Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Research Articles

Online Recursive Independent Component Analysis based equalization for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexed Transmission

Online Recursive Independent Component Analysis based equalization for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexed Transmission

High gain distributed Raman amplifier for orbital angular momentum mode-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing in a 104-km ring-core fiber over the C + L band

Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are regarded as effective solutions for enhancing the communication capacity of fiber-optic transmission systems. To extend the transmission distance, a suitable amplification technique is required to amplify the signal light, with distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) offering a high-flat gain. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the transmission of 3 orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing and 9 wavelength-division multiplexing ranging from 1530 nm to 1610 nm over a 104-km self-designed ring-core fiber (RCF) with the assistance of DRA. The homemade all-fiber mode selective couplers (MSCs) can (de)multiplex OAM modes (OAM01, OAM11, OAM21) efficiently in long-distance MDM + WDM fiber-optic transmission systems. The OAM-DRA provides high gain (with an on-off gain greater than 10 dB) as well as flat gain (with a differential wavelength gain of less than 0.88 dB and a differential mode gain of less than 0.28 dB) over the C + L band.

End-to-end learning of joint noise shaping and probabilistic shaping for OAM mode division multiplexing transmission.

Intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode division multiplexing (MDM) technology can greatly expand the capacity of a communication system, which is a promising solution for the next generation of high-speed passive optical networks (PONs). However, there are serious obstacles such as mode coupling, device nonlinear impairment, and quantization noise in an IM/DD OAM-MDM system with a low-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this Letter, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, end-to-end (E2E) learning scheme based on a double residual feature decoupling network (DRFDnet) emulator with joint probabilistic shaping (PS) and noise shaping (NS) for the OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission. Our DRFDnet emulator can accurately build a complex nonlinear model of an OAM-MDM system by separating the signal impairments into linear and nonlinear. Meanwhile, a DRFDnet-based E2E scheme for joint PS and NS is presented with the aim of compensating the signal impairment for the OAM-MDM IM/DD system. An experiment is carried out on a 200 Gbit/s PON system based on the OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DRFDnet-based joint PS and NS scheme is a promising solution to effectively mitigate nonlinear distortions and outperforms the CGAN-based joint PS and NS scheme and traditional joint PS and NS scheme with receiver sensitivity improvements of 1.2 dBm and 2.5 dBm under hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) thresholds, respectively. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DRFDnet emulator-based E2E learning scheme is a viable candidate for future PON.

Spatial and mode selective switch for orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing.

In analogy to a wavelength selective switch in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical fiber communication systems, a spatial and optical mode selective switch (SMSS) would be an important component in future ultrahigh capacity optical fiber communication systems based on space and mode division multiplexing. In this work, a free-space SMSS for orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing (MDM) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The SMSS consists of a separating part for transforming OAM modes to spatial modes and a recombining part for selecting and recombining the modes to any spatial channel. The SMSS is able to implement strictly non-blocking switching between a total of 36 SDM/MDM channels configured as four spatial channels each supporting nine OAM mode channels.

Full C- and L-band covered second-order OAM mode generator based on a thinned helical long-period fiber grating

A full C- and L-band covered second-order orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) mode generator has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is realized by using a helical long-period fiber grating (HLPG) but inscribed in a thinned four-mode fiber. By optimizing the design of grating period and fiber diameter of the proposed HLPG, an ultra-broadband rejection filter with a depth of ∼23 dB, a bandwidth of ∼156 nm @-10 dB (ranging from 1522 nm to 1678 nm) and a bandwidth of ∼58 nm @-20 dB (ranging from 1574 nm to 1632 nm), has been successfully obtained as a typical sample. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such ultra-broadband second-order OAM mode generator by using only one fiber component, i.e., the thinned HLPG. In addition, the proposed generator is less polarization-dependent and less temperature-sensitive than those of the conventional HLPGs, which is believed to be considerably helpful to find potential applications of the device itself in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and OAM mode division multiplexing (MDM) optical fiber communication systems.

