Prevalence Of Oral Candidiasis Research Articles

Oral Candidiasis in a Diabetic Patient Wearing Bar-Retained Provisional Overdenture: Clinical Case Report

Background: Denture stomatitis is a clinical manifestation of oral candidiasis, often seen in individuals wearing removable dentures that lead to the formation of sub-prosthetic stomatitis. This is particularly common in maladjusted appliances that have been in use for many years. Studies have shown that patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes, or other medical complexities, have a higher likelihood of developing denture stomatitis. To address this problem, the use of implant-retained dentures with different types of attachments has been introduced, providing increased comfort and hygiene for edentulous patients. However, this solution is not without its own set of challenges, being that the prolonged contact with mucosal surfaces can lead to challenges in cleaning and managing plaque depending on the attachment. Case Presentation: In this clinical case report, we present a female patient who developed bar-retained prosthetic stomatitis induced by oral candidiasis a few months after receiving her provisional prosthesis. Conclusions: In conclusion, this case report emphasizes the need to consider both systemic and local factors when preventing and treating denture stomatitis. By understanding the risk factors involved, healthcare professionals can provide their patients with the best possible care, helping to reduce the prevalence of oral candidiasis in individuals who use implant-retained dentures.

The prevalence of oral candidiasis among the children in Basra Provence

The prevalence of oral candidiasis among the children in Basra Provence

Oral candidiasis and potential risk factors among disabled and non-disabled in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia.

Oral candidiasis (OC) is an oral health disease that could influence patients' oral health quality of life. To estimate prevalence of OC among disabled and non-disabled individuals and its potential risk factors in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out among 148 disabled and non-disabled participants. The technique of concentrated oral rinse employing the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium accompanied with 0.05% chloramphenicol was conducted to assess and isolate candida. Oral examination using the World Health Organization guidelines was conducted to examine participants' oral health status. A pre-designed questionnaire was also used to evaluate sociodemographic, medical history, and oral hygiene habits of the studied population. Out of 148 participants (n = 57, 38%) had colonized candida. None of the studied population had visible Candida lesions. However, Candida was found in the oral rinses without the subject presenting any lesions or issues caused by Candida (asymptomatic colonization). The most common prevalent OC among participants were Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis (n = 35, 61%; n = 8, 14%; n = 6, 10%; n = 5, 9%; n = 2, 4%; and n = 1, 2%) respectively. Diabetes, smoking, poor plaque, and gingival status were key potential risk factors that significantly associated with candida's density and presence (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.01, and P = 0.01) respectively. Disability status had no statistically significant effect on presence and density of Candida. The prevalence of OC is almost third of the studied population; thus, may provoke a need to develop preventive strategies to reduce the OC rate and establish solid treatment plans.

Common Oral Conditions: A Review.

