Ordinary Temperatures Research Articles

Effect of thermal irritation on gastric function

In practice, very often cold and heat are used for diseases of the stomach, and until now it was unclear what the effect of thermal irritation is based on here; apparently, in addition to the known effect of contrast temperatures on the vessels and body temperature, there is also an indirect effect of thermal stimuli on the body through the sympathetic system. Recently, Weitzn Sterkel observed that when X-ray of the stomach the latter gives a different picture if the X-ray occurs in a cold room than when it is done at ordinary room temperature, namely, in a cold room the stomach is hypertonic, which Friedrich (Zeit.fd ges. physik. Therapie, 1924, Bd. 28) considers not as a result of the direct action of cold, but as a reflex phenomenon, due to irritation of the parasympathetic nerve plexus.

Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males.

We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) using a cycle ergometer in each environmental condition (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) in a random order with an interval of 1 week between each test. Before the test, they were allowed to rest for 30 min in a given environmental condition. All dependent variables (body temperature, cardiorespiratory function parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance) were measured at rest and during GXT. GXT was started at 50 W and increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects were exhausted. Body temperature increased proportionally at rest and at the end of exercise as thermal stress increased. There were no differences in the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbon dioxide excretion between environmental conditions. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at 30 °C and 40 °C than at 20 °C, and oxygen pulse was significantly lower at 40 °C than at 20 °C at various exercise loads. None of the skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles showed significant changes at rest or during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake, peak power, and exercise time significantly decreased proportionally as thermal stress increased, and this decrease was most pronounced at 40 °C. Acute thermal stress induces a decrease in exercise performance via increased body temperature, HR, VE, and blood lactate levels and decreased oxygen pulse during load-homogenized exercise. This phenomenon was more prominent at 40 °C than at 30 °C and 20 °C.

Effects of intercalated water on the lubricity of sliding layers under load: a theoretical investigation on MoS2

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have recently become some of the most studied nano-materials due to their wide array of technological and industrial applications. Among these, they display great potential as solid lubricants. Friction properties of 2D-materials, however, are very sensitive to environmental conditions, e.g. humidity. In MoS2, for instance, humidity can hamper its tribologic performances. Past experiments and recent ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations have highlighted that, at ordinary temperatures, a possible reason for lower lubricity is the physical interaction of water with the layers. It is, therefore, crucial to better understand the microscopic mechanisms underlying this behaviour, in order to optimise the lubrication performance of these materials. In this paper we used density functional theory simulations and classical molecular dynamics simulations to provide a multi-scale description of how external load affects the energetic, structural and dynamic properties of intercalated water between MoS2 layers. As a result of combining these two different approaches, we provide an atomistic description of the role of intercalated water in modifying the frictional behaviour of physically interacting layers, e.g. MoS2. The identified interlocking mechanism, which is enhanced under load, is relevant for understanding the frictional effects observed for water confined in slit nanopores, and for nanofluidics applications.

Novel Infrared Camouflage Technology Based on Electrochromism

Abstract In order to meet the urgent need of developing advanced infrared camouflage technology, a novel concept of infrared regulation based on cooperative control of emissivity and temperature was proposed. Combining the traditional calculation model of infrared characteristics with the control strategy of proportional-integral-differential (PID), the corresponding model of the infrared control system was designed. By integrating the electrochromic material with the thin film resistor, the theoretical feasibility of the infrared control system was verified by the principle prototype. Subsequently, the models of space target and corresponding profiling decoy were established. Meanwhile, the infrared camouflage characteristics of profiling decoy in the 3–5 µm band and the 8–14 µm band were investigated, respectively. The results reveal that the profiling decoy with cooperative control of emissivity and temperature can achieve a more satisfactory effect of infrared control than that of ordinary temperature control. The cooperative control system can effectively reduce the overshoot of radiation and has the ability of fast response, high control precision, and control stability. The theoretical approach provides useful insight for the deep understanding of infrared control and support further research on infrared camouflage.

Ernest Rutherford’s ambitions

One of the pioneers of radioactivity research, Rutherford feared his work would be overlooked—and changed his publishing strategies to make sure it wasn’t.

