Oral Water Research Articles

A comparative study on disinfection effect of three different disinfectants for oral dental chair water lines

A comparative study on disinfection effect of three different disinfectants for oral dental chair water lines

Do Oral Cholera Vaccine and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Combine to Provide Greater Protection Against Cholera? Results From a Cluster-Randomized Trial of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Kolkata, India.

Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) and incremental improvements in household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) within cholera-endemic areas can reduce cholera risk. However, we lack empiric evaluation of their combined impact. We evaluated a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OCV (Shanchol) in Kolkata, India. The study population included 108 777 individuals, and 106 879 nonpregnant individuals >1 year of age were eligible to receive 2 doses of OCV or placebo. We measured cholera risk in all household members assigned to OCV vs placebo and in all members of households with "Better" vs "Not Better" WASH, where WASH was classified according to validated criteria. Protection was measured by Cox proportional hazard models. Residence in an OCV household was associated with protective effectiveness (PE) of 54% (95% CI, 42%-64%; P < .001) and was similar regardless of Better (PE, 57%; 95% CI, 26%-75%; P = .002) or Not Better (PE, 53%; 95% CI, 40%-64%; P < .001) household WASH. Better WASH household residence was associated with PE of 30% (95% CI, 5%-48%; P = .023) and was similar in OCV (PE, 24%; 95% CI, -26% to 54%; P = .293) and placebo (PE, 29%; 95% CI, -3% to 51%; P = .069) households. When assessed conjointly, residence in OCV households with Better WASH was associated with the greatest PE against cholera at 69% (95% CI, 49%-81%; P < .001). These findings suggest that the combination of a vaccine policy and improved WASH reduces cholera risk more than either would alone, although the magnitude of either intervention was not affected by the other. Future randomized trials investigating OCV and WASH interventions separately and together are recommended to further understand the interaction between OCV and WASH.

Angelica keiskei leaves extract attenuates psychosocial stress in overcrowding-subjected rats

Angelica keiskei is currently used as a popular functional food with various beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and anti-bacterial. A recent in vitro study reported that A. keiskei inhibits monoamine oxidases (MAOs), suggesting the antidepressant property of A. keiskei. However, in vivo studies on laboratory animals subjected to psychosocial stress have not been conducted. In this study, the effects of an A. keiskei leaf extract (AKE) on rats undergoing chronic social overcrowding stress were explored. Six-month-old male and female Wistar rats were housed in groups of three in 12 × 12 × 18 cm cages (overcrowding) for 28 days. Both male and female rats were divided into two groups (N = 10); the control group received oral distilled water, while the other group (treatment group) received 20 mg/kgBW/day of AKE supplementation. The results showed that AKE-treated rats exhibited lower anxiety- and depressive-related behaviors than that of control-stressed rats. AKE significantly decreased corticosterone and increased testosterone and estrogen levels in stressed rats. Additionally, brain tissue malondialdehyde and TNF-alpha levels were reduced, while brain neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine and antioxidant superoxide dismutase levels were elevated by the AKE. These findings suggest, for the first time, that AKE could alleviate overcrowding stress-induced behavioral, neuroendocrine, antioxidant, and inflammatory dysfunctions. AKE extract could potentially be used as an agonist to reduce stress and depression.

The Effect of Oral Fluid Administration 1 Hour before Surgery on Preoperative Anxiety and Gastric Volume in Pediatric Patients.

Today, preoperative fasting guidelines have changed, allowing clear liquid intake up to 1 h before surgery. However, concerns remain regarding the risk of aspiration associated with clear liquid intake. This study aimed to investigate the impact of clear fluid given 1 h before surgery on child anxiety and gastric volumes. A prospective, randomized, controlled study included 90 patients aged 5-12 years. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups by a computer-generated randomization: group F (n = 30): standard fasting group, group W (n = 30): patients who received oral water at a dose of 5 mL/kg 1 h before surgery, group C (n = 30): patients who received oral carbohydrate fluid at a dose of 5 mL/kg 1 h before surgery. All patients were assessed using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS) before and 1 h after fluid administration. Antral cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured with ultrasonography after intubation, and gastric residual volume (GRV) was calculated. Hemodynamic data, blood sugar level, and parental satisfaction were also recorded. The m-YPAS scores obtained after 1 h were significantly lower in group C than in the other groups (p &lt; 0.001). Antral CSA and GRV values were lower in group C and group W than in the fasting group (p &lt; 0.001). Parental satisfaction was highest in group C. This study suggests that allowing a carbohydrate-rich clear liquid intake 1 h before surgery can significantly reduce preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients without increasing the risk of aspiration.

