Public Order Research Articles

The Police Authority in Granting Crowd Permit in The Makassar Port Police Area

Makassar City as the largest city in Eastern Indonesia is known to have a high crime rate. On the other hand, the most common and often faced community dynamics in Makassar city is community mobility that triggers crowds. So as a preventive effort, the police have the authority to issue a crowd permit to regulate community activities. This research aims to analyze the regulations and mechanisms for granting crowd permits and to identify the methods of police supervision of crowd activities in the Makassar Port Police area. The type of research used is empirical juridical research. Data collection is done through interviews and observations. The technique of analyzing research data starts from data reduction, data presentation, to verification and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: (1) Regulations in granting crowd permits are regulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police and several Field Guidelines of the National Police Chief. The mechanism for granting permits includes: First, the criteria for activities are given for activities with large masses. Second, the flow of services has been listed in the task guidelines with clear steps. (2) Supervision of crowd activities is carried out through open maintenance of public security and order by the Samapta Bhayangkara (Sabhara) unit and closed by the Intelligence and Security Unit and the Criminal Investigation Unit. Meanwhile, supervision of police members is carried out through control by police administrative staff, discipline enforcement by the Profession and Security Unit, and post-activity and periodic consolidation and evaluation once a year. Thus, the authority of the Police in granting crowd permits in the Makassar Port Police area has been running well, although there are still shortcomings in terms of supervision, especially time security and police availability to accompany crowd activities until completion.

ASPECTOS JURÍDICO-LEGAIS DA BUSCA PESSOAL AMPARADA NO PROCEDIMENTO OPERACIONAL PADRÃO (POP) DA POLÍCIA MILITAR DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS (PM-GO)

The work of the security forces is part of the context of guaranteeing and protecting the common good, which includes the actions of a police approach, seen as an instrument that contributes both to the promotion and maintenance of public order, as it is a form of preventive or repressive action in the scope of public safety. The objective of the study is to identify and discuss how PM-GO prepares and trains its military police to carry out ostensive and preventive policing and guides them to implement the correct police approach in personal search in line with legal and legal aspects which prescribe respect for citizens’ rights. For its elaboration, qualitative exploratory research was used based on bibliographic review based on journal articles, course completion papers such as graduation monographs, master’s dissertations and doctoral theses that deal with the police approach in its legal, procedural and technical. The results obtained in the research show that police power is inherent to the administrative activity that has the power to act on the conduct or situations of individuals or people who may, directly or indirectly, jeopardize the interests of the community, that is, the common good. The study also explains that reason-based reasons are a condition for carrying out the police approach, characteristics present in the individual that led the police officer to believe that there is an illegal and criminal situation. The article’s conclusions are that the police approach is a practice considered legitimate, supported by the constitutional text, ordinary laws and doctrinal notebooks and that the institute of personal search, used in the routine of the military, during ostensive patrolling, is covered with subjective criteria, imposing on the public agent to act with discretion, relying only on their personal experience.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Mewujudkan Ketentraman dan Ketertiban Umum

To create a peaceful and orderly area and provide protection to the community, it is necessary to arrange, maintain and control livestock that can interfere with or affect people's life activities in order to create safety and comfort from the disturbance of roaming livestock. Legal problems that occur against the control of livestock by involving community participation in efforts to realize peace and public order, especially their relationship with livestock, as well as factors that hinder community participation in realizing peace and public order related to the control of livestock in Oebelo Village, Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency. In this study, data collection techniques were carried out in two ways, namely the method of interview and observation. The collected data is then analyzed and then presented or presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study show that (1) The role and participation of the community is needed in an effort to realize peace and public order, especially the relationship in the control of livestock. Where the role and participation of the community can be carried out by ordering livestock owned and coordinating with the village government in realizing peace and order. (2) The factors that inhibit community participation in realizing peace and public order in the control of livestock are due to the lack of optimal public awareness in regulating livestock, the absence of laws that regulate and the support of the village government that is not optimal in cooperation to support peace and public order.

