Ordinary Space Research Articles

Gravitational quantum collapse in dilute systems

Penrose has suggested that large fluctuations of the gravitational energy of quantum systems, resulting from fluctuations of its density in space, may induce a quantum collapse mechanism [1], but he did not propose a precise dynamics for this process. We use the GBC (Gravitational Bohmian Collapse) model [2], which provides such a dynamics. The effects of collapse in dilute quantum systems are investigated, both in ordinary 3D space and in configuration space. We first discuss how a single result appears during a quantum measurement. The GBC model predicts a continuous but very fast evolution of the state vector that, at the end of the measurement, reproduces the von Neumann projection postulate. This ensures that the model remains compatible with the relativistic nosignaling constraint. In the absence of any measurement, we study the spontaneous effects of the GBC process, which depend on the quantum correlation function of observables with the spatial density operator. If the selected observable is the local current of the density fluid, we show that the collapse term leads to modifications of the Newton force, in a scalar or tensor form.

On normal congruence of surfaces and position vector of optical fiber by electromagnetic wave vectors

The present paper gives an extraordinary view of the normal congruence of surfaces including the s−lines and b−lines in terms of electromagnetic wave vectors in ordinary space. Frenet–Serret frame of given a space curve are described in E3 in terms of anholonomic coordinates which includes eight parameters. Using the expression the Frenet frames and electromagnetic wave vectors on the curve with a linear transformation in terms of each other, the changes of t⃗, E⃗ and B⃗ between any two points in the tangential and binormal direction along with the curved path σ=σ(s,n,b) are obtained in terms of geometric phase β, respectively. Moreover, the solution of the systems of differential equations of optical fiber with position vector is obtained. Intrinsic geometric properties of this normal congruence of surfaces are obtained in terms of electromagnetic wave vectors. The conditions under which electromagnetic and magnetic vectors satisfy Maxwell’s equations given electric charge and current densities are investigated. Finally, an application is stated to investigate a normal congruence of surfaces by using electromagnetic wave vectors. Also, illustrations of polarization and magnetic field vector of EM wave are given.

Anholonomik Koordinatlar Boyunca Yönlü Enerji Fonksiyonelleri

In this paper, a special case of directional energy functional is investigated by computing the directional energy and pseudoangle of unit vector fields in the ordinary three-dimensional space. This approach is also extended simultaneously to define the critical points of the directional energy functionals of the velocity fields. Then, the restriction of the harmonic maps and the extrema of the directional energy functionals is considered, Finally, we compute directional harmonic and biharmonic equations of the curvature vector fields to generalize total bending or energy of vector fields.

Visco-modified osculating magnetic and electric flux surfaces in the normal direction

In this manuscript, we investigate a new technique to describe the tangent, principal normal, and binormal osculating magnetic and electric flow density in the normal direction in the ordinary space. Based on the computed flow density, we determine the Frenet–Serret vectors of the osculating magnetic and electric flow phase in the normal phase. Then, we consider the modified visco Heisenberg ferromagnetic model to observe the variation when we compare Frenet–Serret vectors of the osculating magnetic and electric flow phase due to the modified visco Heisenberg ferromagnetic. Finally, we determine the existence conditions for describing the field vectors flux surfaces under the osculating evolution equations in the normal direction.

Biduality and reflexivity in positive characteristic

The biduality and reflexivity theorems are known to hold for projective varieties defined over fields of characteristic zero, and to fail in positive characteristic. In this article we construct a notion of reflexivity and biduality in positive characteristic by generalizing the ordinary tangent space to the notion of h-tangent spaces. The ordinary reflexivity theory can be recovered as the special case h = 0, of our theory. Several varieties that are not ordinary reflexive or bidual become reflexive in our extended theory.

The concept of wrapping and its ontological character among the Maya

A textile with its threads, its weft, and warp, for the western ontology, is a simple utilitarian object or a body adornment. This study will discuss the wrapping among the Maya, starting from concepts present in ancient and contemporary Maya thought to identify the ontological character of some ceremonial textiles present in these societies. Based on an approach proposed by the ontological archaeology, I will discuss the conceptual proximity between the terms pix (to wrap, to cover) and pixan (soul, or something that is received from the other world), to think of the wrap as an element of articulation between the two ontological spaces, allowing the presence of beings and entities of the cosmos in Maya cities of the Classic and contemporary periods.
 By generating the materialization and performance of these beings, wraps create relational fields that activate these entities temporarily in ordinary space, establishing effective contact with the Maya cosmos. A brief analysis of these Textile Beings present during the Classic Period will be discussed as a case study, in order to consider such a conceptual proposal.

