Nature Of Order Research Articles

Reading Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft in England, 1796–1840

ABSTRACT Most studies deny that Kritik der Urteilskraft played a significant role in the early reception of Kant’s philosophy in England. In this paper, I examine the notebooks, letters and lectures of several members of British medical and scientific institutions to tell a different story. Drawing from the writings of Thomas Beddoes, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Joseph Henry Green and William Whewell, I identify a line of reception in which Kant’s critique of judgement’s power of reflection was used to establish the consilience of the mind’s anticipation of systematic order and the organization of natural bodies. Each discovered in Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft a shared principle for judgements of taste and scientific inquiry, made available through the mind’s affective response to the appearance of contingent order in nature. Their writings, I contend, evince a more sophisticated reception of Kant’s philosophy in England than has hitherto been recognized.

Food, Social Politics and the Order of Nature in Renaissance Italy, by Allen J. Grieco

Food, Social Politics and the Order of Nature in Renaissance Italy, by Allen J. Grieco

Hysteria and hypochondria: Sexual discrimination through the lens of sickness

Abstract The article deals with certain aspects of discriminating women through the relation between hypochondria and hysteria. It focuses mostly on the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. The objective of the article is not to give an exhaustive analysis of these pathologies, but rather to give examples of how the changes in medicine influence the perception of women. The examples of these two pathologies show how medicine was dominated by the idea of an order of nature where woman could not be considered as an individual. Instead of healing, the function of medicine was often to use new knowledge to explain and approve a pre-existing order of nature.

Charge order of bismuth ions and nature of chemical bonds in double perovskite-type oxide BaBiO3 visualized by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction

Synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction has visualized the charge order of Bi3+ and Bi5+ ions and the nature of chemical bonds in BaBiO3 in electron charge density distribution maps. The Bi3+–O bond is considerably more ionic than the Bi5+–O bond in all four phases. BaBiO3 can be regarded as an ionic crystal in the prototype structure comprising isolated Ba2+ and Bi3+ ions as well as [Bi5+O6]7− octahedra in the Fmm symmetry; a three-dimensional covalent bonding network is formed in the R and I2/m symmetries, and a two-dimensional layered structure comprising Bi3+O4 planar squares and Bi5+O6 octahedra is established in the P21/n symmetry at low temperatures. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the structural characteristics, electron charge density distribution, and chemical bonds of BaBiO3, which may be useful for developing BaBiO3-based functional materials such as superconductors.

Transportation and analysis of hybrid nanomaterial (graphene oxide, copper) in radiated Darcy–Forchheimer flow with entropy optimization

Entropy optimization or entropy plays vital roles in our understanding of numerous various diverse phenomena running from cosmology to science. Their significance is shown in regions of immediate practical interest like provision of global energy as well as in others of a progressively essential flavor, such as the source of order and unpredictability in nature. The purpose of this communication is to investigate some of ongoing and significant outcomes in a way that not only appeals to the entropy expert but also makes them available to the nonexpert looking for an outline of the field. This communication addresses the entropy optimized flow of hybrid nanofluid between two plates accounting Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. Energy equation is developed through implementation of first law of thermodynamics subject to radiative flux, dissipation and Joule heating. MHD fluid is rotating with angular frequency [Formula: see text]. Total entropy rate obtained is subject to thermal irreversibility, friction or dissipation irreversibility, magnetic or Joule heating irreversibility and Darcy–Forchheimer irreversibility via second law of thermodynamics. The nonlinear ordinary system (differential equations) is tackled via homotopy method for series solutions. Behaviors of sundry variables on the velocity, skin friction, temperature, Nusselt number and entropy generation rate are discussed and presented through various plots. Schematic flow diagram is presented. Furthermore, skin friction (drag force) and Nusselt number are discussed numerically. Obtained results analyzed that the entropy rate increases subject to higher radiation parameter and Hartmann and Brinkman numbers.