End-to-end learning strategy based on a frequency domain feature decoupling network emulator with joint probabilistic shaping and equalization for a 300-Gbit/s OAM mode division multiplexing transmission

Mode coupling and device nonlinear impairment appear to be a long-standing challenge in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode division multiplexing (MDM) of intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) transmission systems. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end (E2E) learning strategy based on a frequency domain feature decoupling network (FDFDnet) emulator with joint probabilistic shaping (PS) and equalization for an OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission with three modes. Our FDFDnet emulator can accurately build a complex nonlinear model of an OAM-MDM system by separating the signal into features from different frequency domains. Furthermore, a FDFDnet-based E2E strategy for joint PS and equalization is presented with the aim of compensating the signal impairment for the OAM-MDM IM/DD system. An experiment is carried out on a 300 Gbit/s carrierless amplitude phase-32 (CAP-32) signal with three OAM modes over a 10 km ring-core fiber transmission, and the results show that the proposed FDFDnet emulator outperforms the traditional CGAN emulator, with improvements in the modelling accuracy of 30.8%, 26.3% and 31% for the three OAM modes. Moreover, the receiver sensitivity of the proposed E2E learning strategy is higher than for the CGAN emulator by 3, 2.5, 2.2 dBm and the real channel by 5.5, 5.1, and 5.3 dBm for the three OAM modes, respectively. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FDFDnet emulator-based E2E learning strategy is a promising contender for achieving ultra-high-capacity interconnectivity between data centers.

ExtraTrees-hidden Markov model based equalizer for mode division multiplexing ring-core fiber communication with non-orthogonal MultiCAP modulation

This paper presents an orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing (OAM-MDM) ring-core fiber transmission method based on non-orthogonal multiband carrierless amplitude and phase (NMCAP) modulation with an extremely randomized trees-hidden Markov model (ExtraTrees-HMM)-based equalizer. The ExtraTrees-HMM equalizer uses the statistical characteristics of the received distorted signals to model the nonlinear channel of the system to classify these distorted signals into corresponding constellation classes. Experiments were conducted using a 216 Gbit/s OAM-MDM NMCAP modulation optical fiber communication system with 2 km ring-core fiber transmission and the results show that compared with a conventional Volterra nonlinear equalizer (VNE), the proposed ExtraTrees-HMM equalizer could improve the receiver sensitivity by 1 dB for OAM mode l = + 2, and 0.6 dB for OAM mode l = + 3. In addition, the computational complexity of the proposed equalizer was reduced by 43.94% compared with the VNE. In brief, the ExtraTrees-HMM is a promising equalization candidate for ultra-high-capacity inter-data-center interconnections.

Wavelength-tunable Tm:Y2O3 ceramic vortex laser with a changeable orbital angular momentum state.

Wavelength-tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) lasers with controllable topological charges have the potential for serving as light sources for large-capacity optical communication by combining conventional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with OAM mode-division multiplexing (OAM-MDM). In this study, we demonstrate a wavelength-tunable Tm-bulk laser that can control OAM states in the 2-µm spectral range. The excitation conditions for different Laguerre-Gaussian (L G 0,l ) modes in a bulk laser cavity are theoretically determined by measuring the spatial propagation dynamics of the annular pump beam. As a proof-of-principle study, we experimentally generate OAM states of |ℏ| and |2ℏ| from a T m:Y 2 O 3 ceramic laser with a tunable emission wavelength using a Lyot filter (LF). The spatial properties of the scalar optical vortices are well conserved during wavelength tuning, indicating the feasibility of our approach for producing wavelength-tunable structured light. These OAM laser sources, which are characterized by their robustness and compactness, have potential applications in various areas such as optical communications, quantum optics, super-resolution microscopes, and more.

OAM mode-division multiplexing IM/DD transmission at 4.32 Tbit/s with a low-complexity adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system nonlinear equalizer.

Stochastic nonlinear impairment is the primary factor that limits the transmission performance of high-speed orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing (MDM) optical fiber communication systems. This Letter presents a low-complexity adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (LANFIS) nonlinear equalizer for OAM-MDM intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM/DD) transmission with three OAM modes and 15 wavelength division multiplex (WDM) channels. The LANFIS equalizer could adjust the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the distorted pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) symbols to fit the statistical characteristics of the WDM-OAM-MDM transmission channel. Therefore, although the transmission symbols in the WDM-OAM-MDM system are subjected to a stochastic nonlinear impairment, the proposed LANFIS equalizer can effectively compensate the distorted signals. The proposed equalizer outperforms the Volterra equalizer with improvements in receiver sensitivity of 2, 1.5, and 1.3 dB for three OAM modes at a wavelength of 1550.12 nm, respectively. It also outperforms a CNN equalizer, with improvements in receiver sensitivity of 1, 0.5, and 0.3 dB, respectively. Moreover, complexity reductions of 67%, 74%, and 99.9% are achieved for the LANFIS equalizer compared with the Volterra, CNN, and ANFIS equalizers, respectively. The proposed equalizer has high performance and low complexity, making it a promising candidate for a high-speed WDM-OAM-MDM system.