Modulatory mechanisms of copperII-albumin complex toward N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced neurotoxicity in mice via regulating oxidative damage, inflammatory, and apoptotic signaling pathways

N-nitrosodiethylamine (ND) is an extremely toxic unavoidable environmental contaminant. CopperII-albumin (CuAB) complex, a newly developed Cu complex, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Hereby, we explored the plausible neuroprotective role of CuAB complex toward ND-evoked neurotoxicity in mice. Twenty-four male mice were sorted into 4 groups (6 mice each). Control group, mice were administered oral distilled water; and CuAB group, mice received CuAB complex at a dose of 817 µg/kg orally, three times weekly. In ND group, ND was given intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg body weight, once weekly for 6 w). CuAB+ND group, mice were administered a combination of CuAB and ND. The brain was quickly extracted upon completion of the experimental protocol for the evaluation of the oxidative/antioxidative markers, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological examination. Oxidative stress was induced after ND exposure indicated by a reduction in GSH and SOD1 level, with increased MDA level. In addition, decreased expression of SOD1 proteins, Nrf2, and 5-HT mRNA expression levels were noticed. An apoptotic cascade has also been elicited, evidenced by overexpression of Cyt c, Cl. Casp 3. In addition, increased regulation of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, Casp1, and NF-κB (p65/p50); besides, increment of protein expression of P-IKBα and reduced expression of IKBα. Pretreatment with CuAB complex significantly ameliorated ND neuronal damage. Our results recommend CuAB complex supplementation because it exerts neuroprotective effects against ND-induced toxicity.

Potential of Therapeutic Curculigo latifolia Extracts on Alloxan-induced Diabetes in a Male Mus muscullus

Curculigo latifolia is a herbaceous plant that is abundant on the islands of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. C. latifolia has not been well explored. The research to determine the phytochemical content of C. latifolia, to analyze the organoleptic sweetness level of C. latifolia fruit and to analyze the anti-diabetic potential of C. latifolia plant extracts on diabetic mice. The study was conducted experimentally using 6 treatment levels and 4 replications. Prior to treatment, mice were induced hyperglycemia using alloxan 150 mg/kg WB were induced subcutaneously. The treatment being tested was oral Ethanol crude extract (ECE) for 28 days with 400 mg/kg WB, namely: G1: oral mineral water; G2: glibenclamide ; G3: ECE leaf; G4: ECE root; G5: ECE fruit and G6: ECE tree. Blood sugar levels were measured at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after oral ECE. Therefore, respondents stated that after consuming the fruit, they had a sweet-tasting and taste-modifying mineral water with a strength of 82.40 ± 8.36%, but the fruit extract did not show any sweet-tasting and taste-modifying. ANOVA results showed that oral ECE administration had a significant effect low on blood sugar levels. the HSD test was carried out with a 95% confidence level. ECE C. latifolia showed positive results on the tests of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids and tannins. G4 was effective in reducing sugar levels after short time and G5 for 28 days (long time). C. latifolia have pharmacology effects to lower sugar levels and has taste modifying to sweetness.

Antibacterial activity of solid surfaces is critically dependent on relative humidity, inoculum volume, and organic soiling.

Antimicrobial surface materials potentially prevent pathogen transfer from contaminated surfaces. Efficacy of such surfaces is assessed by standard methods using wet exposure conditions known to overestimate antimicrobial activity compared to dry exposure. Some dry test formats have been proposed but semi-dry exposure scenarios e.g. oral spray or water droplets exposed to ambient environment, are less studied. We aimed to determine the impact of environmental test conditions on antibacterial activity against the model species Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Surfaces based on copper, silver, and quaternary ammonium with known or claimed antimicrobial properties were tested in conditions mimicking microdroplet spray or larger water droplets exposed to variable relative air humidity in the presence or absence of organic soiling. All the environmental parameters critically affected antibacterial activity of the tested surfaces from no effect in high-organic dry conditions to higher effect in low-organic humid conditions but not reaching the effect size demonstrated in the ISO 22169 wet format. Copper was the most efficient antibacterial surface followed by silver and quaternary ammonium based coating. Antimicrobial testing of surfaces using small droplet contamination in application-relevant conditions could therefore be considered as one of the worst-case exposure scenarios relevant to dry use surfaces.