On vacuum fluctuations in quantum gravity and interferometer arm fluctuations

We propose a simple model of spacetime vacuum fluctuations motivated by AdS/CFT, where the vacuum is described by a thermal density matrix, ρ=e−KTr(e−K) with K the modular Hamiltonian. In AdS/CFT, both the expectation value of K and its fluctuations 〈ΔK2〉 have been calculated; both obey an area law identical to the Bekenstein-Hawking area law of black hole mechanics: 〈K〉=〈ΔK2〉=A4GN, where A is the area of an (extremal) entangling surface. It has also been shown that ΔK gravitates in AdS, and hence generates metric fluctuations. These theoretical results are intriguing, but it is not known how to precisely extend such ideas about holographic quantum gravity to ordinary flat space. We take the approach of considering whether experimental signatures in metric fluctuations could determine properties of the vacuum of quantum gravity in flat space. In particular, we propose a theoretical model motived by the AdS/CFT calculations that reproduces the most important features of modular Hamiltonian fluctuations; the model consists of a high occupation number bosonic degree of freedom. We show that if this theory couples through ordinary gravitational couplings to the mirrors in an interferometer with strain sensitivity similar to what will be available for gravitational waves, vacuum fluctuations could be observable.

New optical hybrid electric and magnetic B2-phase with Landau Lifshitz approach

In this manuscript, we obtain different characterization for hybrid electromagnetic flow density of hybrid phase by new frame in ordinary space. Thus, we define new optical conditions of electromagnetic phase with optical fields. We obtain electromagnetic Lorentz flux for optical fields with Landau Lifshitz method. Finally, electromagnetic phase of surface are demonstrated in optical magnetic surfaces by optical geometric results for hybrid Landau Lifshitz method.

Зарубежный опыт политики поддержки конкуренции в цифровой экономике

Economic reality has dramatically changed in the 21st century. Competition and monopoly behaviour are under radical transformation due to digital effects in contemporary business world. Digitalization has engendered many new types of monopolistic conduct and deeply altered traditional forms of firms’ misconduct. In a digital era, the antitrust policy should rethink its concepts of regulation, market power, and anticompetitive behaviour. The analysis of contemporary competition policy in different countries shows that traditional antitrust rules could not effectively deal with digital activity. Having entered even in an ordinary space of anticompetitive firm behaviour, digital world has challenged traditional concepts of antitrust policy. The antitrust rules that dominated in the 20th century are mostly outdated when applied to digital era trends. What should and could competition policy do to meet the requirements of the 21st century? The article touches upon contemporary foreign investigations in the sphere of competition and competition policy. Our analysis demonstrates the challenges that are under way in antitrust regulation. Special attention is paid on new patterns that characterize traditional forms of monopolistic behaviour (cartels, dominant misconduct, predatory pricing, exclusive dealing, etc.) in a digital world. There was drawn the conclusion concerning the vital necessity of a cardinal transformation for the antitrust policy from a hard state controller into a flexible business consultant, with the aim not to punish but to prevent market misconduct.

Spacetime Path Integrals for Entangled States

Although the path-integral formalism is known to be equivalent to conventional quantum mechanics, it is not generally obvious how to implement path-based calculations for multi-qubit entangled states. Whether one takes the formal view of entangled states as entities in a high-dimensional Hilbert space, or the intuitive view of these states as a connection between distant spatial configurations, it may not even be obvious that a path-based calculation can be achieved using only paths in ordinary space and time. Previous work has shown how to do this for certain special states; this paper extends those results to all pure two-qubit states, where each qubit can be measured in an arbitrary basis. Certain three-qubit states are also developed, and path integrals again reproduce the usual correlations. These results should allow for a substantial amount of conventional quantum analysis to be translated over into a path-integral perspective, simplifying certain calculations, and more generally informing research in quantum foundations.

