Oral Pain Research Articles

TMD Patients With High Pain-Related Disability Have Higher Oral Behaviour Scores Than Individuals Without Pain and TMD Patients With Low Pain-Related Disability.

Some studies suggest that oral behaviours, such as clenching, grinding and nail biting, are common in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, the relationship between oral behaviours and key aspects of TMDs, such as pain-related disability, remains unexplored. The study aimed to assess the relationship between oral behaviours and pain in TMD patients with low or high pain-related disability, compared to pain-free individuals without TMD (non-TMD). In this cross-sectional study, adult participants who attended the dental unit at the University of Trieste, Italy, between January 2018 and June 2021 were asked to complete the oral behaviour checklist (OBC) and graded chronic pain scale (GCPS). OBC total score and item scores were compared between TMD patients with low pain-related disability, TMD patients with high pain-related disability and pain-free individuals without TMD, using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. A total of 1581 patients participated, of whom 1304 were pain-free, 234 were TMD patients with low pain-related disability and 43 were TMD patients with high pain-related disability. Average OBC total scores were 12.2 ± 8.8 for pain-free non-TMD participants, 17.2 ± 10.9 for TMD patients with low pain-related disability and 23.16 ± 12.15 for TMD patients with high pain-related disability. Significant differences were found across all pairwise comparisons (p < 0.001). Specific oral behaviours, such as awake and sleep-related clenching, were notably higher in both TMD groups compared to the pain-free group. A significant association between pain-related disability and oral behaviours in TMD patients has been demonstrated.

Efficacy and Safety of OROSOL Spray for Oral Mucositis in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and debilitating complication of cancer therapy, particularly in patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It significantly impairs quality of life and may necessitate the interruption of cancer treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OROSOL, an oral spray device, in managing oral mucositis in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial compared OROSOL to a placebo in children with oral mucositis aged 3 to 17 years. Participants were followed for 28 days with regular medical visits. The primary endpoints were changes in the Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) scores and key symptoms (mucositis score, difficulty in oral feeding, ulceration and erythema, and pain sensation). Safety was assessed via adverse events and local tolerability. Results: Both groups were demographically balanced at baseline (p &gt; 0.6). OROSOL demonstrated significantly greater improvements in the mucositis score beginning on Day 7 (p = 0.0122) and maintained superiority through Day 28 (p = 0.0007). Notable reductions in mucositis severity were observed, with significantly faster relief in the OROSOL group compared to the placebo (p &lt; 0.001 for most timepoints). Oral feeding difficulty also showed a marked decline, with significant improvements starting from Day 5 (p = 0.0153). Ulceration and erythema scores significantly decreased from Day 14 onwards (p = 0.0188). Pain sensation showed a marked reduction from Day 14 (p = 0.0014). No serious adverse events were reported, and tolerability was consistent across all participants. Conclusions: OROSOL has a significant impact on reducing mucositis severity, oral feeding difficulty, ulceration, erythema, and pain. Coupled with its excellent safety profile, it is a valuable therapeutic option. This treatment is particularly beneficial for pediatric patients, ensuring improved comfort and recovery without notable adverse effects.

Consumer‐Focused Osteoarthritis e‐Learning to Complement Physiotherapy Care in People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Protocol for the PEEKO Randomised Controlled Trial