TIME SERIES FORECASTING FOR AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN 96041 STATION USING LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY MODEL

An understanding of patterns and gauge of normal temperature joined of parameter climate and climate information for way better water asset administration and arranging during a bowl is exceptionally vital. Investigate climate patterns utilizing typical and neighborhood annually normal temperatures, compare and make perceptions. during this consider, we'll analyze nearby and ordinary normal temperature information in 96041 Station supported perception station in place. the foremost objective of this considers to seem the execution of the traditional temperature in an exceedingly single station and to foresee the conventional temperature information utilizing the Long memory Demonstrate approach. supported the results of ordinary informatics of investigating temperature with nearby temperature relationship, we got the show of preparing bend, remaining plot, and therefore the diffuse plot is appeared utilizing these codes. the nice execution of 96041 Station had an Mean Squared Error esteem of 0.01 and R squared esteem 0.98, concerning zero will speak to superior quality of the indicator.

Average Temperature Forecasting Based on Deli Serdang Station Using Long Short-Term Memory Model

An understanding of designs and gage of typical temperature joined of parameter climate and climate data for better water resource organization and orchestrating amid a bowl is uncommonly imperative. Examine climate designs utilizing ordinary and neighborhood every year typical temperatures, compare and make discernments. amid this consider, we'll analyze adjacent and conventional typical temperature data in 96031 Station backed recognition station input. the preeminent objective of this considers to appear the execution of the conventional temperature in an exceedingly single station and to predict the ordinary temperature data utilizing the Long memory Illustrate approach. bolstered the comes about of standard informatics of exploring temperature with adjacent temperature relationship, we got the appear of preparing bend, remaining plot, and thus the diffuse plot is showed up utilizing these codes. the decent execution of 96031 Station had a Mean Squared Error esteem of 0.01 and R squared esteem 0.98, concerning zero will speak to superior quality of the indicator.

Unsteady free convective magnetohydrodynamics flow of a Casson fluid through a channel with double diffusion and ramp temperature and concentration

The generalized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) free convection flow of a Casson fluid through a channel immersed in a porous media with mass and heat transfer is considered. With heat generation, the contribution of concentration gradient is taken into account for heat flux (Dufour effect), and chemical reaction of order first for species balance is also considered. Initially, governing equations of flow model are reduced to nondimensional equations and then solved analytically. The transformed solutions for concentration, temperature, and velocity are written in summation form to invert by Laplace transform easily. The closed form solution of field variables has been plotted graphically due to different parametric variations to analyze the behavior of concentration, temperature, and flow fields against the physical parameters. Furthermore, comparisons among fractionalized and ordinary concentration, temperature, and velocity fields are made to see the effect of parameter α. It is concluded that concentration, temperature, and velocity obtained with fractional derivative are smaller than that obtained by ordinary derivative. Therefore, fractional derivative is the best choice to obtain controlled concentration, temperature, and velocity.

Characterization of ω3 fatty acid desaturases from oomycetes and their application toward eicosapentaenoic acid production in Mortierella alpina.

ω3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids are currently obtained mainly from fisheries; thus, sustainable alternative sources such as oleaginous microorganisms are required. Here, we describe the isolation, characterization, and application of 3 novel ω3 desaturases with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing activity at ordinary temperatures (28 °C). First, we selected Pythium sulcatum and Plectospira myriandra after screening for oomycetes with high eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratios and isolated the genes psulω3 and pmd17, respectively, which encode ω3 desaturases. Subsequent characterization showed that PSULω3 exhibited ω3 desaturase activity on both C18 and C20 ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids while PMD17 exhibited ω3 desaturase activity exclusively on C20 ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Expression of psulω3 and pmd17 in the arachidonic acid-producer Mortierella alpina resulted in transformants that produced eicosapentaenoic acid/total fatty acid values of 38% and 40%, respectively, at ordinary temperatures. These ω3 desaturases should facilitate the construction of sustainable ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid sources.