Dry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are 3 of the most common oral conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality of life, and morbidity. In a meta-analysis of 26 population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies, the global prevalence of dry mouth symptoms was 23% (95% CI, 18% to 28%), placing individuals at risk of oral candidiasis, dental caries, dysgeusia, masticatory/speech impairment, and oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dry mouth is associated with using more than 3 oral medications per day (odds ratio [OR], 2.9 [95% CI, 1.4 to 6.2]), head and neck radiation, and Sjögren disease. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing and speaking, thirst, and halitosis. Dry mouth is associated with an 11.5% (95% CI, 3.6% to 27%) higher risk of oral candidiasis, based on a meta-analysis of 6 observational cohorts. Management of dry mouth includes mechanical salivary stimulants, oral moisturizers, and/or systemic sialagogues. Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by overgrowth of the Candida genus with C albicans, which accounts for 76.8% of infections. The prevalence of oral candidiasis is higher in patients who are immunosuppressed, for example, those with HIV (35% [95% CI, 28% to 42%]) and those with salivary gland hypofunction (OR, 3.02 [95% CI, 1.73 to 5.28]). Common risk factors associated with oral candidiasis include use of antibiotics (P = .04) and oral mucosal disorders such as lichen planus. Oral burning and dysgeusia are common symptoms of oral candidiasis. Treatment includes addressing risk factors and use of topical and/or systemic antifungal medications. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is characterized by symptomatic round or oval oral ulcers, which are covered by a gray-white fibrin layer and encircled by an erythematous ring. A meta-analysis of 10 case-controlled studies revealed an increased risk of recurrent aphthous stomatitis associated with polymorphism of IL-1β (+3954C/T) (OR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.07 to 2.17]) and IL-1β (-511C/T) (OR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.67]). Another meta-analysis of 9 case-control studies reported that patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis had a higher frequency of nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B12 (OR, 3.75 [95% CI, 2.38 to 5.94]), folic acid (OR, 7.55 [95% CI, 3.91 to 14.60]), and ferritin (OR, 2.62 [95% CI, 1.69 to 4.06]). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis can be associated with systemic diseases. A meta-analysis of 21 case-control studies revealed that celiac disease is associated with a higher incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (25% vs 11%; OR, 3.79 [95% CI, 2.67 to 5.39]; P <.001). Topical corticosteroids are first-line agents to manage recurrent aphthous stomatitis; however, systemic medications may be necessary in more severe cases. Dry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are common oral conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality of life, and morbidity. First-line treatment includes over-the-counter sialagogues for dry mouth, topical antifungals for oral candidiasis, and topical corticosteroids for aphthous ulcers. Oral conditions that do not improve with first-line treatment may require treatment with systemic medications.

The Prevalence of Candida Species among HIV-Positive Women in Aluu, Nigeria: A Call for Awareness

Background: The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which HIV brings on, is a major public health concern. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a pandemic. Only 2.1% of HIV cases worldwide are recorded in Nigeria. Usually, under the control of the immune system, Candida infections may be dangerous for immunocompromised people, particularly those living with HIV/AIDS.&#x0D; Aim: At the Mbodo Health Centre in Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of Candida infections and their relationship to HIV-positive patients.&#x0D; Methods: Fifty HIV-positive women were chosen at random. Self-collected oral and vaginal swabs were used to gather data. To identify Candida species, biochemical testing, culture, and microscopy were used.&#x0D; Results: Eighty percent of the 50 individuals had positive candidiasis tests. Oral and vaginal mono/co-candidiasis were found to be common, with Candida albicans being the most common specie. Based on demographic parameters, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference in the prevalence of oral candidiasis. The frequency of vaginal candidiasis was much greater in those with secondary education and aged 31-40 years. The age group of 31 to 40 years old had a considerably greater co-occurrence rate of oral and vaginal candidiasis. Adult female HIV-positive patients at Mbodo Health Centre have a significant prevalence of candidiasis.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study sheds light on the distribution of Candida species and how demographic variables relate to them. These results highlight the significance of treating candidiasis as a serious health issue in people living with HIV. To improve overall health outcomes for HIV-positive people and reduce related risk factors, further research and treatments may be required.

Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility pattern of oral candidiasis among HIV-infected patients in a Mission Hospital, southeast Nigeria