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate whether the addition of a consumer e‐learning course to verbal information on OA and a home strengthening exercise programme prescribed by a physiotherapist enhances pain and/or physical function outcomes at 24 weeks in people with knee OA.Primary outcomes are (i) severity of knee pain while walking (11‐point numeric rating scale) at 24 weeks and (ii) physical function at 24 weeks using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index subscale. Secondary outcomes include measures of knee‐related quality of life; sport and recreation; self‐efficacy for exercise; pain self‐efficacy; physical activity levels; OA knowledge; perceptions of OA (illness perceptions); fear of movement; belief in the inevitability of needing a knee joint replacement; global rating of change; satisfaction with treatment; exercise adherence; and use of recommended OA self‐management approaches and oral pain medication.MethodsTwo‐arm parallel‐design superiority randomised controlled trial. One hundred thirty‐six community dwelling Australian adults with clinically diagnosed knee OA will be randomly allocated into one of two groups: (i) verbal OA education and a home strengthening programme (control) or (ii) the same intervention plus access to a freely available 4‐module e‐learning course on OA and its recommended management (e‐learning group). Both groups will receive the same scripted verbal OA information and a lower limb strengthening programme over two 30‐min video consultations with a physiotherapist over six weeks. Those in the e‐learning group will receive access to the e‐learning course from their physiotherapist.Primary outcomes are (i) severity of knee pain while walking (11‐point numeric rating scale) at 24 weeks and (ii) physical function at 24 weeks using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index subscale. Secondary outcomes include measures of knee‐related quality of life; sport and recreation; self‐efficacy for exercise; pain self‐efficacy; physical activity levels; OA knowledge; perceptions of OA (illness perceptions); fear of movement; belief in the inevitability of needing a knee joint replacement; global rating of change; satisfaction with treatment; exercise adherence; and use of recommended OA self‐management approaches and oral pain medication.ConclusionThis RCT evaluates whether supplementing physiotherapy care with consumer‐focused e‐learning improves outcomes for people with knee OA.

Feline oral in situ carcinoma associated with papillomavirus infection: A case series of 7 cats.

Cutaneous lesions due to papillomavirus (PV) infection are well described in cats. However, there are few reports of similar lesions in the oral cavity. In this case series, 7 cats with in situ carcinomas of the oral mucosa are reported. Lesions appeared histologically like cutaneous Bowenoid in situ carcinomas, and PV-induced cell changes were visible within lesions from 6 cats. A PV etiology was further supported by intense p16CDKN2A protein immunolabeling within all lesions. Five lesions contained Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV) type 3 DNA, while 2 contained FcaPV1 DNA. Cats had clinical signs of drooling and oral pain for over 6 months prior to diagnosis, and the dorsal surface of the tongue was most often affected. Four cats had multiple oral lesions, and 2 cats had oral and skin lesions. Of the 6 cats for which clinical outcome was known, 3 are still alive at least 6 months after diagnosis, 2 died of unrelated causes 7 and 14 months after diagnosis, and 1 cat was euthanatized due to oral pain 18 months after diagnosis. Results suggest PV-associated oral in situ carcinoma is a specific disease entity of cats. Lesions are slowly progressive with pain management allowing long survival times. No cases were known to progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, and feline oral squamous cell carcinomas appear to infrequently develop as a progression from these lesions. Due to the marked difference in biological behavior, diagnosticians should differentiate PV-associated oral in situ carcinomas and oral squamous cell carcinomas in cats.

Targeting oral frailty indicators of late-life cognitive disorders and depression: a systematic review.

Oral frailty is an age-related gradual loss of oral function together with a cognitive and physical function decline. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses examined the association of some oral frailty indicators with late-life cognitive and late-life depression (LLD). However, none of these studies investigated a large series of possible indicators and outcomes. To clarify the impact of oral frailty indicators on late-life cognitive disorders and LLD. Systematic review. Sixty-three studies (56,520,662 subjects) with 11 oral frailty indicators in four categories: (i) oral health status deterioration, (ii) decline in oral motor skills, (iii) chewing, swallowing, and saliva disorders, and (iv) oral pain. From database inception to April 24, 2024, six different electronic databases were consulted by two independent researchers assessing the eligibility of 24,045 records against the inclusion criteria and found 63 studies fitting the eligibility requirements. The protocol was registered a priori with PROSPERO (CRD42021249428). Four oral frailty indicators (number of remaining teeth, periodontal disease, difficulties in chewing, and difficulties in swallowing) were associated with late-life cognitive impairment/decline, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, and LLD. Among categories, oral health status deterioration and chewing, swallowing, and saliva disorders were associated with late-life cognitive impairment/decline, MCI, dementia, and LLD. Decline in oral motor skills was associated with late-life cognitive impairment/decline, while oral pain was related only to LLD. Certain oral frailty indicators may contribute to the development of late-life cognitive disorders and LLD.