Evaluation of the Chronic Reproductive Toxicity of a Fluorine-Free Firefighting Foam and a Short-Chain Fluorinated Foam to Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus).

The development of fluorine-free firefighting foams has been proposed as a way to reduce the adverse environmental consequences of foams containing per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. While there are likely fewer environmental and ecological concerns with these new fluorine-free foams in terms of persistence and bioaccumulation, it is prudent to evaluate the ecotoxicity of these fluorine-free foam products given the absence of data. Oral chronic drinking water exposure studies on adult pairs of northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were conducted with a short-chain fluorinated and a fluorine-free foam: Buckeye Platinum Plus C6 and National Foam Avio Green KHC, respectively, at three exposure concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.25%). Adults were monitored for survival, growth, and reproductive output; and chicks were monitored for survival and growth. Growth parameters in adult quail were not affected by exposure to the Buckeye or Avio foam. However, liver lipid content was higher in adult males exposed to the Buckeye foam or the Avio foam at the highest exposure concentrations. Chicks were heavier and had higher growth rates after adult exposure to Avio at the highest exposure level (0.25%) and to Buckeye at the two lowest exposure levels but not at the highest exposure level. The two adverse reproductive effects observed from avian exposure to Buckeye were an increased percentage of cracked eggs and earlier arrested embryonic development. Similarly, chronic exposure to Avio also induced earlier arrested embryonic development. These results show that the fluorine-free foams tested did cause toxicity to bobwhite quail, but whether they pose a risk at contaminated sites requires further laboratory and field study and additional exposure data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:211-221. © 2023 SETAC.

Effects of variations in atmospheric temperature and humidity on the estimation of exclusive breastfeeding status using the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique.

The deuterium dose-to-mother (DTM) method measures the human milk intake of breastfed children. Recently, the use of this method has been expanded to classify babies objectively as exclusively breast fed (EBF) or not (non-EBF) based on quantification of non-milk oral water intake (NMOI). However, the calculation of NMOI estimates involves atmospheric temperature and humidity. To evaluate the effects of atmospheric temperature and humidity on NMOI calculation and the classification of exclusive breastfeeding. The effect of indoor temperature and relative humidity on NMOI and the estimated prevalence of non-EBF were examined in two existing data sets of DTM in children by varying temperature in the range of 15 to 35°C and relative humidity in the range of 20 to 80% representing the maximum span of indoor conditions expected. Population-level estimates of NMOI distributions were derived using the rstan package for R v2.21.2. The NMOI decreased at a rate of -1.15 g/day per °C increase and at a rate of -1.01 g/day per percent increase in relative humidity; this was due to variations in non-oral water intake from the atmosphere, a component of the calculation of NMOI, which is dependent on temperature and humidity. For the various locations considered, the mean calculated NMOI varied between 24.6 and 53.3 g/day using the same input data. In the mixed-fed sample of babies, the prevalence of non-EBF based on the earlier defined NMOI cut-off of 86.6 g/day was reduced by 19% when relative humidity was increased by 60%. Atmospheric conditions are essential factors in the computation of NMOI, used in the objective classification of babies as exclusively breast fed or not, and should be considered when the DTM method is used to classify exclusive breastfeeding.

Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Extended-Release Delivery of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): A Comprehensive Review.

There has been a significant shift in the perception of hypertension as an important contributor to the global disease burden. Approximately 6 % and 8 % of pregnancies are affected by hypertension, which can adversely affect the mother and the fetus. Furthermore, a hypertensive individual is at increased risk of developing kidney disease, arterial hardening, eye damage, and strokes. Using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is widespread in treating hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and diabetic nephropathy. Despite this, some ARBs have limited use due to their poor oral bioavailability and water solubility. To tackle this, a variety of nanoparticle (NP)-based systems, such as polymeric NPs (i. e., dendrimers), polymeric micelles, polymer-drug conjugates, lipid NPs, nanoemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), solid lipid NPs (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), carbon-based nanocarriers, inorganic NPs, and nanocrystals, have been recently developed for efficient delivery of losartan, Valsartan (Val), Olmesartan (OLM), Telmisartan (TEL), Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, and Azilsartan to target cells. This review article provides a literature-based comparison of the various classes of ARBs, their mechanisms of action, and an overview of the nanoformulations developed for ARB delivery and successfully applied to managing hypertension, diabetic complications, and other conditions.