Background: Oral candidiasis is an infection that follows colonization of oral cavity by Candida species mostly Candida albicans. About 90% of HIV-infected persons develop this disease during the course of HIV infection and could serve as early sign of HIV-related immunodeficiency. Treatment involves the use of antifungal drugs. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis and the susceptibility of isolated Candida species to available antifungal agents among selected HIV-infected patients in a mission hospital, southeast Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 150 consecutively selected HIV-infected patients attending the Heart-to-Heart clinic of Iyi-Enu mission hospital Ogidi, Anambra State, Nigeria, between December 2022 and February 2023. Demographic information of each participant was obtained using structured questionnaire. Five milliliters of whole blood were drawn from the antecubital vein of each participant for CD4+ estimation. Mouth specimens were collected using two sterile cotton swabs for microscopy and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and Candida species were identified after subculture on CHROMAgar. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using fluconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin disks, and results interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.&#x0D; Results: A total of 98 (65.3%) HIV-infected participants were positive for oral candidiasis, with 4 species of Candida isolated; Candida albicans (62.2%), Candida glabrata (18.4%), Candida tropicalis (12.2%) and Candida krusei (7.1%). Fifty-nine (60.2%) of the 98 participants had CD4+ cell count ˂ 200, 33 (33.7%) had counts in the range of 200-399, and 6 (6.1%) had counts in the range of 400-499 cells/μL (p=0.001). The prevalence of candi- diasis was not significantly different between the female (67.0%, 65/97) and male (62.3%, 33/53) participants (p=0.6598), but the prevalence was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in participants age group 21-30 years (80.7%, 42/52), divorced (100%, 1/1) and married (75%, 45/60), those with primary school level education (73.7%, 42/57), civil servants (85.7%, 18/21), and those who performed mouth hygiene once daily (71.9%, 69/96). Nystatin (77.6%, 76/98) showed the highest while fluconazole and ketoconazole (68.4%, 62/98) showed the lowest in vitro antifungal activity&#x0D; Conclusion: Oral candidiasis is prevalent among HIV-infected patients in the study population, with evidence of in vitro resistance of the Candida isolates to available antifungal drugs. Proper diagnosis, susceptibility testing and treatment of infection will be helpful in managing oral candidiasis infection among HIV infected patients.

Oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran

BackgroundWe investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS) as a part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS included in Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) was begun in 2015 in the Rafsanjan. A full-mouth examination was done by trained dental specialists. Oral candidiasis was diagnosed based on clinical examination. Information about cigarette, tobacco, and opium smoking and alcohol consumption were collected based on data from self-reported questionaries. Univariate and multivariate dichotomous logistics regression were used to assess the association between oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption.ResultsAmong 8682 participants with mean age of 49.94 years, the prevalence of oral candidiasis was 7.94%. There was a direct association between cigarette smoking in current and former cigarette smokers with an increased odds of oral candidiasis (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.46–4.33 and OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.18–2.25 respectively) in fully adjusted models. There was a dose-response relationship between the odds of oral candidiasis and dose (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.38–4.60), duration (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 2.04–3.95) and number (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.02–4.50) of cigarette smoking in the 4th quartile compared to reference group.ConclusionsA dose-response relationship was shown between cigarette smoking and increased odds of oral candidiasis.

Oral Candidiasis in Adult and Pediatric Patients with COVID-19

Oral Candidiasis (OC) is an opportunistic fungal infection of the oral cavity, frequently reported under local and systemic predisposing circumstances. While the recurrence of OC HIV-infected subjects has been well described and reported, the association between oral candidiasis and the SARS-CoV-2 infection is a recent finding that still is worthy of further study. The present paper focuses on this novel association, reporting the incidence and prevalence of OC occurring during and after COVID-19 and the possible etiopathogenic mechanisms underlying the onset of OC in COVID-19 subjects. The work found that the immune inflammatory hypo reactions and immunosuppression found in children and adults with COVID-19 could favor the proliferation colonization of Candida species and the following infection. At the same time, poor oral hygiene and iatrogenic causes seem to be the main risk factors.

Association of Oral Candidiasis with Oral Lichen planus in patients using corticosteroid therapy- Meta-analysis

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that commonly affects the skin and mucous membranes. There is a difference of opinion among clinicians about whether OLP has been associated with oral candidiasis. Nonetheless, in OLP patients, the oral candidiasis prevalence rate ranges from 7.7 to 16.6%, as established through biopsy findings, whereas 37-50% of the prevalence rate has been noticed in culture findings. Oral candidiasis has been linked to several local and systemic factors, including salivary gland dysfunction, dental prostheses, topical or inhaled corticosteroids, smoking, and the use of systemic medications. The aim was to highlight the association of Candida in patients diagnosed with OLP, correlate the use of steroid therapy, and enumerate the factors of using steroid therapy as implicated causes for oral candidiasis. A search was made using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Science Citation Index, NIH Public Access, and Clarivate Analytics (Figure 1). The keywords using the research option for this field were "Oral Candidiasis" AND "Oral Lichen planus" or "Candidiasis" AND "Corticosteroids" or "Topical Corticosteroids" AND Oral Lichen planus or "Inhalation Corticosteroids" AND "Candidiasis" or "Oral Lichen planus" AND "Corticosteroids." The database search was made for the duration of 1991 to -2021 (Table 1). Additional articles were obtained regarding the literature on OLP and oral candidiasis and were considered background material. The incidence of oral candidiasis and associated lichen planus following steroid therapy enlisted by various authors has been addressed. According to the results of this study, there is a positive correlation between the presence of oral candidiasis in the OLP's patients treated with corticosteroids. Finally, this meta-analysis concluded that there is a positive correlation between the presence of Candida species in OLP and steroid medication.