The Universe and the limits of Knowledge: Bohm’s Notion of the Implicate Order of Nature

According to Bohm the whole scientific description of the Universe is governed by fragmentation of our perception of what reality is. Physics’ tendency of acknowledging the ultimate structure of matter in the elementary particles has caused a widespread fragmentary view of the Universe. Thus, Physics seems to be unable to conceive the “undivided wholeness of the universe” and to acknowledge in that Wholeness the common, single bed of the whole of reality. According to Bohm that single bed of nature, Implicate Order, is the single origin of both mind and matter. Inside the multidimensional Implicate Order, a universal enfoldment of everything prevails. The Implicate Order coheres deterministically to the Universe and the depths of its inwardness are totally unknown to us, since we humans are part of its wholeness too. Physics as a science provides us only with abstractive descriptions of the Universe, since science offers only abstractions from reality. These abstractive descriptions are what constitute the Explicate Order of the Universe. Thus, each belief we have that through the science of Physics we are able to arrive at an ultimate deciphering of the Universe is inherently illusive. The science of Physics can provide us with knowledge only in the fragmentary level of the Explicate, that means analyzable, Order of the Universe recognizing its cognitive limits in front of the Implicate Order. The laws that govern the Implicate Order of the Universe are unknowable and unanalyzable by man and in the depths of these laws Bohm insists that a final truth about reality cannot be fixed.

A PRODUÇÃO DA ORDEM COMUM DA NATUREZA ATRAVÉS DA IMAGINAÇÃO

Espinosa distingue duas ordens de conhecimento: uma ordem concebida pelo intelecto, isto é, a ordem necessária da natureza e uma outra ordem, concebida pela imaginação, isto é, a ordem comum da natureza, na qual habitam o contingente e o possível. Entretanto, a ordem comum não é apenas uma privação de conhecimento, mas também realidade para o modo finito. Pelo fato de não podermos excluir a existência da ordem comum, este trabalho tenta compreender como podemos conciliá-la com a ordem necessária. A crítica de Espinosa em relação à imaginação é que ela introduz a fragmentação e a descontinuidade na Natureza, já que é um gênero de conhecimento que não percebe a base desta continuidade: a ordem necessária. Através de uma análise sobre o tempo como um produto da imaginação, tentaremos mostrar como ele introduz a ideia de contingência e consequentemente a de possível. Da mesma maneira que o tempo, a ordem comum pode ser apreendida pela razão como uma moldura exterior, ela não será mais um obstáculo ao encadeamento necessário das coisas na ordem necessária. É através da ordem necessária que podemos perceber a necessidade que subjaz a produção do tempo, do possível e da contingência como corruptibilidade de todas as coisas particulares.

A robust scheme based on novel‐operational matrices for some classes of time‐fractional nonlinear problems arising in mechanics and mathematical physics

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel approach based on shifted Gegenbauer wavelets to attain approximate solutions of some classed of time‐fractional nonlinear problems. First, we present the approximation of a function of two variablesu(x,t) with help of shifted Gegenbauer wavelets and then some novel operational matrices are proposed with the help of piecewise functions to investigate the positive integer derivative (DxandDt), fractional‐order derivative (and), fractional‐order integration (and) and delay terms (and) of approximated functionu(x,t). In order to transform the discussed nonlinear problem into linear problem Picard iterative scheme has been adopt. The current scheme converts the discussed highly nonlinear time‐fractional problem into system of linear algebraic equation the help of developed operational matrices and Picard idea. Analysis on the error bound and convergence to authenticate the mathematical formulation of the computational algorithm. We solve various test problems, such as the van der Pol oscillator model, generalized Burger–Huxley, neutral delay parabolic differential equations, sine‐Gordon, parabolic integro‐differential equation and nonlinear Schrödinger equations to show the efficiency and accuracy of linearized shifted Gegenbauer wavelets method. A comprehensive comparative examination shows the credibility, accuracy, and reliability of the presently proposed computational approach. Also, this scheme can be extended conveniently to other multi‐dimensional physical problems of highly nonlinear fractional or variable order of complex nature.