The potential protective effect of liraglutide on valproic acid induced liver injury in rats: Targeting HMGB1/RAGE axis and RIPK3/MLKL mediated necroptosis.

Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly used drug for management of epilepsy. Prolonged VPA administration increases the risk of hepatotoxicity. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist that act as a novel antidiabetic drug with broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study tested the protective effect of liraglutide against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity elucidating the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Forty adult male rats were allocated in to four equally sized groups; Group I (control group) received oral distilled water and subcutaneous normal saline for 2 weeks followed by subcutaneous normal saline only for 2 weeks. Group II (liraglutide group) received subcutaneous liraglutide dissolved in normal saline daily for 4 weeks. Group III (valproic acid-treated group) received sodium valproate dissolved in distilled water for 2 weeks. Group IV (Combined valproic acid & liraglutide treated group) received valproic acid plus liraglutide daily for 2 weeks which was continued for additional 2 weeks after valproic acid administration. The hepatic index was calculated. Serum AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP activities were estimated. Hepatic tissue homogenate MDA, GSH, SOD, HMGB1, MAPK, RIPK1, and RIPK3 levels were evaluated using ELISA. However, hepatic RAGE and MLKL messenger RNA expression levels using the QRT-PCR technique. Hepatic NF-κB and TNF-α were detected immunohistochemically. Results proved that liraglutide coadministration significantly decreased liver enzymes, MDA, HMGB1, MAPK, RIPK1 RIPK3, RAGE, and MLKL with concomitant increased GSH and SOD in comparison to the correspondent values in VPA-hepatotoxicity group. Conclusions: Liraglutide's protective effects against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity are triggered by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and necroptosis.

A 14-year-old male with rhabdomyolysis associated with psychogenic polydipsia and hyponatremia

Rhabdomyolysis associated with psychogenic polydipsia and hyponatremia is a rare condition that can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. We report a 14-year-old boy with psychogenic polydipsia who experienced recurrent hyponatremia and subsequent rhabdomyolysis. Treatment involved intravenous fluids and restriction of oral water intake. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition and management of this condition. The possibility of rhabdomyolysis should be considered in patients with hyponatremia who have myalgia.

Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt

To assess ecological and health risks connected with heavy metal contamination in the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea seawater during winter 2021. The selected heavy metals were detected using the “AAS” Technique. The results presented that; the average metal concentrations ranged between (0.57, 1.47, 0.76, 5.44, 0.95, 18.79, and 1.90 μg/l) for Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Ni along the investigated area. Pollution Index for overall Gulf sectors <1, indicating a slightly and moderately affected region. Metal Index for the Gulf is >1, representing the existence of heavy metal pollution, which is alarming in this area. (HPI) Heavy metal pollution index <100 indicates low contamination of heavy metal “and is apposite for consumption. The Gulf's ecological risk index (Eri) mostly fell under the low-ecological risk. The risk health estimation revealed that CDI values for carcinogenic were (10−5 to10−7), (10−6 to10−8), and (10−9 to10−11) for ingestion, dermal, and inhalation, respectively. Ingestion for children is twice as high as the proportions documented for adults. At the same time, THQ values for non-carcinogenic ingestion, dermal, and inhalation were (10−5 to 10−8), (10−4 to 10−5), and (10−10 to 10−12), respectively. Also, the total hazard quotient (THQ ing. + THQ inh.) values were <1 acceptable limit, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk to the residents through dermal adsorption and oral water intake. The ingestion pathway was the main pathway for total risk. In conclusion, the overall hazard risks are lower than the permissible limit of <1 regarding heavy metals.

#3589 OXALATE METABOLISM IN PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA TYPE 1 TREATED WITH LUMASIRAN IMMEDIATELY AFTER BIRTH: STILL NOT EARLY ENOUGH