Application of Gene Therapy to Oral Diseases

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach across various oral diseases. This review examines current applications and future prospects of gene therapy in dentistry, focusing on five key areas: oral cancer, cancer-related pain, xerostomia (dry mouth), dental caries, and periodontal disease. Recent advances in viral and non-viral vectors have enabled more efficient gene delivery systems, with particular success in cancer pain management through µ-opioid receptor gene transfer and xerostomia treatment using aquaporin-1 gene therapy. For periodontal applications, gene therapy strategies include both immunomodulation and tissue regeneration approaches using growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor and bone morphogenetic proteins. While significant progress has been made, particularly in treating radiation-induced xerostomia and oral cancer pain, challenges remain in vector optimization and delivery methods. Clinical trials, predominantly in Phase I, indicate both the potential and current limitations of gene therapy in oral healthcare. This review synthesizes current evidence and outlines future directions for gene therapy applications in oral medicine and dentistry.

Correlations of oral behaviors, pain, and psychological distress among patients with temporomandibular disorders: clinical investigation of axial II evaluation

PurposeThis cross-sectional, observational study assessed physical, psychological and behavioral factors related to patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) using Axis II assessment instruments with diagnostic criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) and investigated the correlations among oral behavior, pain, and psychological distress in patients with temporomandibular disorders.MethodsParticipants were recruited from the Department of TMD at the authors’ hospital. The TMD group comprised 96 patients (27 males and 69 females; mean age 39.10 ± 10.83 years), stratified into three clinical subgroups based on primary symptoms: myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS; subgroup 1), internal derangement (subgroup 2), and osteoarthritis (subgroup 3). The control group consisted of 111 individuals (42 males and 69 females; mean age 35.05 ± 7.94 years) with no history of TMD. Demographic information, oral behaviors, pain, and psychological outcomes of the TMD group were assessed using self-report questionnaires according to the diagnostic criteria of axial II. The non-TMD group was evaluated using similar instruments except for pain and jaw functional limitations.ResultsCompared with the non-TMD group, the TMD group presented significantly greater levels of unhealthy oral behaviors and psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms. Within the TMD group, participants diagnosed with MPDS were found to have more psychological symptoms than those diagnosed with internal derangement and osteoarthritis. The psychological outcomes of patients with TMD were shown to be significantly positively correlated with their pain status and oral behaviors (rs = 0.23 ~ 0.52). The indirect effect of chronic pain was found to be significant in the relationships between oral behaviors and psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms.ConclusionOral behaviors and chronic pain were closely associated with psychosocial distress among patients with TMD. The effect of oral behavior on psychological distress is exerted indirectly through chronic pain. This study contributes to the conceptual framework for the development of individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with TMD.

Pain Control in Oral Mucositis According to the Severity Scale: A Narrative Literature Review

Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful and debilitating stomatitis that often arises following head and neck radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplant, leading to treatment delays and potential patient intervention interruption. The aim of this narrative review was to explore the modalities in the management of OM. When supported by evidence, treatment is customized according to its severity. Method: A literature search was performed using the PubMed database. The search strategy consists of keywords such as “pain management”, “pain control”, and “oral mucositis”. Literature references from 1997 to 2024 were selected by the authors based on relevance to the current practice of oral mucositis pain management. Results: Fourteen studies were included in this review. Interventions were classified into pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities. In relation to pain measurement, for grade 1 OM, topical treatments are the primary recommendation. For grades 2 to 4, where pain is moderate to severe, systemic analgesia should be administered. Honey and oral care are beneficial for OM with grades 2 to 4. Conclusions: Effective management of OM should be tailored to the severity of the condition, incorporating both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. While various modalities have shown promise in relieving symptoms and enhancing the quality of life, a multifaceted, patient-centered approach remains essential. Advancing high-quality clinical trials, particularly those evaluating non-pharmacological interventions will be crucial to expanding treatment options. Future efforts should focus on personalized therapies, integration of combination treatments, adoption of standardized pain assessment tools, and long-term outcome studies to improve clinical effectiveness and optimize patient care.