Oral Candidiasis in HIV Patients Subjected to Anti-retro Viral Therapy (ART) in Wad Medani HIV Center, Gezira State, Sudan (2021)

Background: Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in immune compromised individuals such as AIDS patients. Candida albicans alone is responsible of more than 95% of candidiasis. The increase prevalence of oral candidiasis among African HIV infected people has resulted in increased in usage of antifungal agents for both prophylactic and treatment purposes.&#x0D; This study aimed to detect oral candidiasis in HIV patients subjected to ART.&#x0D; Methods: In Wad Medani HIV center, Central Sudan, a total of 100 participants were enrolled, oral swabs were collected and processed immediately by culturing on potatoes dextrose agar (PDA), Candida species were identified on the base of morphology, germ tube test and chlamydospres formation and the participants were categorized according the WHO classification of viral stages into I, II, III and IV. Demographic data was obtained by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS program version 21. IBM Chicago.&#x0D; Results: Theresults obtained revealed that 55% (55/100) % were females while 45% (45/100) % were males with an age ranging from 31 to 41 years. Candida species was detected in 21% (21/100) of tested samples, and all olated candida showed positive germ tube test and produced beta hemolysis on blood agar while chlamydospores were observed among 85.7% (18/21) and recorded as Candida albicans. Only18.75% (3/16) of stages 1 subject showed viral load of more than 40 copies/ml, while stage II,III and IV showed o %, 29.8% (17/57) and 27.3(6/22) % respectively. Oral candidiasis recorded in stages III and IV with percentage 57% (57/100) and 22% (22/100) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: There was no significant association between HIV stages and viral load among participants with oral candidiasis (p. value 0.431). The study recommendation, early detection of HIV patients to ensure good management and continuous availability of anti-retro viral drugs in AIDS centers.

The relation between serum levels of interleukin 10 and interferon-gamma with oral candidiasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

BackgroundType 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common endocrine diseases that weakens the immune system. Candida albicans, is part of the natural oral flora and increases in cases of compromised immune systems. The exact cause of the increased prevalence of candidiasis in patients with T2DM is still unclear. The study aimed to correlate serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma cytokines (IFN-γ) with oral candidiasis in T2DM.MethodsIn this case–control study, 81 patients with T2DM and 41 non-diabetic individuals aged 30 to 70 years participated. Demographic information, a Blood sample (for blood glucose and cytokine tests), and an oral cotton swab sample from each individual were obtained. The samples were then incubated in a Sabroud dextrose agar medium. Colony growth was calculated and the type of yeast species in individuals with oral candidiasis was identified by culture in CHROMagar Candida medium. IL-10 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA kit and the data were analyzed using SPSS-18.ResultsAn overall of 122 participants comprised 73.77% females and 26.22% males. An increase in interleukin-10 by 40% and a decrease in IFN-γ by 6% can increase oral candidiasis prevalence among diabetic patients. Candida albicans was the most prevalent Candida species (spp.) in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The presence of oral candidiasis was not associated with HbA1c or FBS levels in both groups.ConclusionIn the diabetic population, an increase in IL-10 or a decrease in IFN-γ may be associated with an increased risk of oral candidiasis.

Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Oral health is an integral component of general health and well-being but might be undermined among children living with HIV (CLWH) due to the condition itself or the antiretroviral therapy (ART) received. This review summarises the current evidence and compares the oral health status of the CLWH who were treatment-naïve with those undergoing different ART medications. Fourteen studies were included in the final qualitative and quantitative analyses. This review identified no significant difference in the prevalence of caries, periodontal conditions, and tooth development between both groups. Orofacial opportunistic infections were more prevalent in the CLWH without ART. Children undergoing ART with a duration longer than 3 years had a significantly lower prevalence of oral candidiasis and CD4+ T-cell counts. However, due to the insufficient number of well-administered case–control studies with adequate sample size, the quality of the evidence in all outcomes was of very low certainty.

Evaluation of Candidiasis in Upper-Aerodigestive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients-A Clinico-Mycological Aspect.

Candida is a commensal yeast. It can be infective when the host’s defense mechanism is weakened, as in the case of squamous cell carcinoma patients. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical mycological manifestation of candidiasis in 150 cancer cases comprised of preoperative and post-operative (with or without radiotherapy) upper aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 150 patients suffering from squamous cell carcinoma of the Upper Aero-Digestive Tract (UADT) were divided into preoperative (n = 48), post-operative without radiotherapy (n = 29) and post-operative with radiotherapy (n = 73). Samples were collected using cotton swabs and cultured. Candida species were identified according to color pigmentation on Candida Differential Agar (CDA) plate. The clinico-mycological association of patients was evaluated by the chi-square test, and 98 out of 150 patients showed the presence of various Candida species. The major species isolated was Candida albicans (53%), followed by Candida tropicalis (16%). There was a significant statistical difference between patients who showed mycological associations and patients who did not have any such association (p = 0.0008). The prevalence of oral candidiasis was found to be 65.33% among total cases of upper aero-digestive squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic erythematous cases of candidiasis were mainly seen in preoperative squamous cell carcinoma cases, whereas the acute erythematous type of candidiasis was mainly seen in post-operative cases who received radiotherapy. The clinicomycological assessment can help to correlate the signs and symptoms with the presence of candidiasis in upper aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma patients. Meticulous testing and examination can help in the early detection of candidiasis. Future studies are needed to develop advance scientific preventive strategies for high-risk cases.

Oral candidiasis in patients with haematological diseases: Diagnosis through clinical and cytopathological examinations

This study is the first to analyse the prevalence of oral candidiasis in onco-haematological patients by physical and oral cytopathological examinations. This is a cross-sectional and observational study with a retrospective sample composed of participants hospitalised in the haematology clinic, who were diagnosed with haematological diseases. All participants received an oral mucosal examination and scraping from oral mucosa. Of the 62 participants, 56.5% were male and 82.3% were white, with mean age of 57 years. Lymphoma was the most common haematological disease (24.2%). In total, 48.4% of the sample was diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Of the participants with oral candidiasis, 13 (21.0%) had a clinical diagnosis. Cytopathological analysis revealed 17 more (27.4%) cases without oral lesions indicative of candidiasis. Erythematous candidiasis (P=0.02), pseudomembranous candidiasis (P &lt; 0.001), clinical candidiasis (P &lt; 0.001), fibrous hyperplasia (P=0.032), and coated tongue (P=0.012) showed a correlation with a candidiasis cytopathological diagnosis. Oral candidiasis is common among patients with haematological disease, and the cytopathological examination proved to be a useful tool, confirming clinical diagnosis of candidiasis and identifying subclinical cases. These data are of great relevance considering the possible complications that these patients may develop, such as longer hospitalisations, worsening of the general condition or even death due to candidemia.