Pipeline leakage monitoring experiments based on evaporation‐enhanced FBG temperature sensing technology

The water distribution systems in utility tunnel are considered as the lifeline projects. The leakage monitoring of water supply and drainage pipelines is closely related to the overall operation and safety of the utility tunnel. However, conventional pipeline leakage monitoring methods are difficult to realize the monitoring of ordinary temperature liquid and small leakage. Moreover, they also have problems with noise interference, high false alarm rate, and high cost. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional methods, the evaporation-enhanced Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensing (EETS-FBG) method was proposed as a new type of leakage monitoring solution according to the principle of the psychrometer. This method utilizes the evaporative cooling characteristics of water-absorbing porous materials and the FBG temperature sensors to realize leakage monitoring. On the basis of experiments, the feasibility of this method is explored, and the effects of wind speed, liquid temperature, and leakage volume on monitoring results are analyzed. The experimental results show that the EETS-FBG method can monitor the temperature difference of 0.97–8.55°C in the humidity of 51.0–90.8%RH, and the measured values are in good agreement with the theoretical values, which shows that the method has good feasibility. In addition, the measured temperature difference increases with the ambient wind speed, while the leakage volume and water temperature have no obvious effect on the temperature difference, which shows that the method has good reliability and universal applicability. This method has outstanding advantages for normal temperature liquid and small leakage monitoring and is worthy of application and promotion.

Analyzing metal forming process

In this paper, some of the most important criteria of metal forming process are analyzed and studied. Frequently, work piece material is not sufficiently malleable or ductile at ordinary room temperature, but may become so when heated. Thus, we have both hot and cold metal forming operations

Effects of acute cold stress on energy metabolism, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute cold stress (10℃, 0℃) compared with ordinary temperature (20℃) on exercise performance and physiological response at rest and during exercise. Methods A total of 10 healthy men (21.55 ± 2.16) were selected. In each environmental condition (20℃, 10℃, 0℃), the three testing order was randomly selected at crossover, and there was a week interval between the graded exercise test (GXT). On the testing day, they remained resting for 30 min in each environmental condition. Dependent variables (body temperature, energy metabolism parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance parameters) were measured at rest and during GXT. Results In body temperature, at each environmental condition, there was a significant decrease (p<.05) at 10℃ and 0℃ compared with 20℃ after exercise, and in the difference depending on the environment at rest. After exercise, the body temperature significantly decreased (p<.05) in proportion to the decrease in temperature. There was no difference in heart rate and blood lactate level in energy metabolism, and the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher (p<.05) at 0℃ than 20℃. Minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), and carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2) were significantly lower (p<.05) at 0℃ than 20℃ and 10℃ at various exercise load. All skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles did not show significant changes at rest and during exercise. In exercise performance, maximal oxygen uptake was significantly lower (p<.05) at 0℃ than 20℃, and exercise time to exhaustion was also significantly lower (p<.05) at 0℃ than 20℃ and 10℃. Conclusion Acute cold stress induces deterioration of exercise performance via a decreased body temperature and an increase in VE, VO2, and VCO2 during the same exercise load. In addition it was confirmed that this phenomenon was more prominent at 0°C than at 10°C when compared to 20°C.

Fracture behaviors of concrete incorporating different levels of recycled coarse aggregate after exposure to elevated temperatures

This study focuses on the fracture behavior of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) after exposure to elevated temperatures, thus, a total of 128 cubic specimens and 64 notched beams were cast to analysis the effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RA) substitutions (0%, 30%, 70% and 100%) and elevated temperatures (20 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C) on fracture parameters of RAC, such as peak load (Pmax), critical crack mouth opening displacement (CMODc), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc), effective crack length (ac), fracture energy (GF), initiation fracture toughness (KICini), unstable fracture toughness(KICun), the characteristic length (Lch) and so on. The result showed that the values of Pmax decreased as the increase of exposure temperature and the decrease rate grew slower as the increase of RA substitution. In contrast, the values of GF increased with elevated temperature and the increased rate grew slow with the incremental of RA replacement. As the increase of RA substitution, the CMODc and CTODc of specimens slightly increased first and then decreased at ordinary temperature and elevated temperature. The KICini and KICun of concrete with different RA substitution decreased with the elevated temperatures. In addition, the RA substitution had a positive impact on the KICini of concrete after exposure to 200 °C and 300 °C. At each high temperature, the Lch of RAC was smaller than that of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), indicating that the ductility of RAC was worse than that of NAC.