Topical Ropivacaine Combined With Dexamethasone Spray Relieves Post-Tonsillectomy Pain in Adults.

To evaluate the efficacy of ropivacaine with dexamethasone spray for postoperative pain relief in adults undergoing tonsillectomy. A total of 172 adult patients were randomly assigned to four groups: RD group (n = 43) received topical 1% ropivacaine with dexamethasone spray, RP group (n = 43) received topical 1% ropivacaine spray, Saline group (n = 43) received topical saline spray, and Control group (n = 43): not receive any interventions. The groups were compared on resting pain scores at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days, changes in pain scores over 10 days, adverse reactions (including dizziness, nausea, difficulty opening the mouth, and pharyngeal foreign body sensation), the time to first solid food intake, the time to first oral pain medication, and total pain medication dosage within 10 days postoperatively. The RD group had significantly lower resting pain scores at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days compared to the other groups, as well as a greater decrease in pain scores over 10 days, correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI) and independent of age. They also had earlier postoperative oral intake of solid food, reduced need for remedial analgesics, and lower incidence of difficulty opening the mouth, halitosis, and pharyngeal foreign body sensation compared to the RP, Saline, and Control groups. Topical 1% ropivacaine with dexamethasone spray is easy to administer for postoperative tonsillar pain relief in adults. The dosage can be adjusted to meet patient needs, effectively addressing pain with fewer side effects, making it clinically useful and applicable.

Oral manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a systemic disease characterized by extrahepatic manifestations (EMs), affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Recognizing EMs, which may involve multiple organs and systems, is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective antiviral therapy.Purpose of the study was to investigate extrahepatic symptoms occurring in the oral mucosa in HCV-infected patients.MethodsThe observational study included 153 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy controls. Data collection encompassed demographic parameters, medical history, laboratory results, and oral examinations, which included evaluation of dry mouth, pain and burning in the mouth and on the tongue, pain in the angles of the mouth, bad breath, gingival bleeding, dysphagia and taste disorders using scales designed for this purpose, clinical and dental examination.ResultsSubjective oral symptoms were twice as common in the study group as in controls with the most frequent dry mouth, followed by oral pain, and burning in the mouth. Pathological changes (oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis and lichen planus), were identified in 73.2% of patients, compared to 32% in the control group. Oral hygiene was worse in the study group with a median score of 1.8 compared to 1.1 as assessed by the Oral Hygiene Index scale. The incidence of Mikulicz's aphthae, papillomas, fibromas and sublingual varices did not reach statistically significant differences. The study group had fewer teeth with dental fillings. Additionally, age ≥ 40 years and GT1 infection were identified as independent predictors of oral pathologies in HCV-infected patients.ConclusionsIn patients with chronic HCV infection, oral mucosal pathologies were significantly more common compared to controls, with candidiasis, angular cheilitis, and oral lichen planus being the most frequently observed conditions. Subjective symptoms such as dry mouth, oral pain, and burning were also markedly higher in the HCV group. Age ≥ 40 years and GT1b HCV genotype were identified as independent positive predictors of oral mucosal lesions.

Preliminary results from a phase IIa trial of APG-157 in oral cavity and oropharyngeal dysplasia.