Ultra-low-loss all-fiber orbital angular momentum mode-division multiplexer based on cascaded fused-biconical mode selective couplers

Ultra-low-loss all-fiber orbital angular momentum mode-division multiplexer based on cascaded fused-biconical mode selective couplers

Bayesian generative adversarial network emulator based end-to-end learning strategy of the probabilistic shaping for OAM mode division multiplexing IM/DD transmission.

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode division multiplexing (MDM) has emerged as a new multiplexing technology that can significantly increase transmission capacity. In addition, probabilistic shaping (PS) is a well-established technique that can increase the transmission capacity of an optical fiber to close to the Shannon limit. However, both the mode coupling and the nonlinear impairment lead to a considerable gap between the OAM-MDM channel and the conventional additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, meaning that existing PS technology is not suitable for an OAM-MDM intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) system. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian generative adversarial network (BGAN) emulator based on an end-to-end (E2E) learning strategy with probabilistic shaping (PS) for an OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission with two modes. The weights and biases of the BGAN emulator are treated as a probability distribution, which can be accurately matched to the stochastic nonlinear model of OAM-MDM. Furthermore, a BGAN emulator based on an E2E learning strategy is proposed to find the optimal probability distribution of PS for an OAM-MDM IM/DD system. An experiment was conducted on a 200 Gbit/s two OAM modes carrierless amplitude phase-32(CAP-32) signal over a 5 km ring-core fiber transmission, and the results showed that the proposed BGAN emulator outperformed a conventional CGAN emulator, with improvements in modelling accuracy of 29.3% and 26.3% for the two OAM modes, respectively. Moreover, the generalized mutual information (GMI) of the proposed E2E learning strategy outperformed the conventional MB distribution and the CGAN emulator by 0.31 and 0.33 bits/symbol and 0.16 and 0.2 bits/symbol for the two OAM modes, respectively. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed E2E learning strategy with the BGAN emulator is a promising candidate for OAM-MDM IM/DD optic fiber communication.

Hidden conditional random field-based equalizer for the 3D-CAP-64 transmission of OAM mode-division multiplexed ring-core fiber communication.

As a key technique for achieving ultra-high capacity optical fiber communications, orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing (MDM) is affected by severe nonlinear impairments, including modulation related nonlinearities, square-law nonlinearity and mode-coupling-induced nonlinearity. In this paper, an equalizer based on a hidden conditional random field (HCRF) is proposed for the nonlinear mitigation of OAM-MDM optical fiber communication systems with 20 GBaud three-dimensional carrierless amplitude and phase modulation-64 (3D-CAP-64) signals. The HCRF equalizer extracts the stochastic nonlinear feature of the OAM-MDM 3D-CAP-64 signals by estimating the conditional probabilities of the hidden variables, thereby enabling the signals to be classified into subclasses of constellation points. The nonlinear impairment can then be mitigated based on the statistical probability distribution of the hidden variables of the OAM-MDM transmission channel in the HCRF equalizer. Our experimental results show that compared with a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based equalizer, the proposed HCRF equalizer improves the receiver sensitivity by 2 dB and 1 dB for the two OAM modes used here, with l = + 2 and l = + 3, respectively, at the 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold. When compared with a Volterra nonlinear equalizer (VNE) and CNN-based equalizer, the computational complexity of the proposed HCRF equalizer was found to be reduced by 30% and 41%, respectively. The bit error ratio (BER) performance and reduction in computational complexity indicate that the proposed HCRF equalizer has great potential to mitigate nonlinear distortions in high-speed OAM-MDM fiber communication systems.