Abstract Background and Aims Severe primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) with rapid onset nephrocalcinosis and renal function loss in early infancy required so far combined liver and kidney transplant. RNA interfering drugs are the new challenge for these children. Here we present the first case of a newborn affected by PH1 treated with RNA-interfering Lumasiran 6 hours after birth. Method Diagnosis of PH1 (homozygous mutation AGXT c.731T&amp;gt;C9 [p.Ile244Thr]) was done at 11 weeks of pregnancy on chorionic villus due to family history. Parents are first cousins, both heterozygous carriers of the mutation. Their first child is homozygous, affected by PH1, in dialysis for massive nephrocalcinosis since two months of life, kidney-liver transplanted at 14 months, with multiple comorbidities, severe retinal oxalate deposition, early ischemic stroke and post-transplant lympho-proliferative disease. Mother blood Oxalate, Glycolate and Urinary Oxalate during pregnancy proved normal (3 umol/L and 4 umol/L; 35 umol/mmol). Fetal morphology at ultrasound was normal, showing a male fetus large for gestational age, due to gestational diabetes, and polyhydramnios. At 37w cesarean section was performed. Birth weight 4120 g; Length 49.9 cm (99° centile for gestational age). Apgar score 9/9. Cord blood and amniotic fluid were obtained for Oxalate dosage and Sanger sequencing for diagnosis confirmation. Umbilical central venous line and bladder catheter were placed for immediate start of infusions and serial sampling. Results PH1 was confirmed due to Homozygous mutation AGXT c.731T&amp;gt;C9 [p.(Ile244Thr)]. Oxalate on cord blood was 15 umol/L (nv &amp;lt;10), on amniotic fluid 55 umol/L (nv 19-71), on first urine 401 umol/mmolCr (nv &amp;lt; 300 umol/mmolCr). Blood Oxalate at 6h of life rose to 32 umol/L, Glycolate to 107 umol/L and urinary Oxalate to 573 umol/mmolCr. Serum Creatinin was normal (0.3 mg/dl). At 6 hours of life the child was treated with Glycolate Oxidase RNAi Lumasiran at the dose 6 mg/kg subcutaneously, in combination with Pyridoxin 10 mg/kg/day. Hyperhydration (240 ml/kg/day) was maintained iv for 16 days in combination with oral water and potassium citrate (500 mg in 500 ml/day) above breast feeding. Blood Oxalate was serially assessed every 48 hrs showing a peak level of 108 umol/l (nv &amp;lt;10) at day 6, higher than the supersaturation level of 60 umol/L, then a gradual decline (65-56-62 umol/L at 10-20-30 days respectively). Lumasiran 6 mg/kd was repeated at 30 and 60 days according to schedule, then at 3 mg/kg every month. After the second dose of Lumasiran a steeper decline of blood Oxalate was observed (31-17 umol/L at 45-60 days respectively) reaching the upper normal limit of 12 umol/L after three doses, at 80 days. Urinary Oxalate in spite of Lumasiran early start rose until a maximum of 4173 umol/mmolCr (nv for age &amp;lt;300 umol/mmolCr) at 13 days and gradually declined to 765 umol/mmolCr at 80 days, after three doses. Blood and urine Glycolate initially paralleled Oxalate then increased after each Lumasiran dose. Renal ultrasound normal at birth, showed only minimal hyperechogenic spots during the first 2 months, then mild bilateral hyperechogenic papillary deposits without signs of nephrocalcinosis/stones. Renal function at 3 months of life is normal (serum Creatinine 0.2 mg/dl); child growth on the higher centiles (7 kg), with no adverse events. Conclusion Blood and urine Oxalate serial analysis in a severe case of PH1 treated immediately after birth show that Glycolate Oxidase inhibition has a latency of at least 15 days, even when no previous deposits are present. In these days extremely high level of urine and blood Oxalate, far higher than supersaturation level, are reached, in spite of normal renal function, hyperhydration, B6 and citrate supplementation. This case confirms that familiar severe forms of PH1 should be treated immediately after birth with Lumasiran in combination with aggressive supportive therapy to avoid irreversible nephrocalcinosis and renal failure. Prenatal treatment of these cases might be considered in future.

Effect of citalopram on sex hormones and testicular histomorphology in male albino rats

Introduction: Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is commonly used as a first-line treatment for depression. However, the potential effects of Citalopram on testicular histo-morphology and hormone levels have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Citalopram on the microscopic structure of the testes and the levels of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in male albino rats. Aims: The primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of Citalopram on testicular histo-morphology using the Johnson scoring system. The secondary objective was to measure the levels of serum testosterone, LH, and FSH in rats treated with varying doses of Citalopram. Methodology: A total of 25 healthy male albino rats were divided into five groups: control, group I, group II, group III, and group IV. The rats in groups I to IV were orally administered 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg of Citalopram, respectively, while the control group received oral distilled water. The dosages were adjusted based on the suggested doses for humans and scaled according to the rats' weight.