e18119 Background: Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma affects over 678,900 people annually and is often preceded by potentially malignant lesions such as leukoplakia and erythroplakia. These lesions have a malignant transformation rate of over 12% and are usually removed surgically, but some patients have widespread dysplasia unsuitable for resection. Currently there are no FDA approved chemopreventive treatments to overcome this. APG-157 is an oral immuno-oncology drug based on zinflavonoid skeleton. Previously evaluated in a Phase 1B trial for Head and Neck Cancer, it showed reduced mutated p53, increased wild-type p53, enhanced CD8+ T-cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment, reduced salivary proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α), and significant reversal of oral dysbiosis. Methods: Phase IIA will enroll 32 participants for a minimum of two 4-week treatment cycles of APG-157 200 mg PO TID. Participants with stable disease or positive response may opt for a third cycle. Follow-up is every three months for two years. The primary outcome is pathological response, measured by the proportion of patients with mild or no dysplasia after treatment. The secondary outcome is clinical response, assessed by lesion size in two dimensions and categorized as complete, partial (≥30% reduction), no change, or progressive (≥25% increase or appearance of new lesion). Major inclusion criteria include biopsy-proven mild to severe oral or oropharyngeal dysplasia and a visible lesion ≥8x3 mm. Major exclusion criteria include recent oral surgery, untreated head and neck cancer, and recent chemotherapy or radiation. Correlative studies will analyze CD44, p16, EGF, and other cancer markers. Results: The study has enrolled 14 participants: six are off-study (one early termination, one non-adherence, three screen failures, one withdrawal), three are in treatment, and five have completed treatment (four completed two cycles, one completed three cycles). One participant had a partial clinical response and went from severe to no dysplasia on pathology. Another participant with partial clinical response went from severe to mild dysplasia. Another had partial clinical response and went from at least carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer on pathology. Two other participants refused or postponed end-of-treatment biopsy – one had no clinical change and one had progressive disease. There were no serious adverse events. Of the 22 reported adverse events, 4 were deemed ‘Possible,’ 7 ‘Unlikely,’ and 11 ‘Not Related’ to the study. Possible treatment-related events were diarrhea, oral pain, and oral dysesthesia. Conclusions: Preliminary pathological and clinical results suggest APG-157 is a well-tolerated and promising treatment for oral and oropharyngeal dysplasia. Early evidence highlights its safety and potential therapeutic value in a disease where early treatment is vital for survival. Clinical trial information: NCT05865028 .

Formulation, in-vitro characterization and clinical evaluation of curcumin in-situ gel for treatment of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF).

Formulation, in-vitro characterization and clinical evaluation of curcumin in-situ gel for treatment of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF).

Effect of Medicated Enema and Herbal Formulation over Inflammatory Biochemical Markers in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the predominant type of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis, affecting approximately 0.75% of the Indian population. It is a painful condition that impacts an individual’s overall physical and mental well-being, making daily tasks challenging. This is a single case study primarily aimed at investigating the efficacy of a medicated enema (Vaitaran Vasti) and oral herbal formulations on the inflammatory biochemical parameters of RA. The present case involves a 53-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with RA a few months ago based on clinical symptoms, such as multiple joint pain and morning stiffness throughout the body lasting for about 60 to 90 minutes. The patient was assessed based on clinical features and biochemical parameters, which are gold standard measures in conventional medicine for RA. After undergoing treatment, the patient’s quality of life improved significantly due to a substantial reduction in all clinical symptoms, including pain, stiffness, swelling, and bipedal oedema. Moreover, the values of the RA test and CRP levels were significantly reduced from 64 IU/L and 96 mg/L to 16 IU/L and 24 mg/L, respectively, after 15 days. The patient did not require oral pain relievers. Ayurvedic treatment yielded excellent outcomes in this case, especially when conventional medical options were limited. Exploring Ayurveda as a treatment avenue has provided a glimmer of hope.

Does OMT reduce oral pain medication use for management of low back pain?

Does OMT reduce oral pain medication use for management of low back pain?

Management of pulp exposure with new materials

The hard dentin walls contain vascular connective tissue called dental pulp. As the primary cause of oral pain, it is also a major area of focus for endodontics and restorative care. In 2014, Garg &amp; Garg Either severe traumas cause the pulp to become inflamed in an effort to protect it, or the caries process degenerates the dentinal framework, exposing the pulp. (Zakaria, 2016) In order to preserve vital pulp and promote the development of reparative dentin, direct pulp-capping is a technique for applying dental material to exposed vital pulp.In 2016, Komabayashi et al. Treatment results are influenced by the right case selection, aseptic care, bleeding control, suitable capping material, and sufficient restoration. As long as the right conditions are in place to promote pulp healing and dentinal regeneration, exposed pulp can be successfully treated. (Zakaria, 2016) In order to encourage healing, Phillip Pfaff carried out the first pulp capping technique in 1756 by packing a little piece of gold over an exposed essential pulp.One of the first and most popular medications for promoting the creation of dentinal bridges after microscopic or large pulpal exposure is calcium hydroxide.These days, a variety of materials, including Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentin, and others, are available for the pulp capping process. (Pathak and others, 2017)