Inhibitory Effect of Nepeta Crispa L. and Nepeta Cataria Extracts on Candida Albicans Growth: An In-vitro Study

Background and Objectives Considering the existence of many medicinal plants in Iran and the high prevalence of oral candidiasis, the present study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Nepeta crispa L. and Nepeta cataria extracts on Candida albicans growth. Subjects and Methods After preparing the extracts of two plants, their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) for C albicans were measured by broth microdilution method. The inhibitory effect of the extracts was evaluated by the disk diffusion method and measuring the diameter of inhibition zone. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results The MIC of N. crispa L. and N. cataria extracts was 1.1 and 2.4 μg/mL, respectively. Their MLC was 4 and 6 μg/mL, respectively. The highest inhibition zone diameter was for nystatin (21.31 mm), while the lowest diameter was for N. cataria extract (11.60 mm). No. significant difference was observed in the inhibition zone diameter between nystatin and N. crispa L. extract (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion The inhibitory effect of N. crispa L. extract on the candida albicans growth is not significantly different from the effect of nystatin. Although N. cataria extract has inhibitory effect, its effect is significantly lower than the effect of nystatin.

Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis among Children Caused by Different Candida Species

Introduction: Oral candidiasis, which is caused by Candida species by the involvement of hard and soft palates, tongue, buccal mucosa, and floor of the mouth, is becoming a very common threat to oral health. Although in the majority of the cases, this infection is caused by Candida albicans which is a normal commensal organism in humans, however, it might be also caused by other Candida species, such as C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oral candidiasis among children and to compare the type of causative candida species among them. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Shishu Hospital, Shamoly, Dhaka, spanned January 2016 through December 2016. A total of 286 oral swab samples were collected, and three methods including direct wet mount smear, staining, and culture were used for laboratory investigation of Candida infections. Results: Among 286 respondents, 161 (56.29%) were culturally and microscopically confirmed to have oral candidiasis. Among all of the detected species, C. Albicans was by far the highest species with 139(86.34%) followed by C. tropicalis with 14 (8.68%). Whereas 05(3.12%) cases were infected by C. krusei. On the other hand, the least detected species were C. glabrata and C. guilliermondii with 01(0.62%) and 02(1.24%) respectively. Conclusion: These days accurate and prompt identification of the infectious candida strains is crucial because isolates of Candida species differ extremely, both in their ability to produce infection and also in their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 57-60

Epidemiology and Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in HIV Patients From Chad in the Post-HAART Era.

Oral candidiasis remains a common problem in HIV-infected individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we performed the first study in Chad on the prevalence of oral yeasts carriage and oral candidiasis in HIV-positive subjects from southern Chad and analyzed the influence of HAART, CD4+ T-cell numbers, and antimycotics in 589 patients. These patients were recruited from a specialized medical center for HIV patients in Sarh and from a rural medical health dispensary in the vicinity, including a total of 384 HIV-positive and 205 HIV-negative individuals. Yeasts obtained from oral specimen were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and their antifungal susceptibility profiles determined. The overall prevalence of yeast colonization and symptomatic oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients was 25.1%. The prevalence of oral candidiasis was higher in untreated than in HAART-treated HIV-positive patients (16% vs. 2%; p < 0.01). Oral candidiasis was furthermore associated with high fungal burdens of Candida albicans and a CD4+ T-cell number <200/μl. A shift toward non-albicans Candida species was observed under nucleoside-based HAART therapy. Azole antifungal drug resistance was only observed for the intrinsically resistant species Candida krusei and Candida glabrata. Prevalence of oral candidiasis in the studied area was very low. The species distribution was similar to other countries around the world, with C. albicans being dominant. Candida dubliniensis was not isolated. Nucleoside-based HAART therapy significantly reduced oral colonization as well as occurrence of oral candidiasis caused by C. albicans and led to a species shift toward non-albicans species. Antifungal resistance was not yet a concern in Chad.

Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in Asthma and COPD Patients Using Inhaled Corticosteroids in the Philippine General Hospital Department of Out-patient Services.