Adaptive Bayes-Adam MIMO Equalizer With High Accuracy and Fast Convergence for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexed Transmission

In this paper, a novel Bayes-Adam-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalizer was proposed and experimentally demonstrated for an orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexed (MDM) optical fiber communication system. In general, MIMO equalization is required to compensate the crosstalk of the random intra-group mode coupling in the OAM mode. However, due to the time-varying characteristics of the OAM-MDM transmission, it is a long-standing challenge for MIMO equalization to achieve the high accuracy and fast convergence. In this work, a Bayes-Adam MIMO equalizer based on a penalty term and the Bayesian principle is developed for MDM transmission using eight OAM modes over a 20 km ring-core fiber, which smooths the cost function to achieve global optimization with fast convergence and high accuracy. Experiments show that the proposed adaptive Bayes-Adam MIMO equalizer outperforms two other conventional equalizers in terms of convergence speed and accuracy. The proposed approach achieved fast convergence with only 3,000 iterations for the <+4, left> OAM mode at an OSNR of 22 dB, which is much faster than that of Adam MIMO equalizer (11000 iterations) and SGD MIMO equalizer (16000 iterations). Furthermore, compared with a conventional Adam MIMO equalizer, the proposed scheme gains the OSNR improvement of 4 dB and 3 dB for OAM mode of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> = <-4, right> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> = <-5, left> at the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold, respectively, indicating its strong potential for OAM-MDM transmission.

400 Gbit/s 4 mode transmission for IM/DD OAM mode division multiplexing optical fiber communication with a few-shot learning-based AffinityNet nonlinear equalizer.

Nonlinear impairment in a high-speed orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing (MDM) optical fiber communication system presents high complexity and strong stochasticity due to the massive optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we propose an Affinity Network (AffinityNet) nonlinear equalizer for an OAM-MDM intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM/DD) transmission with four OAM modes. The labeled training and testing signals from the OAM-MDM system can be regarded as "small sample" and "large target", respectively. AffinityNet can be used to build an accurate nonlinear model using "small sample" based on few-shot learning and can predict the stochastic characteristic nonlinearity of OAM-MDM with a high level of generalization. As a result, the AffinityNet nonlinear equalizer can effectively compensate the stochastic nonlinearity in the OAM-MDM system, despite the large difference between the training and testing signals due to the stochastic nonlinear impairment. An experiment was conducted on a 400 Gbit/s transmission with four OAM modes using a pulse amplitude modulation-8 (PAM-8) signal over a 2 km ring-core fiber (RCF). Our experimental results show that the proposed nonlinear equalizer outperformed the conventional Volterra equalizer with improvements in receiver sensitivity of 1.7, 1.8, 3, and 3.3 dB for the four OAM modes at the 15% forward error correction (FEC) threshold, respectively. In addition, the proposed equalizer outperformed a convolutional neural network (CNN) equalizer with improvements in receiver sensitivity of 0.8, 0.5, 0.9, and 1.4 dB for the four OAM modes at the 15% FEC threshold. In the experiment, a complexity reduction of 37% and 83% of the AffinityNet equalizer is taken compared to the conventional Volterra equalizer and CNN equalizer, respectively. The proposed equalizer is a promising candidate for a high-speed OAM-MDM optical fiber communication system.

Orbital Angular Momentum Data Transmission Using a Silicon Photonic Mode Multiplexer

We designed and fabricated a silicon photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexer (MUX) chip that enables simultaneous wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and OAM mode-division multiplexing (MDM) in optical fiber communication systems. We successfully utilized the fabricated MUX chip to demonstrate simultaneous 3 OAM MDM transmission as well as OAM MDM/WDM transmission with an 800-m OAM ring-core fiber. In both cases, 10 Gbit/s OOK signals were utilized and BERs below the 7% FEC limit were obtained.

Adaptive Bayesian neural networks nonlinear equalizer in a 300-Gbit/s PAM8 transmission for IM/DD OAM mode division multiplexing.

The strong stochastic nonlinear impairment induced by random mode coupling appears to be a long-standing performance-limiting problem in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode division multiplexing (MDM) of intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) transmission systems. In this Letter, we propose a Bayesian neural network (BNN) nonlinear equalizer for an OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission with three modes. Unlike conventional Volterra and convolutional neural network (CNN) equalizers with fixed weight coefficients, the weights and biases of the BNN nonlinear equalizer are regarded as probability distributions, which can accurately match the stochastic nonlinear model of the OAM-MDM. The BNN nonlinear equalizer is capable of adaptively updating its weights and biases sample-by-sample, according to the probability distribution. An experiment was conducted on a 300-Gbit/s PAM8 signal with three modes over a 2.6-km OAM-MDM RCF transmission. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BNN nonlinear equalizer exhibits promising solutions to effectively mitigate nonlinear distortions, which outperforms conventional Volterra and CNN equalizers with receiver sensitivity improvements of 1.0 dBm and 2.5 dBm, respectively, under hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) thresholds. Moreover, compared with the Volterra and CNN equalizers, the complexity of the OAM-MDM is significantly improved through the BNN nonlinear equalizer. The proposed BNN nonlinear equalizer is a promising candidate for the high capacity inter-data center interconnects.