Light Cones as Quantum Phenomena

Quantum erasure experiments push the boundary between the quantum and classical worlds by letting delayed events influence the state of previously recorded and potentially widely distributed classical information. The only significant restriction to such unsettling violations of forward-only causality is that the distribution of forward-dependent information cannot cross out of the light cone boundaries of the event in the past, a feature that ensures no violations of causality — no rewriting of anyone else's recorded histories — can occur. The erasure interpretation of this conundrum requires rewriting of information recorded and distributed in the past, which would itself be a violation of causality. The quantum predestination interpretation removes the causal rewriting issue. However, quantum predestination requires detailed coordination of inputs from outside of the forward-dependent event's light cone, thus massively violating the same limit that prevents causality violations in such events. Yet another approach is to invoke the Schrödinger's cat variant of quantum erasure in which arbitrarily complex classical events within the light cone become quantum dependent upon the future event. As with all Schrödinger's cat interpretations of quantum mechanics, this variant of quantum erasure violates causality by discarding local classical histories such as the information-rich state of the cat's body. The most straightforward interpretation of erasure experiments is to follow the lead of the equations themselves, which transform on paper as if their components are independent of ordinary space and time limits, up to the limits imposed on them by the speed of light. Interpreting the light cone of each quantum system as an atemporal, aspatial unit in which classical time and space have no meaning results in a multi-scale, matter-dependent definition of spacetime in which every light cone is a singular quantum entity. In such a universe, both time and space are defined not as pre-existing, mass-independent continuums but as the consensus of vast numbers of constantly interacting and mutually limiting quantum-entity light cones.

Fluid descriptions of quantum plasmas

Quantum fluid (or hydrodynamic) models provide an attractive alternative for the modeling and simulation of the electron dynamics in nano-scale objects. Compared to more standard approaches, such as density functional theory or phase-space methods based on Wigner functions, fluid models require the solution of a small number of equations in ordinary space, implying a lesser computational cost. They are, therefore, well suited to study systems composed of a very large number of particles, such as large metallic nano-objects. They can be generalized to include the spin degrees of freedom, as well as semirelativistic effects such as the spin-orbit coupling. Here, we review the basic properties, advantages and limitations of quantum fluid models, and provide some examples of their applications.

Chiral splitting and the ambitwistor string

Scattering amplitudes computed by superstring perturbation theory are known to holomorphically split into chiral half integrands at fixed internal loop momentum. It is established by direct computation that upon reduction to the ordinary moduli space, the chiral half integrands of the superstring match those computed by the ambitwistor string in the limit of zero tension ($\alpha'\rightarrow\infty$). Subtleties that arise at higher genus due to the nonprojectedness of the supermoduli space are considered and arguments as to their resolution are furnished.

Magnetic flux flows of optical quasi binormal magnetic flows with flux density

In this paper, we extract distinctive determination for quasi magnetic flux of the quasi binormal magnetic flows of magnetic quasi b q -particle by considering directional frame in 3D ordinary space. Also, we construct some advanced optical qualifications for magnetic quasi Lorentz flux for magnetic quasi- b q particle along with the quasi directional frame fields. Then, we calculate quasi magnetic Lorentz flux with directional-quasi magnetic fields. Besides, we obtain original simulations with regard to directional potentials for directional-quasi magnetic binormal flows with Heisenberg optical ferromagnetic model. Magnetic optical flux surfaces are demonstrated in a homogeneous optical flux surface by fractional numerical and applied developments. By using above models, we get new fractional model with q-homotopy analysis transform method (qHATM) and its illustrative presentation to consider magnetic optical flux surface.

Optical hybrid electric and magnetic B[formula omitted]-phase with Landau Lifshitz approach

In this study, we derive different characterization for hybrid electric and magnetic flow B1-density of hybrid B1-magnetic particles by hybrid frame in ordinary space. Also, we construct some new optical hybrid conditions of hybrid electric and magnetic B1-phase with hybrid optical fields. We construct hybrid magnetic Lorentz B1-flux for hybrid fields with hybrid Landau Lifshitz approach. Finally, electric and magnetic B1-phases of hybrid B1-surface are presented in uniform magnetic B1-surfaces by optical results with hybrid Landau Lifshitz approach.