Polyaniline/V2O5 composites for anticorrosion and electromagnetic interference shielding

Conducting polyaniline (PANI)/vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanocomposites have been synthesized by interfacial polymerization technique. The composites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrical conductivity (σac) and dielectric measurements have been carried out in the frequency range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz at ordinary lab temperature. The dielectric constant of the composites has been increased to a very high-value of 3.75 × 105 at lower frequency (1 kHz) for 15 wt% concentration of V2O5 in PANI. The electromagnetic shielding behavior of the composites has been investigated in the frequency range 12–18 GHz (Ku-band) of the microwave region. The shielding results demonstrate the synergistic effect of the composite phases with average shielding effectiveness (SE) values in the range of ~17 to 19 dB (<99% electromagnetic energy attenuation). To explore the multifunctional application potential of the composites, surface protection of PANI/V2O5 on mild steel (MS) in 5 M HCl acid solution has been screened by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Tafel curves, ac impedance, and SEM. AAS and SEM reveal adsorption dominated high inhibition property of these nanocomposites of the order of 91.397%. The potentiodynamic polarization scan indicates both the cathodic and anodic dissolution inhibition role of PANI/V2O5. Nyquist plots greatly sustain the improvement of charge transfer resistance with PANI/V2O5 in the corrosive (5 M HCl) solution. The results show that these nanocomposites could be optimized for diverse applications in corrosion inhibition and stealth technology.

Thermomechanical conversion in metals: dislocation plasticity model evaluation of the Taylor-Quinney coefficient

Using a partitioned-energy thermodynamic framework which assigns energy to that of atomic configurational stored energy of cold work and kinetic-vibrational, we derive an important constraint on the Taylor-Quinney coefficient, which quantifies the fraction of plastic work that is converted into heat during plastic deformation. Associated with the two energy contributions are two separate temperatures – the ordinary temperature for the thermal energy and the effective temperature for the configurational energy. We show that the Taylor-Quinney coefficient is a function of the thermodynamically defined effective temperature that measures the atomic configurational disorder in the material. Finite-element analysis of recently published experiments on the aluminum alloy 6016-T4 [1], using the thermodynamic dislocation theory (TDT), shows good agreement between theory and experiment for both stress-strain behavior and temporal evolution of the temperature. The simulations include both conductive and convective thermal energy loss during the experiments, and significant thermal gradients exist within the simulation results. Computed values of the differential Taylor-Quinney coefficient are also presented and suggest a value which differs between materials and increases with increasing strain.

Silver and yttrium-doped bismuth vanadate for photoluminescent activity and boosted visible light-induced photodegradation

Silver and ytterbium-doped bismuth vanadate (AgxYbyBiz−xyVO4) composites have been synthesized via solid state-reaction in one-step at 950 °C for 6 h in the open air atmosphere. The effect of dopants concentration on the morphology, the optical property and the dye degradation efficiency was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscopic analysis has revealed the presence of most irregular-shaped particles; however, some definite grain-like particles have also been seen. EDX analysis disclosed the presence of V, Bi, Ag, Yb and O in the doped materials. TGA has described the stability of doped materials at the ordinary temperature. Fourier transform infrared results of AgxYbyBiz−xyVO4 composites have indicated the formation of vanadium pentaoxide based materials and the presence of V–O bond. The calculated optical band gaps of V2O5 and composites have been recorded as 2.25, 1.56 and 1.75 eV, respectively. The Nyquist plot has demonstrated nearly straight lines for V2O5 and composites which is attributed to the higher charge transfer potential. The photoluminescence spectra of the doped materials have revealed the presence of spectral bands in the red and red to infrared regions which could be used in the optical devices. The degradation efficiency of crystal violet (CV) dye was explored under the solar-light irradiation. A remarkable dye degradation efficiency of 94.57% has been recorded for 7 mg/L of the dye solution within 120 min. Besides, the proposed dye degradation mechanism and reusability experiment was also discussed in detail. The photoluminescent study of the materials exhibited emission bands at 1088 and 1045 nm are recorded which could be used in optical devices.