Gender and the Biopolitics of Public Order: Notes from Spain

Abstract This paper critically addresses the logics of exceptionality inherent to emerging regulations of the gender field, with a focus on Spain’s recent self-determination-based regulation of gender. To achieve this, it offers a biopolitical analysis of the concept of “public order” and its influence on gender governance, drawing parallels to Agamben’s concept of the state of exception and exploring the connections between contemporary regulations and the gendered public order of nineteenth-century France. Finally, it analyzes the exclusions and restrictions that the Spanish trans law reserves for migrants, non-binary people, and minors, contributing to the ongoing discourse on the limitations to gender autonomy in contemporary Western societies.

DYNAMICS OF RISK FACTORS IN THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

The past decade was marked with an embrace of both positive and negative trends that entrenched new global security threats that occasioned both international and regional risks. However, it is possible to achieve major objectives in this time lapse; yet there has been an emergent necessity to build a new architecture of international/ regional security phenomenon. Nevertheless, the contemporary world still offers numerous conflicts based on the access to resources and such aspects as ethnic, cultural, religious and ideological diversities. The present paper now turns to one of the areas greatly affected by instability, uncertainty and disruption of the established international relations. Current conflict dynamics depict a different picture, with terrorist attacks in 2015 being clear evidence of need for different approach to the problem than the military one. They have a significant role in protecting national security as public order is a state of order within a country characterized by harmony, law and order in societies. It is essential as it relates to stability and protection and which requires national and international security to be in synergy and to admit extensive multidimensional international cooperation. This era stresses out the need to update national legislation to the international level and the development of international police cooperation. A management of public order through information is crucial to tackle existing security challenges. Thus, the protection of security and public order is currently one of the main worldwide and regional priorities in a condition of constant alteration and uncertain risks, requires an extensive and integrated interdisciplinary view on the current and future problems.

Particularities of the Organization and Functioning of the Local Police Service in Scheia, Suceava County

This article aims to analyze the organizational and operational particularities of the Local Police Service in the commune of Şcheia. Confronted with numerous issues related to public order and safety, the local administration in Şcheia was compelled to establish a public service to deter, halt, and prevent criminal acts that endangered the safety of its residents. By examining specific indicators related to activities for preventing and combating offenses and crimes, crime detection and sanctioning, and collaboration with other institutions, this article demonstrates that the Local Police Service in Şcheia serves as a positive model for a public service created to fulfill the public interest of a local community. Although the establishment of this local police service required a significant financial commitment, it has proven to be a long-term solution for stabilizing and enhancing citizen safety and for protecting public and private property within the administrative area (UAT).

Ordine pubblico europeo e arbitrato extra-UE: il paradigma dell’arbitrato sportivo

The Court of Justice of the European Union has long recognized that the compliance of arbitral awards with European public order rests on two pillars: a) the oversight of the award by a State judge, particularly during judicial recourse for the setting aside, and b) the possibility for the reviewing judge to refer the matter to the European Court for a preliminary ruling. This system can face challenges when arbitration takes place in a non-EU state. The author uses the arbitration of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Lausanne as a paradigm, examining cases such as the Royal Football Club Seraing case, where the Belgian judge questioned whether a CAS award could have effect within the EU if it violates public order, and the ISU case, which similarly highlights the vulnerabilities of CAS arbitration, particularly with regard to the judicial review of the award.

Public order offences

As an area of law in the UK, public order offences are almost entirely useless on social media. This set of offences (ss. 4, 4A and 5 of the Public Order Act 1986) was aimed to address any behaviour or expressive activities, either oral or written, carried out in a context of physical proximity to the victim. In principle, the foundational base of public order offences runs the risk of becoming blurred if we extend their applicability to hateful messages online and, therefore, to any impersonal way of acting. Consequently, only 13% and 14% of the hate crimes committed online in 2016/17 and 2017/18 in England & Wales involved public order offences. Therefore, there is a certain resistance based on the adequacy of these offences to the online environment without requiring the message to be audible or visible to someone, as a matter of immediacy/proximity. We will explain how this glimmer of hope has lasted over time amid fierce opposition to broaden the scope of application of public order offences beyond traditional public forums, such as disturbances triggering in a city's main square.