The Last Manand ‘The First Woman’: Unmanly Images of Unhuman Nature in Mary Shelley’s Ecocriticism

AbstractMary Shelley in her writings relies on the romanticised notions of nature: in addition to its beauties, the sublime quality is highlighted in its overwhelming greatness. In her ecological fiction,The Last Man(1826), the dystopian view of man results in the presentation of the declining civilization and the catastrophic destruction of infested mankind. In the novel, all of the characters are associated with forces of culture and history. On the one hand, Mary Shelley, focussing on different human bonds, warns against the sickening discord and dissonance, the lack of harmony in the world, while, on the other hand, she calls for the respect of nature and natural order. The prophetic caring female characters ‘foresee’ the events but cannot help the beloved men to control their building and destroying powers. Mary Shelley expresses herunmanlyview of nature and the author’s utopian hope seems to lie in ‘unhuman’ nature. While the epidemic, having been unleashed by the pests of patriarchal society and being accelerated by global warming, sweeps away humanity, Mother Nature flourishes and gains back her original ‘dwelling place’.

Fish and fishpond. An ecological reading of G.W. Leibniz's Monadology §§ 63-70.

One of Leibniz's most original ideas is his conception of the living individual as a hierarchical network of living beings whose relationships are essential to the proper functioning of its organic body. This idea is also valid to explain any existing order in nature that depends on the set of relationships of living beings that inhabit it. Both ideas are present in the conception of the natural world that Leibniz presents in his Monadology (§§ 63-70) through his idea of biological infinitism. According to this idea, nature consists of infinite theatres (some within others and some unfolding from others) where living beings unfold their vital functions. Through this idea Leibniz defines both the biological complexity of nature and the living individual, which is in turn a portion of nature that unfolds from an infinite set of inferior living beings. The thesis that I defend in this work is that this Leibnizian understanding of the living individual and the natural complexity that includes infinite hierarchical levels of individuality has a marked ecological sense, as we would say today. This Leibnizian metaphysics of individuality that we could call biological is also interesting in light of the recent studies in the philosophy of biology.

Review: Architecture, Liberty and Civic Order: Architectural Theories from Vitruvius to Jefferson and Beyond, by Carroll William Westfall

Review: <i>Architecture, Liberty and Civic Order: Architectural Theories from Vitruvius to Jefferson and Beyond</i>, by Carroll William Westfall

Order-disorder transition in pentaerythritol using Raman scattering

High-temperature Raman spectroscopic study of order-disorder transition in Pentaerythritol [C(CH2OH)4] is reported. The changes in the Raman spectra with increasing temperature have been followed up to ≈503 K. We observe several changes in the spectra including merging of modes, appearance of new modes and sudden change in the slope of the frequency vs temperature curve at ≈ 452 K. In addition, sudden enormous broadening of almost all the modes are noted at ≈ 452 K indicating order-disorder transition of first order in nature. The transition has been found to be completely reversible.

Jean Renaudie en Ivry-sur-Seine (1970-1975): Complejidad arquitectónica en la materialización de la cohesión social

The social effects of the Athens Charter’s materialization (1933) during the post-war period were questioned by the next generation of architects, proposing concepts such as association, mobility, identity or growth, distancing from the recurring functional sectorization. In France, this criticism generated alternative experiments to the linear block and the tower, with which cities had been rebuilt during the Thirty Glorious years. This article jointly analyzes three complexes built by Jean Renaudie for the urban renewal of Ivry-sur-Seine’s Parisian neighborhood –Danielle Casanova (1970-1972), Jeanne Hachette (1970-1975) and Jean-Baptiste-Clément (1973-1975)—. The analysis of the programmatic hybridization carried out through the combination of a great typological diversity of dwellings together with cultural, educational and commercial facilities will be identified with an architectural thought punctuated by multidisciplinary influences, derived from the cultural landscape of May ’68. The political and philosophical concept of social cohesion, complemented by the desire to translate the biological order of nature architecturally, will allow us to understand its theoretical challenge. The construction of ideas in previous utopian proposals, reworked in subsequent projects, will place that architecture at the turning point of a trajectory that legitimized complexity against any type of homogeneity.