Sex differences in swallowing response to Gaussian stochastic surface electrical stimulation

One of the rehabilitation methods in practical use for dysphagia is electrical stimulation therapy, usually by stimulating the anterior neck muscles via surface electrodes. Electrostimulation therapy does not directly induce swallowing, but is used as resistance training or to alter drive to swallow muscles. Techniques to stimulate the sensory nervous system have been investigated as possible rehabilitation methods to activate the entire swallowing reflex circuit (such as direct magnetic stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex). We hypothesized that electrical stimulation of the posterior thoracic region using surface electrodes on the back could work in a similar way to magnetic stimulation therapy to improve swallowing movements. We placed stimulating electrodes at three different locations on the back, neck, and subclavian region of adult Sprague Dawley rats ( n = 18). Using a stochastic paradigm, Gaussian probability electrical stimulation was applied to each site at a median frequency of 300 Hz. Natural swallow was evoked by oral water infusion, and swallow activity was recorded with electromyogram (EMG) wires placed in three swallow-related muscles: mylohyoid (laryngeal elevator), thyroarytenoid (laryngeal adductor), and thyropharyngeus (pharyngeal constrictor). A total of four 120 second electrical stimulus trials were applied with a median frequency of 300 Hz in a Gaussian distribution. EMG amplitudes during swallows after each stimulus were compared to those generated during control swallows. Results showed stimulator placement on the back facilitated all three muscles (mylohyoid, thyroarytenoid, and thyropharyngeus) in all male rats, and in some female rats. Stimulation placed on the lateral neck affected only the thyropharyngeus in male rats, and only the thyroarytenoid in female rats. EMG amplitudes were unchanged following subclavian stimulation. In conclusion, our finding that Gaussian electrical stimulation of the back activated a complement of swallowing muscles in male rats suggests that this may represent a novel swallowing treatment method. Additionally, male and female rats responded differently to simulation, indicating that potential sex differences need to be further elucidated. This work was supported by NIH grants HL 111215, HL 103415 and OT20D001983, the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation Pilot Research Grant 546714, Kentucky Spinal Cord and Head Injury Research Trust, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky Challenge for Excellence. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Protective and Curative Potential of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Corchorus olitorius against Potassium Bromate-Induced Renal Toxicity

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the protective and curative potential of ethanol leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius against potassium bromate (KBrO3)-induced renal toxicity.&#x0D; Methodology: Corchorus olitorius was extracted using a soxhlet extractor and ethanol as the solvent. After becoming accustomed to the lab, 24 mature male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to groups A, B, C, and D. Group A received oral distilled water as treatment. Animals in groups B, C, and D got 100 mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate while groups C and D also received 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of Corchorus olitorius respectively. Fresh potassium bromate and groups C and D extract were administered to rats every day by oral gavage. After taking the drug for the recommended 28 days, blood and kidney samples were collected. Renal biomarkers were evaluated using conventional methods.&#x0D; Results: Significant (P0.05) increase in the serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), and bicarbonate (HCO3–) were observed following potassium bromate administration in comparison to the control group. KBrO3 poisoning also increased the levels of the inflammatory proteins interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) in the kidneys compared to the control group. Yet when KBrO3 and C. olitorius leaf extract were administered together, levels of all kidney indicators were significantly reduced in a dosage-dependent manner, with 200 mg/kg being the most efficient dose.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study found that C. olitorius leaf extract, particularly at the higher dose of 200 mg/kg, was successful in reducing a number of the parameters examined that had been negatively impacted by KBrO3. It may be advantageous to include C. olitorius leaf in edible products that may contain KBrO3, such as flour, bread, or cakes, as it is a well-known dietary prebiotic with established safety profiles in humans. Further research is required to determine whether C. olitorius leaves can reduce the toxicity of KBrO3 in human organs and other animal strains, as well as perhaps treat it.

Unveiling the mechanisms behind surface degradation of dental resin composites in simulated oral environments.