STRESS AND RESILIENCE IN MILITARY PERSONNEL

Research purpose. The reactions of military personnel in response to critical events have an impact on public order and security. The purpose of this study is to analyse the mediating role of internal and external resources in the relationship between operational stress and resilience in military gendarmes involved in current peace-time high-risk missions. Methodology. Participants were 214 military gendarmes, who completed five self-report scales regarding operational stress, resilience, self-efficacy, professional commitment, and leadership styles and evaluated the perceived efficiency of the psychological training. Results. The results show that, when analysed separately, internal resources (occupational commitment and perceived self-efficacy) act as partial mediators in the relationship between operational stress and resilience. When the mediating role of external resources is analyzed separately, they also partially mediate the same relationship. Following the simultaneous introduction as mediators of both categories of resources, only occupational commitment and perceived self-efficacy remain partial mediators in the relationship between operational stress and resilience. Considering the importance of this profession in society, the results can contribute to the prevention of negative events by promoting adequate psychological intervention strategies specifically based on individual resources

The Effect of Formal Shopping Centers in Townships on Street Vending in South African Townships

Most governments discourage informal trading, labeling it as contradictory to development. In this regard, informal trading is considered one of the leading causes of street congestion, crime, dirt, and threatening public order. Residents in low-income and informal settlements use street vending as a livelihood method due to scarce work opportunities in the formal sector of South Africa’s economy. This paper examines the effect of formal shopping centers in townships on street vending in South African townships. The study used a qualitative approach and collected data from secondary sources and a questionnaire. The study concluded that shopping centers have a positive impact on street vending. Street vendors and shopping centers complement each other.

The Causes of Insulting Religious Sanctities Among People and Its Consequences

This research paper has been prepared analytically with the aim of identifying the causes of insulting religious sanctities among humanitarian societies throughout the history and the factors that go beyond the great historical events among them, which led to great upheaval. The paper starts with definition of insulting religious sanctities. Then presents a historical overview of insulting the sanctities of religion and its consequences. Next, it analyzes the causes of insulting religions and social values. Also, it presents the position of Islam against insulting and offensive reactions to social values and religious sanctities. Finally, it argues that the concept of freedom of expression has been abused by some people in most religious societies as well as in some nonreligious societies, while this freedom is subject to certain restrictions for the purpose of maintaining public order.

Restrictions Contrary to Public Order in Grape Variety Lease Contract

Restrictions Contrary to Public Order in Grape Variety Lease Contract

Violence and its Implications on Educational and Infrastructural Development of Ini Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State

This study investigated the “Impact of Violence on Education and Infrastructural Development in Ini Local Government Area.” The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The population of the study was 99,196 made up of 52,644 males and 46,552 females (NPC, 2006). This represents the population in the 27 communities in Ini Local Government Area. A sample of 384 participants was determined using Taro Yamane. Thereafter, cluster and simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents from each stratum. A total of 350 participants returned their instruments correctly. The instrument was face validated by research experts in the University of Uyo. The reliability coefficient using Cronbach’s Alpha stood at .88. The data collated was analyzed using simple linear regression. The findings revealed that there is a significant impact of violence on the educational and infrastructural development in Ini LGA. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended among others to increase collaboration between the local government, law enforcement agencies, and community-based organizations to enhance security and maintain public order.

