimetric device was developed for the low-cost and simultaneous determination of three important parameters in wine safety and quality— total iron (Fe), methanol (MeOH), and total phenols. The detection was performed by assembling light-dependent resistors and light-emitting diodes in a 3D printed chamber, which measured colorimetric signals horizontally transmitting through the microwells of an 8-well strip. This device demonstrated linear relationships (R2 greater than 0.99) for all analytes with detection limits of 0.04 mg/L, 2.26 mg/L, and 3.40 mg/L for Fe, MeOH, and total phenols, respectively. Wine sample measurements showed that the multi-channel device was as accurate as the professional spectrophotometer and could simultaneously provide the three target concentrations to facilitate the analysis. With the merits of low fabrication cost and ease of use, this device could be used as a general platform for multiple-target detection, demonstrating great potential for application in food analysis.

Kombinasi Sistem Solar Tracker Dua Sumbu dan Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) untuk Menstabilkan Tegangan Keluaran Pembangkit Photovoltaic (PV) Menggunakan Sensor Photodioda dan Arduino Nano

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) generator is strongly influenced by the intensity of sunlight hitting the solar module. Thus it takes the position of the solar module which is always perpendicular to the direction of the sun's rays. To overcome this, it is necessary to design and implement a two-axis solar tracker system using a servo motor that is able to dynamically drive a PV generator following the direction of movement of sunlight supplied by an AC power source (PLN). The problem is that if the AC source is disturbed, the motor drive stops working so that the absorption of sunlight is not optimal. The research proposes the design and implementation of a two-axis solar tracker system based on Arduino Nano using a photodiode sensor and automatic transfer switch (ATS). ATS functions if there is a disturbance in the AC source, the system automatically transfers the load power supply to a DC source in the form of a battery or vice versa, so that the tool is still able to work. The photodiode sensor in the Arduino Nano circuit is used because it has better sensitivity to sunlight than the light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor. The PV generator in this study uses the PV1 and PV2 modules. The results shows that the PV module using a two-axis tracker system with dynamic movement following the movement of the sun's position is able to produce a more significant and more stable average output voltage-than the system without using a tracker both on the static PV module position facing east and west respectively by 12.34% and 10.94%. The sensitivity of the photodiode sensor to sunlight also helps improve the performance of the proposed system so that the PV output voltage in the 09.00-15.00 WIB period, becomes larger and more stable than the system without a solar tracker.

Wireless Communication for Optical Link in Network

Laser, as a correspondence medium can give a decent substitute to the present-day correspondence frameworks as the issue of connection point looked on account of EM waves, isn’t there and a high arrangement of mystery is accessible. Optical correspondence offers a practical option in contrast to RF interchanges for between satellite connections and different applications where superior execution joins are a need. This paper is planned to give an outline of advancement that has been achieved with the assistance of lasers to send sound and explains on the way things are being utilized alongside future turns of events. In the transmitter, the power of the laser point of support is managed by the consequence of the code oscillator. Utilizing a push to on switch the tone oscillator is initiated to alarm the individual at the collector end prior to beginning a voice correspondence utilizing the mouthpiece. The beneficiary gets the power changed. We will dissect the outcome utilizing sun powered chargers and standard optical identifiers (Light-dependent resistors).

Monitoring and Management of Street Lighting System using Internet of Things

Different forms of utilization of electrical energy include lighting system. General lighting system provided by utilities must be ensured that there is no wastage of power during consumption. Street lighting is of importance keeping in view of prevention of accidents and adequate lighting must ensure safety and comfortable driving. In this paper, Internet of Things (IoT) is used to monitor and manage street lighting system. IoT based nodes and sensors are arranged in such a manner that wastage of power consumption is avoided. Transformers, relays light dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor and passive infrared (PIR) sensors are the major equipment in the setup. Raspberry Pi and Arduino serve as nodes through wireless serial port communication HC-12 module. Instrument transformers are used for voltage and current measurement. Monitoring can be done if the respective power consumption values are uploaded to server. In this paper, it is shown that this model results in effective monitoring and management of street lighting system using IoT.

Karakterisasi Sensor Cahaya Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Research on the Characterization of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Light Sensor has been carried out with the aim of understanding the characteristics of the LDR light sensor, for processing changes in the LDR resistance value as a measurement of light intensity and for accessing an 8-bit resolution ADC by entering the LDR light sensor voltage result. The value of the resistance on the LDR depends on the size of the light received by the LDR itself. In addition, the greater the intensity of light hitting the LDR surface, the smaller the resistivity. On the other hand, the smaller the intensity of light hitting the LDR, the greater the resistance value. The basic principle used in the use of LDR resistors as components of this sensor is the change in the resistance value and the amount of current flowing in the circuit. In this experiment, the distance variations of 0cm, 3cm, 6cm, 9cm, 12cm, 15cm, 18cm, 21cm, 24cm, 27cm and 30cm were used. LDR characteristics are slow response in identifying light intensity, the greater the light intensity the smaller the resistivity, LDR can be used to read changes in light intensity and data retrieval can be done with an op-amp and a microcontroller.

A Simple High-Resolution Absolute Rotary Angular Sensor with Nonlinear Transparent Disc

This paper has described a simple absolute rotary angular sensor with a nonlinear transparent disc. This sensor consists of five elements: light-source, a shaft coupled nonlinear transparent optical disc, a lens, a pair of light-dependent resistors (LDR) and a signal processing circuit. This absolute rotary angular sensor is of non-contact potentiometer based on a characteristic of resistance via irradiance. It has the advantage of fabricating efficiently as the disc is made with fiber glass and a self-adhesive tape of which transparency is nonlinearly changed in a range of 0-360◦. Also, this sensor has good linearity of R2=0.99999, good repeatability of maximum characteristic drift around ±0.10 and measurement error below ±0.50. And measurement stability is ±0.10 within its operating range from 0° to 360°.

Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost System for Smart Home Applications

Smart systems and security got impressive attention and development in recent years, which have been appeared in the terms of smart homes, intelligent security, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Home automation comprises the controlling of the electrical appliances in the home wirelessly or automatically. Many different integrated circuits, sensors, modules, and embedded systems are available to be compatible to integrate with smart homes. In order to apply the concept of smart homes, many issues should be considered like as providing a user-friendly, reliable, secure, and cost-effective. In this paper, an effective and low-cost smart home system is designed and implemented based on the Arduino microcontroller boards with its compatible modules. The proposed work employed many types of sensors to carry out the tasks for the smart home for a couple of the essential segments, the first one is home security and the latter one is home automation. The antitheft home segment is based on the laser source directed on the light-dependent resistor and infrared sensor; once the thief tries to cut the laser or passes beside the sensor, the alarm will be switched on. The later segment aims to detect the fire occurring by the means of the flame sensor, gas leakage detection by the MQ-05 sensor, servo motor to opening/closing the garage door, LCD to display the status of the all-utilised sensors, and finally, the Bluetooth module to controlling the garage door wirelessly. To increase the system performance and reliability the Arduino Nano and the Arduino Leonardo board are utilised.

Design and modeling of solar water pumping system in Diyala region

In recent years, <span>solar panels have become increasingly popular for converting solar energy is converted into electrical energy. The solar panel can be utilized as part of a larger solar system that is connected to the power grid or as a stand-alone system. Every day, the world receives 84 Terawatts of energy, yet we only use about 12 Terawatts. For optimal energy conversion, the tracking mechanism will keep the solar panel perpendicular to the sun at all times. In this setup, photo resistors will be employed as sensors. A light detection system, a microprocessor, a gear motor system, and a solar panel will make up the system. When compared to solar panels without tracking equipment, our system will produce up to 40% more electricity. Improvements to the board's efficiency include the addition of a dust sensor. The dust on the board is also detected by the sensor, which activates a pump inside the tank. It uses the Arduino to pump water onto the board to clean it of dust and maintain its efficiency. There is also a water sensor. When the tank's water level falls below a certain level, the attached pump activates.</span>

Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor

Abstract: Energy crisis is one in every of the major problems in world developing countries like Republic of India.There's a huge gap between generation and demand of current. Nearly half of the population of the country cannot get the power supply. Renewable energy is one of the answers to solve this issue. Solar power is one in every of the foremost effective resources of the renewable energy that might play a big role to resolve this drawback. This analysis presents a performance analysis of the dual axis solar tracking systemusing Arduino and led & servo motors. The most objective of this research is whether the solar tracker isbetter than a solar panel. This work is split into 2 light dependent resistors (LDR) is employed to observethe almost source of illumination from the sun. Two servo motors put together accustomed move the electrical device to most source of illumination location perceived by the LDRs. In the other half, the software part is written by using C programming language which head towards to the Arduino UNO controller. The result of the solar tracking system has analyzed and compared with the mounted or static solar panel found higher performance in terms of current, power and voltage. Therefore, the solar tracking system is evidenced additional sensible for capturing the most daylight provide for star gathering applications. The result showed dual axis solar tracking system made further 10.53- watt power compared with mounted (fixed) and single axis solar tracking system. Components hardware and computer code.

Microcontroller based Automatic Sun Tracking Solar Panel

The solar industry is a worth billions of dollars industry. This produces 20 GW of power, which is insufficient for processing. Every day, the Sun brightens the globe by irradiating a massive amount of energy, the bulk which one is lost or not utilized as a result of improper solar panel installation the conversion of solar energy to electrical energy is significantly higher when the solar panel is constantly placed 90 degrees to the sun. To build an automatic solar panel using ATMega328 controller, we'll use two Light sensors (Light dependent resistors) to detect light and a servo motor to spin the solar panel in the position of the sun rays. The benefit of this concept is that the solar panel will constantly track light from the sun and will regularly charge when facing the sun, and offer the maximum amount of power.

Automatic Clothing Drying Using Rain Sensors and Ldr Sensors Based on Arduino UNO

During the rainy season, the majority of people feel anxious when they are drying clothes. This anxiety will increase when drying clothes but is outside the house, and the house is not there. From that incident people became reluctant drying clothes in an open place, because I was worried that the clothesline would get wet in the rain. When the rainy season the majority of people dry their clothes on the terrace of the house, this is done to Avoid drying clothes exposed to rain when the owner is left doing outdoor activities house. From the description of the problem above, the author found the idea to make a towing device clothesline that can work automatically. The tool uses an Arduino microcontroller The Uno is coupled with a rain sensor and a Light Dependent Resistor sensor. The way this tool works is detects the surrounding weather through the rain sensor and LDR sensor, when the sensor does not receive light then the tool will translate it will rain, so the tool will attract clothesline in a place protected from rain. When the sensor detects sunlight the tool will translate that the weather around is hot, so the tool will pull the clothesline a place exposed to the sun. While the rain sensor detects droplets from the water rain.Hopefully with the creation of an automatic clothesline puller can help people reduce anxiety when drying clothes in the rainy season.
 Keywords: Arduino Uno; microcontroller; Rain sensor; LDR; Motor driver.