Oral candidiasis (OC) is a well-known local side effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OC and its association with ICS-related factors in out-patient asthma and COPD patients of the Departments of Pulmonology and Pediatric Pulmonology of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). This is a cross-sectional study conducted from October 2019 to January 2020. Data was collected through a two-part questionnaire accomplished by doctors and patients with asthma or COPD. A total of 67 patients were included in the study. Oral candidiasis was observed in 4 (5.97%) ICS users, and the prevalence was 1.65% to 14.59% (95% CI, SE: 0.028946). This study determined the prevalence of oral candidiasis in asthma and COPD patients and its association with ICS-related factors, including the dosage, medication, device, and duration of therapy. The prevalence of OC in ICS users in PGH cannot be interpreted as high or low due to the small number of respondents, but is consistent with OC prevalence found in related literature. Increased prevalence was observed in adult females with asthma under low dose ICS therapy with Fluticasone/Salmeterol DPI for more than a year. There was no statistically significant correlation among OC prevalence, age, sex, and components of ICS-therapy including dosage, medication, device, frequency, and duration of therapy. A large-scale study is recommended for more accurate assessment of OC prevalence in the population and to determine statistically significant associations among the factors. It is also recommended to quantifiably measure patient compliance, inhalation technique and instruction, and its association to OC prevalence. Findings may be used to strengthen patient education, preventive measures, and disease management to facilitate improved compliance and effective treatment outcomes.

Prevalence of oral lesions in patients with AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Oral lesions are considered to be early clinical signs which may predict the progression of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Due to the lack of a comprehensive study that includes oral lesions in people with AIDS, the global prevalence of oral lesions in people with AIDS was estimated by combining preliminary studies' results using meta-analysis.Material and methods Databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus were searched using keywords as 'HIV', 'AIDS', 'oral candidiasis', 'Kaposi Sarcoma', 'LinearGingival Erythema' and OR operators, AND and NOT. After the elimination of duplicate documents, articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment was performed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. After combining the results of preliminary studies, an overall estimate of each lesion was reported. Ninety-five studies met the criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis.Results The global prevalence of 21 oral lesions in HIV-infected patients was estimated. The overall prevalence of oral candidiasis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi sarcoma and erythematous candidiasis was as follows: 35% (95% CI: 28-42), 19% (95% CI: 15-22), 12% (95% CI: 11-14), 5% (95% CI: 4-6) and 18% (95% CI: 14-22).Conclusion The present meta-analysis showed that oral lesions have a high prevalence in patients with AIDS. Dentists should consider that the clinical appearance of the oral cavity reflects the overall systemic health of the patient. As such, oral lesions may be linked to underlying immunosuppression caused by AIDS.

Oral Candidiasis and Nutritional Status in Hospitalized Aged Patients: A Cross-sectional Study in Cuenca-Ecuador

Background: Oral candidiasis (OC) is an opportunistic fungal disease related to various local and systemic factors. Hospitalized aged patients are considered susceptible hosts with several adverse clinical outcomes, including OC and undernutrition.&#x0D; Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis among hospitalized aged patients who attended on the inpatient units of Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital and Jose Carrasco Arteaga Hospital of Cuenca-Ecuador. And also, to evaluate the association between OC and nutritional status in hospitalized aged patients.&#x0D; Methods and materials: This study was performed with two hundred and twenty subjects; convenience sampling was applied for seven months. Demographic data were collected by a questionnaire. OC diagnosis was accomplished by oral examination; clinical lesions suggestive were analyzed with swabbed culture tests. OC was diagnosed when patients exhibited oral suggestive lesions synchronously with positive culture results. Nutritional assessment was performed with Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) system. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM_SPSS-20 software; associations were analyzed using Chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, and multiple logistic regression. For all tests, ???? ≤ 0.05 was considered as a statistically significant result.&#x0D; Results: Out of 220 hospitalized aged patients, 62 (28.1%) were diagnosed with oral candidiasis. The mean age was 78.3±7.8 years The Demographic/clinical variables (sex, age, residence area, education, use of dental prostheses) indicated no correlation with oral candidiasis. Nutritional variables (hypoalbuminemia and severe undernutrition were significantly correlated with oral candidiasis (p=0.009; p=0.007).&#x0D; Conclusions: 28.1 % of the hospitalized aged patients had oral candidiasis. Hypoalbuminemia and severe undernutrition are risk factors associated with oral candidiasis.