Theoretical and legal approaches to the classification of sanctions

Theoretical and legal approaches to the classification of sanctions are systematized concepts used to analyze, define, and structure sanctions within a legal framework. These approaches are based on legal theory and help organize various types of sanctions depending on specific criteria. This article discusses theoretical and legal approaches to sanction classification in the legal system, emphasizing the importance of their application in law enforcement and legal accountability. Key approaches to sanction classification include distinctions based on the nature of enforcement measures and the bodies applying them, as well as the methods of maintaining legal order. Sanctions are categorized into criminal, administrative, and disciplinary sanctions, with criminal sanctions being the most severe, applied by the court for serious offenses, including imprisonment. Administrative sanctions, which are less severe, aim to maintain public order without overburdening the judicial system and are applied by authorized state bodies or officials. Disciplinary sanctions, unlike criminal and administrative ones, are applied by the administration of an organization and serve as an internal control mechanism within institutions to maintain professionalism and ethical standards. Sanctions are further divided into restorative and punitive (penal) categories. Restorative sanctions aim to restore the original state, rights, or compensate for damages caused by the violation. Punitive sanctions, on the other hand, focus on punishing the violator, preventing future offenses, and deterring others, emphasizing justice and responsibility over restoring the previous state. The approaches outlined in the article enable the differentiation of sanctions based on different characteristics and objectives, ensuring their correct and effective application in specific legal situations. Systematized approaches to sanction classification improve the effectiveness of legal responsibility and transparency in legal processes, especially in criminal and administrative cases. Additionally, the article analyzes Ukrainian publications on sanction classification approaches, providing insight into the current state of Ukrainian scholarly thought on the topic.

Nemzetközi Rendészeti Figyelő XV.

Aim: The international law enforcement literature focuses on the study of unlawful human behaviour that violates public order and threatens public security. Research focusing on the internal workings of law enforcement authorities and prosecution services is relatively rare. There are also few examples of academic work on crimes committed by law enforcement officials. The Observer now reports on such articles. Methodology: Attila Sümegh’s review gives an overview of the methods used by the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation in the fight against corruption. In addition to the traditional methods of detecting official and economic bribery, the Prosecutor’s Office also performs tasks that reveal the shortcomings of inadequate legislation that can significantly increase the risk of corruption. Ronett Radvánszki’s summary outlines a methodology for investigating so-called ‘police crime’ in the United States. She points out that police officers who cross the line of legality in the possession of a monopoly on legitimate violence may think that their status makes them less accountable. Findings: Gábor Bélai’s work is exceptionally wide-ranging and professional in its approach, and provides us with an insight into the criminalistic practices of the former GDR (German Democratic Republic) and the former FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) and the differences in the procedural order of law enforcement. While we can be convinced that the former GDR’s training in criminology was of a high professional standard, we must also understand that prosecutorial control of law enforcement in the former GDR still offers considerably more guarantees than in a conception that did not follow the criteria of the rule of law. Value: From a publication dedicated to the study of domestic violence, Bíborka Horváth highlights that ‘current legislation focuses primarily on violence in individual, public places and does not pay enough attention to those who are victims of multifaceted abuse by intimate partners or family members.’ This research also goes far beyond the criminal justice dimensions of domestic violence to report on the moral values that can be the source of the outcomes of individual and social inclusion. Aura Vörös provides information on a study of the legitimacy of the state’s monopoly on violence, with a special focus on the interpretation of the police monopoly on violence, an inescapable task for any democratically functioning constitutional power.

A kontaktreagálásokat befolyásoló tényezők az intézkedések során, valamint azok integrálása képzési rendszerekbe

Aim: To reform and unify the measures tactical training of actors responsible for creating and maintaining public order and security in order to promote the development of a uniform culture of measures. Methodology: As a practicing police officer, the author of the study examines the equipment system of the isolated section, the capabilities of its actors, and the effects of their actions. By analysing realistic situation exercises, it examines the phases of the range of decision making mechanisms and the psychological factors influencing them. Findings: The author directs attention to the possibilities inherent inaction tactics training, as well as to how the knowledge included int he study can help prepare the individual. Value: The author of the study wants to promote the development possibilities of the training system of the state law enforcement agencies and the private sector, as a result of which the deficiency of the specific training of the instructors is brought into focus, as well as the timeliness of its reformation. By examining the behavioural aspects of law enforcement officers, the author wishes to support all the good practices that promote the effectiveness of contact responses integrated into the educational theme and, in parallel, the cooperation of the selection system.