Oral Health Characteristics 2 Years following Allogeneic Cell Transplant.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a treatment modality for cancers and hematopoietic disorders. The number of allo-HCT survivors is increasing in the United States. Allo-HCT is associated with oral health problems that can affect the quality of posttransplantation life. We characterize clinical and patient-reported oral health outcomes from the time of allo-HCT through 2 y following transplantation among a contemporary cohort of patients transplanted between 2019 and 2022. This prospective cohort study analyzed data from participants enrolled in a contemporary allo-HCT natural history study (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03602599). Clinical characteristics and patient-reported outcomes were captured at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo post-HCT. Descriptive and bivariable statistics were calculated. Sixty HCT participants were included in the final analysis. Differences were observed in oral pain, oral dryness, diet quality, difficulty swallowing, taste disturbances, and feelings of embarrassment from time of transplantation through the follow-up period. At 2 y, 47.5% of participants reported oral pain, and 44.1% reported xerostomia. Quality-of-life reductions related to taste, pain, and uncomfortable chewing were also observed after 2 y. Oral health problems and reductions in oral health-related quality of life were reported 2 y after allo-HCT. These findings support a tailored approach to oral health care among recipients of allo-HCT. Providing comprehensive and sustained oral health care for this patient population is essential.Knowledge Transfer StatementThis study found time-specific changes in patient-reported symptoms, oral health status, and quality of life that persisted 2 y after allo-HCT. It also suggests that specific attention to long-term oral health care among this patient population remains warranted.

Development and evaluation of an early childhood caries prediction model: a deep learning-based hybrid statistical modelling approach.

An effective Deep learning (DL) based Early Childhood Caries (ECC) prediction model is crucial for early detection of ECC. This study aims to develop and evaluate a deep learning (DL) based hybrid statistical model for ECC prediction. The study employed a computational cross-sectional design, conducted over a three-year period from March 2021 to March 2024. Data analysis was carried out using a hybrid statistical approach that integrated bootstrap methods, Logistic Regression Modelling (LRM), and Multilayer Feed-Forward Neural Networks (MLFFNN). The sample comprised 157 parent-child pairs, providing a robust dataset for examining the research questions. In the current study, the predictors named, "mother's education" (β1: 0.423; p < 0.25), "parent's knowledge of bottle-feeding habit during sleep can cause tooth decay" (β2: -1.264; p < 0.25), "attitude towards the importance of oral health as general health" (β4: -1.052; p < 0.25) and "parent's self-reported oral pain among their children" (β5: -2.107; p < 0.25) showed significant association with ECC. For this model, the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) was 0.02211, Predictive Mean Squared Error (PMSE) was 0.07909, and the accuracy level was 99.98%. No significant difference was observed from the t-test between the actual values and the predicted values of the model (p > 0.05). It has been shown that this unique deep learning-based ECC prediction model appears an effective tool with high accuracy and interpretability for ECC prediction. After implementing the oral health intervention program, focusing on the potential predictors of ECC obtained from this innovative model, policymakers could be able to evaluate their prediction models comparing their results with the findings of the current study. This comparison will guide them in understanding, designing, and implementing a more effective intervention program for ECC prevention.

Advising patients with dental and oral soft tissue pain Free CPD for dentists and other dental health professionals.

Advising patients with dental and oral soft tissue pain Free CPD for dentists and other dental health professionals.

Fosaprepitant Use as an Antiemetic to Prevent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Spinal Fusion Patients May Be Associated With More Rapid Transition to Oral Pain Medication and Reduced Length of Stay.

Fosaprepitant Use as an Antiemetic to Prevent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Spinal Fusion Patients May Be Associated With More Rapid Transition to Oral Pain Medication and Reduced Length of Stay.

Impact of surgical treatment on patient reported outcome in patients with spinal metastases from prostate cancer

Impact of surgical treatment on patient reported outcome in patients with spinal metastases from prostate cancer