Development of a Pyrophoric Deposit Deactivator Based on Caustic Waste from the Naphthenic Acid–Removing Treatment of Oil Fractions

The purpose of this work is to choose the most efficient methods to recycle caustic waste from the naphthenic acid-removing treatment of light oil fractions. The processes of the formation of pyrophoric deposits in various industries are studied. In the context of the danger of pyrophoric iron sulfides, existing ways and means of deactivating these compounds are analyzed. A review of the patent literature showed that the studied firefighting foaming agents can be divided into two groups, such that the agents in the first group are conventionally based on hydrocarbon surfactants, whereas the agents in the second group include at least one fluorinated component. The feedstock to produce the foaming agent was chosen to be caustic waste from the treatment of light petroleum products. The process of producing a foaming agent includes the simple mixing of calculated amounts of its components at an ordinary temperature. The fire-extinguishing efficiency of this agent is nonuniquely related to the concentrations of the components. The recommended foaming agent in all its main qualities is on a par with popular brands of foaming agents and, in a number of parameters (pour point and foam-expansion ratio in a GVP-600 generator), is even superior to them.

One-step Ammonia Synthesis by In-liquid Plasma under Ordinary Temperature and Pressure

One-step Ammonia Synthesis by In-liquid Plasma under Ordinary Temperature and Pressure

The effects of sustained military occupational activities on inhibitory control ability in low temperature environment

Objective: To evaluate the effects of sustained military occupational activities on inhibitory control ability in low temperature environment, which could provide a basis for accurate military physical training. Methods: Twenty healthy male young cadets (mean age: (23. 32±1. 62)y; height: (175. 34±4. 14)cm; body weight: (68. 19±3. 12)kg) were enrolled in this experiment. A number of military tasks last 36 hours were completed in the ordinary (16℃～23℃) and low(-3℃～-1℃) temperature environment, and the RR interval and core temperature were recorded. The stroop-word-color test and critical frequency test were performed before and after the activities. Results: Compared with rest, the heart rate, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and training impulse were increased significantly (P＜0. 05) in military occupational activities, however there was no significant difference between the two activities (P＞0. 05). Compared with the rest, the average and maximum core temperature were increased significantly (P＜0. 05), however, compared with the ordinary temperature environment, the average core temperature in the low temperature environment was increased significantly (P＜0. 05), and there was no significant difference in the maximum core temperature (P＞0. 05). Compared with rest, the inhibitory control ability after the two activities was significantly lower (P＜0. 05), which was much worse in the low temperature environment than that in the ordinary temperature environment (P＜0. 05). In addition, compared with rest, both activities led to obvious mental fatigue (P＜0. 05), which was more serious in low temperature environment (P＜0. 05). Conclusion: The sustained military activities can impair the inhibitory control ability, and cause the mental fatigue, in addition, the stress of low temperature can aggravate the negative effects.

Operando Identification of the Chemical and Structural Origin of Li-Ion Battery Aging at Near-Ambient Temperature.

Integrated with heat-generating devices, a Li-ion battery (LIB) often operates at 20-40 °C higher than the ordinary working temperature. Although macroscopic investigation of the thermal contribution has shown a significant reduction in the LIB performance, the molecular level structural and chemical origin of battery aging in a mild thermal environment has not been elucidated. On the basis of the combined experiments of the electrochemical measurements, Cs-corrected electron microscopy, and in situ analyses, we herein provide operando structural and chemical insights on how a mild thermal environment affects the overall battery performance using anatase TiO2 as a model intercalation compound. Interestingly, a mild thermal condition induces excess lithium intercalation even at near-ambient temperature (45 °C), which does not occur at the ordinary working temperature. The anomalous intercalation enables excess lithium storage in the first few cycles but exerts severe intracrystal stress, consequently cracking the crystal that leads to battery aging. Importantly, this mild thermal effect is accumulated upon cycling, resulting in irreversible capacity loss even after the thermal condition is removed. Battery aging at a high working temperature is universal in nearly all intercalation compounds, and therefore, it is significant to understand how the thermal condition contributes to battery aging for designing intercalation compounds for advanced battery electrode materials.