Monetary System Development and Income Distribution in Nigeria

This study evaluates the efficacy of the monetary system via its operations and policies at reducing the level of income inequality in Nigeria over the period of 1981 to 2017. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributive Lag model estimation and the Generalized Method of Moments in light of the varying order of stationarity and nature of employed variables. The study identifies the absence of the Kuznet’s U-shape trend in the Nigerian Gini coefficient and it is observed that only Credit mobilization ratio, Accessibility index and monetary policy implementation index (POX) have significant moment effect on the income distribution. While the level of credit mobilized widen the inequality gap, accessibility of financial institutions and policy implemented can be seen to be reducing the widening inequality Gap in the country. It is recommended in light of the findings that; Credit mobilization should be closely monitored to prevent insider abuse by fund custodians and administrators that might allocate credit based on nepotism. A reasonable proportion of credit should be mobilized to the low-income earners and rural dwellers. Financial Depth should be curtailed through the promotion of the cash-lite policy. This would reduce the possibility of illicit movement of funds and money laundering. It would also help in creating a more inclusive environment and accessibility to financial institutions should be further promoted for those at the grass-root level through the deployment of micro-credits and services. Keywords : Monetary system development, financial development, income distribution, income inequality. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-8-17 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

MERAVIGLIA E CONOSCENZA ALLE ORIGINI DELLA FILOSOFIA

The essay examines the subject of the birth of philosophy from wonder by analysing the first texts in which it appears, that is, a passage from Plato's Theaetetus and chapter 2 of the 1 st book of Aristotle's Metaphysics . Both affinities and differences between these two texts are highlighted. According to Plato and Aristotle, philosophy stems from the perplexity experienced when facing what appears inexplicable. However, for Plato wonder is a pathos , that is, a psychophysical phenomenon that upsets and paralyses, while Aristotle examines wonder only for its cognitive effects. For him wonder is caused by cognitive problems arising from the observation of phenomena whose causes are unknown. When philosophical knowledge, or knowledge of causes according to Aristotle, has been acquired, there is no longer any reason to feel wonder. For both Plato and Aristotle, however, there is another form of wonder, namely admiration. According to Plato this type of wonder originates from the contemplation of Forms while for Aristotle admiration may stem from perfection of divinity or order of nature.

Total synthesis of terpenes via palladium-catalysed cyclization strategy.

Nature's synthetic plans to construct molecules have been developed over millions of years of evolution and frequently prove to be among the most sophisticated. Mimicking nature's route can be a direct and feasible way for synthetic organic chemists to construct complicated molecules. However, lacking nature's ability to manipulate enzymes often prevents us from reproducing the same route. Modifying nature's approaches can provide a simpler synthetic alternative to access complex structural target molecules. Here we report a strategy that simplifies the synthesis of terpenes by inverting the order of nature's two-phase biosynthesis route. We first unite simple molecules into a polyfunctionalized linear polyenyne, with all the desired carbons and oxygens in the targeted places. This compound then undergoes polyenyne cycloisomerization, in the presence of all the functional groups, to give polyoxidized terpenes. The key reaction is a palladium-catalysed polyenyne cycloisomerization that not only tolerates the presence of all of the oxygen functionalities, but also is facilitated by them.

Gadamer and the Yijing’s Language of Nature: Hermeneutics and Chinese Aesthetics

Although their value-judgments diverge, neo-Confucian and American continental philosophers agree that Gadamer’s hermeneutics is anti-foundationalist. Neither side, however, has asked why he frequently appeals to standards of harmony, or why he models the art of medicine on the order of nature. These indicate a commitment to trans-historical foundation of One and many that forms the basis for comparisons with Chinese aesthetics in the Yijing tradition. These foundations are grounded in Gadamer’s reading of Plato and shape his onto-dialogical interpretive method. In contrast to Whitehead, Gadamer cements the One and many in practical life by removing the contradiction through a transformation in human ethos.