Dental resin composites are widely used as restorative materials due to their natural aesthetic and versatile properties. However, there has been limited research on the degradation mechanisms of these composites in gastric acid environments, which would be common in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. This study aims to investigate the degradation behavior of dental composites immersed in simulated oral environments, including acid, saliva, and water. Mechanical and morphological properties of the composites, upon immersion in the simulated environments, were thoroughly examined using hardness testing and SEM imaging. Qualitative analyses of the ions leached from the polymer matrix and fillers were conducted using XPS and ICP-MS. In addition, the thermodynamic stability of the inorganic fillers of the composites in aqueous solutions across a wide range of pH values was theoretically studied through construction of Pourbaix diagrams. This study proposed a mechanism for composite leaching involving interactions between the matrix's hydrophilic groups and the aqueous immersion media, leading to swelling and chemical degradation of the composites. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that filler leaching was followed by ion exchange with Ca and P, resulting in the formation of hard calcified layers on the composite surface. The current findings provide valuable insights into the development of new composite materials with improved durability and resistance to degradation, especially for patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water from Iponri water treatment plant, Lagos water corporation Nigeria

Abstract Urban water supplied from treatment plants can constitute public health problems if poorly treated or accidentally contaminated. Water quality and health risk assessment of water supplied from Lagos State water treatment plant was performed. Heavy metal concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As and Cr were within the standard maximum permissible limits for drinking water quality. The mean estimated daily intake through oral ingestion of drinking water for Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As and Cr were 0.00024, 0.00117, 0.00158, 0.00665, 0.00736, 0.000271, 0.00148, 0.000563 and 0.000834 mg/kg bw/day respectively, but were within acceptable tolerable daily intake standards for adult population. The values of hazard quotients for the heavy metal in water samples were below one for adult population. Hazard indices of treated water samples were below the threshold value of one (HI ˂ 1) while hazard indices of untreated and pre-treated water samples exceeded one, indicating possible associated potential health risks as a result of combined effects of the heavy metals through oral consumption water. Incremental life cancer risk values of Cd, Ni, As and Cr in all the three categories of water samples exceeded the safe limit for cancer risk while the cumulative cancer risk (ΣILCR) also exceeded the proposed threshold safe risk limit (&gt; 1x10−4), indicating potential carcinogenic lifetime health risk in adult population through oral consumption of the heavy metal in water. Conclusively, the treated water had lowest levels of heavy metals, hazard quotient, incremental life cancer risks values and unsafe for drinking purposes compared to the untreated and pre-treated water.

PS-BPR02-8: THE EFFECTS OF AN ORAL FUNCTION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM INVOLVING CHEWY KELP TEXTURE FOR LOCAL ELDERLY JAPANESE PEOPLE: A PILOT STUDY

Objective: The purpose of this study is to verify the efficacy and sustainability of an oral function improvement program involving chewy kelp texture in nutrition designed specifically for an elderly Japanese population. Study Design: A small pilot study Method: We developed a chewy kelp nutritional formula through the collaboration of geriatric nursing specialists and the professional staff of a seaweed processing company. The program to improve oral function consisted of a) salivary gland massage and swallowing exercises three times daily before each meal, followed by b) training to chew and eat chewy kelp. The program was conducted for two weeks, and such vital signs as blood pressure (BP), pulse, saliva secretion (relative value of average oral water content), tongue pressure, and occlusal force (glucose elution amount) were measured before and after the intervention. Results: 10 participants (4 male / 6 female: mean age 74.7 ± 5.4 years) enrolled. The program implementation rate of the participants was 93.6%. Measurements before and after the intervention included mean systolic BP (before, after, p) (138.0 ± 20.0, 131.0 ± 16.4 mmHg, p = .177), mean diastolic BP (79.6 ± 12.6, 73.2 ± 6.6 mmHg, p = .075), mean pulse (75.7 ± 11.0, 74.1 ± 10.8 times / min., p = .577), average oral mucosal moisture relative value (28.2 ± 4.9, 25.9 ± 3.3, p = .160), mean tongue pressure (29.6 ± 6.7, 32.3 ± 7.1 kPa, p = .213), and occlusal force (199.7 ± 78.9, 183.2 ± 42.7 mg / dL, p = .254). Among the participants, in one case in which occlusal function had significantly reduced, both mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased, and both tongue pressure and occlusal force increased. Conclusion: The high implementation rate indicated the potential sustainability of this program. Nevertheless, this study had certain limitations. First, the number of participants in the pilot study was small, falling short of the customary statistical sample size. In addition, because the implementation period was limited, any long-term effects of the program were not yet possible to show. Among preliminary findings of the study, for participants with impaired occlusal function, oral function may be improved and BP stabilized. Since periodontal disease is highly associated with cardiovascular disease and such side effects of hypertension drugs as increased thirst, it can be expected that longer trials of this program may see increased saliva production and improved oral function in participants.