Few-mode optical fiber with a simple double-layer core supporting the O + C + L band weakly coupled mode- division multiplexing transmission.

A weakly-coupled few mode fiber (FMF) with a simple double-layer core is designed and fabricated that support five (seven) weakly coupled mode groups with average attenuation of 0.21 dB/km (0.39 dB/km) at the C + L (O) optical wavelength bands. Two data transmission experiments are demonstrated utilizing the fiber. A 2-km orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-group multiplexing (MGM) experiment in the O band achieves error-free transmission for all five multiplexed mode groups without multiple multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing. A 40-km OAM mode division multiplexing (MDM) experiment supporting 14 mode channels in the C + L bands achieves bit error rates (BER) of below 2.4 × 10-2 (20% soft-decision forward-error-correction threshold) for all channels, based on low-complexity 4 × 4 or 2 × 2 MIMO equalization. These demonstrations prove the capability of the fiber to support weakly coupled MDM/MGM transmission across O + C + L optical wavelength bands.

Probabilistic neural network equalizer for nonlinear mitigation in OAM mode division multiplexed optical fiber communication.

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing (MDM) is a key technique to achieve ultra-high-capacity optical fiber communications. However, the high nonlinear impairment from optoelectronic devices, such as spatial light modulators, modulators, and photodiodes, is a long-standing challenge for OAM-MDM. In this paper, an equalizer based on a probabilistic neural network (PNN) is presented to mitigate the nonlinear impairment for an OAM-MDM fiber communication system with 32 GBaud Nyquist pulse amplitude modulation-8 (PAM8) intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) signals. PNN equalizer can calculate the distribution of the nonlinearity using Bayesian decision theory and thus mitigate the stochastic nonlinear impairment of the received signal. Experimental results show that compared with the convolutional neural network (CNN) equalizer, the PNN equalizer improves the receiver sensitivity by 0.6dB and 2dB for two OAM modes with l = + 3 and l = + 4 at the 20% FEC limit, respectively. Moreover, compared with Volterra or CNN equalizers, the PNN equalizer can reduce the computation complexity significantly, which has great potential to mitigate the nonlinear signal distortions in high-speed IM-DD OAM-MDM fiber communication systems.

Multi-band orbital angular momentum mode-division multiplexing by a compact set of microstrip ring-shaped resonator antenna.

Optical beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have received much attention due to the prospects of their use in terahertz communications, biomedical engineering, and imaging. Here we propose an antenna design for the generation of multiple beams carrying OAM with different topological states at the same frequency. The proposed OAM generator is based on a compact set of microstrip ring-shaped resonators. An analytical solution for the radiated field of a single circular ring resonator antenna is derived involving the cavity model and the magnetic current approach. To verify our theoretical description, the numerical full-wave simulation is performed for an actual size OAM generator with the use of the ANSYS HFSS electromagnetic solver, and an antenna prototype operating in the microwave band is fabricated and tested. Conditions of the antenna operation in the combined OAM and mode-division multiplexing (OAM-MDM) regimes are discussed. Obtained results prove that the proposed antenna can be used as a compact and low-cost generator of multiple beams with different OAM states.

A photonic quasi-crystal fibre supporting stable transmission of 150 OAM modes with high mode quality and flat dispersion

A photonic quasi-crystal fibre (PQF) with a high refractive index ring is designed and analysed numerically by the finite element method. In the wavelength range between 1.4 and 1.7 µm, the PQF supports transmission of 150 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. The effective refractive index differences between the eigenmodes of the PQF are greater than 10−4, so that the OAM modes can be separated effectively while the single-mode state is maintained in the radial direction. The PQF also exhibits high mode quality and low confinement loss. At 1.4–1.7 μm, the mode qualities of all eigenmodes are higher than 97.6%, the confinement losses are in the range of 10−9 dB/m–10−12 dB/m. Meanwhile the minimum dispersion change is 23.9 ps/(km·nm) and the maximum effective mode area can reach 313 µm2. The PQF has excellent properties and prospects in large-capacity OAM mode division multiplexing communications.