The Formation of Neighborhood Police and Its Impact on the Maintenance of Security and Public Order (Harkamtibmas) at Surabaya Metropolitan Police

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Neighborhood Police (Polisi RW) policy in efforts to improve public security and order. The research method employed is descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach, involving data collection through interviews, observations, and document review. The findings show that the implementation stages, including planning, socialization, execution, monitoring, evaluation, and development, have had a positive impact, such as increased public awareness, active participation, and more efficient coordination in handling security issues. Another finding reveals that the Prototype model is more relevant than the Incremental model for the Neighborhood Police program, as it allows for rapid feedback and continuous improvement. This study recommends that Regional and City or Regency Police Departments adopt a Prototype-based approach and enhance community involvement in the program to achieve more effective security objectives.

Ordine pubblico ideale e materiale: quale libertà religiosa?

Ideal and material public order: what religious freedom? ABSTRACT: The limits to the right to religious freedom, both implicit and explicit, have undergone numerous transformations over time. This evolution reflects the changing significance attributed, over the years, to the various interests underlying these restrictions. The concept of ideal public order, safeguarded by the Fascist legislature, contrasts sharply with the material public order, which is the focus of certain criminal provisions. The latter aligns closely with the notion of security, identified in some constitutional norms as a limitation on freedom. In delineating the boundaries of these limits, particular attention must be paid to evaluating the threshold at which the legal system intervenes restrictively. Premature restrictions risk reverting to an idealized interpretation of public order as a constraint on individual freedom. SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione: i limiti al diritto di libertà religiosa nei lavori preparatori alla Carta costituzionale - 2. Dall’ordine pubblico ideale all’ordine pubblico materiale: il nodo della soglia di intervento dello Stato - 3. Brevi conclusioni: la richiesta di specifici elementi da cui evincere la necessità della tutela (nella giurisprudenza della CEDU).

Generations of ‘shock absorbers’: women caregivers of young children and their efforts to mitigate food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic

AbstractDespite their status as high-income food producing nations, children and their caregivers, both in the United States (U.S.) and Australia can experience food insecurity. Nutrition researchers formed a joint U.S.-Australia collaboration to help advance food security for households with young children aged 0–5 years. This study investigated food insecurity from the perspective of caregivers, especially their perceptions of the impact of food insecurity on their own childhood, their current life, and for the children in their care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from July to September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were recruited in Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. (n = 19) and Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (n = 22), during periods of stay-at-home public health orders. These two case study sites enabled an exploration of some universal, and some context-specific, social, economic, and health conditions that buffer, or exacerbate, food insecurity for families in these neo-liberal political settings. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted and established six themes:growing up poor, lessons learned, feeding a family amidst a pandemic, caregiver coping strategies, food security in the early years and protecting (young) children. Perspectives on local anti-hunger strategies were organized to outline participant’s preferred solutions. Household food insecurity is conceptualized in public policy in the U.S. and Australia as a short-term crisis for people, justifying austere, time-limited and patchwork solutions. A narrative of caregivers’ lived experience of food insecurity suggests that it is inter-generational, and exacerbated by a food system shock (i.e., COVID-19). These findings from two varying cities and nations offer a different conceptualization of the timespan and nature of the phenomenon of food insecurity, challenging a dominant policy narrative and highlighting the inadequacy of current so-called solutions.

A case study of judicial resistance in northern Syria after the March revolution of 2011

Judges and prosecutors challenged oppressive laws introduced by the regime of Bashar al-Asad to curb the popular uprising of March 2011 in Syria. When some members of the judiciary became targets of the regime’s security forces, they resigned from office and formed independent councils to administer justice in regions no longer under state control. This article focuses on the first independent council in northern Syria: the Free Syrian Judicial Council (FSJC). Unlike the majority of non-state courts and councils established by groups of armed resistance in Syria, the FSJC does not belong to the category of “insurgent/rebel justice”. Rather, members of the FSJC were engaged in a form of resistance called “judicial resistance”: the capacity of judicial officers to challenge oppressive laws in their decision-making. The article argues that even after they left office, judges and prosecutors of the FSJC were still engaged in judicial resistance: they did their best to uphold the rule of law and provide services to the population despite the breakdown of public order and the fragmentation of the non-state judicial system engendered by the armed conflict.