Nonlinear optical and photocatalytic dye degradation of Co doped CeO2 nanostructures synthesized through a modified combustion technique

The nanoparticles of pure and Co doped CeO2 were synthesized by means of auto ignition combustion process. Phase purity and structure of the synthesized nanostructures were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal structure and cell parameters were refined by Rietveld analysis. The modifications in the position of Raman peaks, intensityand linewidth of F2g mode can be associated with factors such as confinement of phonons, defects and non-homogeneous distribution of particle sizes which in turn results in fluctuations in phonon relaxation. The Z-scan technique in the open and closed aperture modes reveals the self-defocusing nature and third order nonlinearity of the samples as arising due to reverse saturable absorption. Z-scan studies brought to light that the NLO properties of the Co doped CeO2 nanoparticles were significantly magnified when compared to pure CeO2, the doping of Co increased the time of electron transfer and photon transition, suppressed the electron hole recombination, and prolonged the working time of the free carrier, finally magnifying the nonlinear optical properties of the nanoparticles. Photocatalytic activity study of methylene blue and eosin yellow dye on Co doped CeO2 NPs were carried out using solar irradiation. Percentage of dye degradation and the rate at which degradation occur were calculated. High percentage of degradation shown by Co doped CeO2 NPs on EY dye. Mechanism of degradation of MB and EY dyes under solar irradiation had studied. The mechanism reveals that transition metal doping improve the trapping of e--h+ recombination during solar irradiation.

Complexity begets crosscutting, dooms hierarchy (another paper on natural kinds)

There is a perennial philosophical dream of a certain natural order for the natural kinds. The name of this dream is ‘the hierarchy requirement’ (or ‘assumption’ or ‘thesis’). According to this postulate, proper natural kinds form a taxonomy which is both unique (i.e., there is only one taxonomy of such natural kinds) and traditional (i.e., said taxonomy consists of nested relations between specific and then more general kinds, each kind occupying one and only one particular place within that framework of relations). Here I demonstrate that complex scientific objects exist: objects which generate different systems of scientific classification, produce myriad legitimate alternatives amongst the nonetheless still natural kinds, and make the hierarchical dream impossible to realize, except at absurdly great cost. Philosophical hopes for a certain order in nature cannot be fulfilled. Natural kinds crosscut one another, ubiquitously so, and this crosscutting spells the end of the hierarchical dream.

THE TERM “RELIGION” IN THE CONTEXT OF THE “GLOCAL” APPROACH TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN RUSSIA AND JAPAN

The article analyzes the denotations and connotations associated with the term “religion” in Russian and Japanese sociocultural contexts from the perspective of “glocal religious studies”. In Russian culture, the term “religion” has been fixed since the beginning of the 18th century, acquiring the forms of two basic approaches, the first of which is the analysis of the socio-historical phenomena (denotations) themselves, which are referred to as “religion as such” (from non-Orthodoxy to atheism), while the second focuses on the study of the connotations of the lexeme “religion”. In Japanese culture, the European concept of “religion” has been affirmed since the second half of the 19th century, being associated among the majority of the population with the phenomena of Christianity, Buddhism, and new religious movements external to popular Shinto traditions, often accompanied by negative connotations. Historically, the term “religion”, which arose in European culture, has been associated with Christian connotations for about 1,500 years, dating back to the pre-Christian era of the development of Roman culture and the work of Cicero, who separated the local connotations of understanding “terrible” and “dangerous” that existed in popular beliefs (“superstitions”) from “truly terrible” and “dangerous for the state” in the elite consciousness of philosophers, defining religion as “ serving the highest order of nature ”. Religion emerged as the social ideal of solidarity, which needs philosophical understanding of both the ancient traditions of the people (“Mos Maiorum”) and its descriptions by “theologians” (poets and philosophers), where opinions based on fear of the invisible forces that rule the universe could be recognized as “superstitions”, contrasting with the critical thoughts of intellectuals of different philosophical schools “about the nature of the gods”, helping to reasonably maintain the harmony of “PaxDeorum”, while not falling into the one-sidedness of “atheism”, which was seen as a threat to the social order, law and justice.