Total Collisions in the N-Body Shape Space

We discuss the total collision singularities of the gravitational N-body problem on shape space. Shape space is the relational configuration space of the system obtained by quotienting ordinary configuration space with respect to the similarity group of total translations, rotations, and scalings. For the zero-energy gravitating N-body system, the dynamics on shape space can be constructed explicitly and the points of total collision, which are the points of central configuration and zero shape momenta, can be analyzed in detail. It turns out that, even on shape space where scale is not part of the description, the equations of motion diverge at (and only at) the points of total collision. We construct and study the stratified total-collision manifold and show that, at the points of total collision on shape space, the singularity is essential. There is, thus, no way to evolve solutions through these points. This mirrors closely the big bang singularity of general relativity, where the homogeneous-but-not-isotropic cosmological model of Bianchi IX shows an essential singularity at the big bang. A simple modification of the general-relativistic model (the addition of a stiff matter field) changes the system into one whose shape-dynamical description allows for a deterministic evolution through the singularity. We suspect that, similarly, some modification of the dynamics would be required in order to regularize the total collision singularity of the N-body model.

3D fermions and affine Yangian

2D (dimensional) Boson-Fermion correspondence is a well-known object. In this paper, we define 3D Fermions Γm→ and Γm→⁎ for any vertex m→ and the representation space F, we find that F is isomorphic to the vector space of 3D Young diagrams. Operators Γm→ and Γm→⁎ are defined with amplitudes, which are described by complex numbers e1,e2,e3 satisfying e1+e2+e3=0, then we find that Γm→ and Γm→⁎ have relations with the generators in affine Yangian, and states in F are corresponding to 3-Schur functions. We also discuss the slice of state in F, which corresponds to the slice of 3D Young diagram. Finally, we show that in special case, 3D Fermions and the representation space become ordinary 2D Fermions and charged zero Fermionic Fock space respectively.

Pour un interactionnisme dispositionnaliste dans l’étude du travail

Cet article s’appuie sur les enquêtes de terrain menées par l’auteur dans le milieu professionnel des musicien.ne.s en France et en Suisse pour montrer comment l’approche dispositionnaliste peut venir enrichir l’étude interactionniste des groupes professionnels et des carrières. Il s’agit notamment de voir comment on peut penser l’articulation entre socialisation primaire et socialisation professionnelle, à travers une étude de cas approfondie : la trajectoire socio-professionnelle sur 20 ans des anciens membres d’un groupe musical actif autour de 2000.

A Focused Transport-based Kinetic Fractional Diffusion-advection Equation for Energetic Particle Trapping and Reconnection-related Acceleration by Small-scale Magnetic Flux Ropes in the Solar Wind

Abstract Analysis of energetic particle inner heliospheric spacecraft data increasingly suggests the existence of anomalous diffusion phenomena that should be addressed to achieve a better understanding of energetic particle transport and acceleration in the expanding solar wind medium. Related to this is fast-growing observational evidence supporting the long-standing prediction from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory and simulations of the presence of an inner heliospheric, dominant quasi-two-dimensional MHD turbulence component that contains coherent contracting and merging (reconnecting) small-scale magnetic flux rope (SMFR) structures. This suggests that energetic particle trapping in SMFRs should play a role in anomalous diffusion in the solar wind that warrants further investigation. However, progress in studying such anomalous energetic particle transport phenomena in the solar wind is hampered by the lack of a fundamental derivation of a general fractional kinetic transport equation linking macroscopic energetic particle fractional transport to the microscopic physics of energetic particle interaction with SMFR structures. Here, we outline details of how one can derive a closed ensemble-averaged focused transport equation in the form of a general kinetic fractional diffusion-advection equation from first principles following the nonlinear Eulerian correlation function closure approach of Sanchez et al. With this equation one can model the anomalous diffusion of energetic particles in ordinary, momentum, and pitch-angle space in response to particle trapping in numerous SMFRs advected with the solar wind flow.

Some New Results on F-Contractions in 0-Complete Partial Metric Spaces and 0-Complete Metric-Like Spaces

Within this manuscript we generalize the two recently obtained results of O. Popescu and G. Stan, regarding the F-contractions in complete, ordinary metric space to 0-complete partial metric space and 0-complete metric-like space. As Popescu and Stan we use less conditions than D. Wardovski did in his paper from 2012, and we introduce, with the help of one of our lemmas, a new method of proving the results in fixed point theory. Requiring that the function F only be strictly increasing, we obtain for consequence new families of contractive conditions that cannot be found in the existing literature. Note that our results generalize and complement many well-known results in the fixed point theory. Also, at the end of the paper, we have stated an application of our theoretical results for solving fractional differential equations.