With the return of civilian rule in 1999 to the Nigerian democratic landscape, electoral litigation has become an integral part of Nigerian history. The advent of Electoral litigation has become a defining feature of Nigeria's democratic landscape since the return to civilian rule in 1999. This study investigates the generic structure potential of Nigerian Supreme Court judgements on gubernatorial election petitions from Southwestern Nigeria between 1999 and 2023. With systemic functional linguistics as theoretical framework, this study analysed ten Supreme Court judgements in this context to arrive at ten distinct elements. These elements are divided into the obligatory elements, namely: Case Overview, Review of Court of Appeal Proceedings, Reference to Law, Application of Law, and Appeal Verdict, and the optional elements, namely: Production of Issues, Grounds of Appeal, Assessment of Preliminary Objection, Analysis of Cross Appeal Issues, and Summary and Conclusion. The elements formed the generic structure potential formula as: [CO^ RCAP^ (PI) ● (GA)^ (APO)^ {RL^ AL}^ AV^ {(ACAI)^ (SC)}]. This study contributes to legal literacy by bridging a communication gap by crafting a road map for individuals outside the legal profession to understand these judgements and contribute to democratic conversation.

Timely publication of preregistered study outcomes is not self-evident. Discrepancies can lead to significant research waste. To assess timely (within 7 years) and consistent publication of preregistered primary outcomes and associated factors of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) studies registered between 2000 and 2017 over time. An observational study. ClinicalTrials.Gov, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar. Registered TKA trials at ClinicalTrials.Gov between 2000 and 2017. ClinicalTrials.Gov's required and optional data elements for registering a study and the preregistered and published primary outcome, defined as the outcome stated in the primary outcome field on ClinicalTrials.Gov. We used descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses. 1352 registered TKA (1072 interventional; 280 observational) studies were included, with 967 (811 interventional; 156 observational) unique references. Regarding the publication of preregistered primary outcomes within 7 years, the results for interventional trials were 0% (2000), which increased to 59.6% (2017). Observational studies were timely published in 0% (2000) and 37.5% (2017). Interventional trials and observational studies not funded by industry were more likely to have timely and consistent publication of their primary outcomes. Drug intervention trials were more likely to be timely and consistently published than procedure-focused trials. Phase 3 interventional trials were more likely, while phase 1 trials were less likely to be consistently published on time. Despite ongoing efforts to improve publication rates, over a third of interventional trials remain unpublished within 7 years. For observational studies, the rate is even lower, with only two-fifths published on time, contributing to significant research waste. CRD42021246599.

This article examines the hierarchical organization of English syntax within the framework of generative grammar, with particular emphasis on noun phrases and phrasal structure. It analyzes how lexical items are systematically combined into phrases and sentences, and investigates the relationship between deep and surface structures, alongside the syntactic functions of constituents. Drawing on data from both academic discourse and everyday usage, the study employs structural diagnostic procedures—such as substitution, displacement, and embedding—to reveal underlying syntactic regularities. Special emphasis is placed on the internal configuration of the English noun phrase, including the interaction between the head, modifiers, and specifiers, the distinction between obligatory and optional elements, and their formal representation within constituent structure rules. The analysis foregrounds the roles of determiners, adjectives, and prepositional phrases, while also addressing the theoretical motivation for the intermediate category N-bar (N'). Integrating foundational insights from Noam Chomsky with subsequent developments in generative syntax, the article demonstrates how hierarchical structure accounts for distributional constraints, interpretive distinctions, and variation in complexity across registers, thereby elucidating the relationship between syntactic form and meaning. Noun phrases (NPs) constitute a central domain of English syntax, functioning as primary carriers of referential meaning. The discussion further considers their structural components, syntactic roles, and the occurrence of discontinuous forms, extending to the interaction of heads, determiners, modifiers, and complements, as well as the functional diversity of noun phrases across written and spoken registers.

Although optional elements of speech, speakers frequently use adjunct phrases (e.g., on the rug, by the weekend) to enrich message content in communication. However, little is known about how adjunct phrases are processed in persons with aphasia (PWAs) and strategies to improve their production. This study sought to improve production of locative adjuncts in sentence and discourse tasks in PWAs using implicit structural priming and examined what factors (lexical overlap, sentential position, aphasia severity) impact degrees of structural priming effects. Twenty PWAs and 20 age- and education-matched controls completed a pretest, a structural priming task, and a posttest. During the priming task, participants read prime sentences with and without locative adjuncts and then described target pictures in sentences. In the pretest and posttest, participants completed three discourse production tasks. Both groups produced more locative adjuncts in target sentences following primes with locative adjuncts compared to those without. While lexical overlap boosted priming effects in both groups, there was no significant difference in priming effects by the sentential position (initial vs. final) of locative adjuncts. Priming effects also generalized to discourse tasks, with both groups producing a higher proportion of locative adjuncts in their connected speech after the priming task. Structural priming resulted in cumulative and generalizable production of optional locative adjuncts in sentence and discourse production in both groups, suggesting its potential to support language production beyond specific syntactic structures. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.30532967.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of historicisms and archaisms in Ukrainian translations of literary texts by Turkish authors (R. N. Guntekin, O. Pamuk, B. Karasu, etc.). A selection of this class of words from the texts of Ukrainian translations (both modern and classical Turkish fiction, mainly of historical themes) was carried out, the lexicographic status of lexemes in Turkish academic lexicographic publications was checked (the presence of a corresponding remark in the dictionary, indicating that the lexeme belongs to the passive vocabulary of the Turkish language). The distribution of lexical units according to the thematic principle was carried out, typical lexical-thematic groups represented by historicisms and lexical-thematic groups of archaisms were determined. The main methods of translating historicisms and archaisms of the Turkish language, which Ukrainian translators resort to in order to convey the content while preserving the form, to acquaint the Ukrainian reader with the specifics of Turkish realia, if there is a need for this (taking into account the close Turkish-Ukrainian relations at various historical stages, in particular the times of the Ottoman Empire and the Cossack period). The meaning of key translation terms is revealed (transcoding, footnote as the main methods of translating this class of words). General trends in preserving the form of the Turkish unit, as well as cases of modification, are outlined. Typical models of constructing documentary footnotes for different lexical-thematic groups are analyzed, common approaches to commenting, explaining words of the same class are determined, basic and optional elements for different typical footnote models are described, the average optimal length of a syntagm to avoid overloading with unnecessary information, the encyclopedic nature of information (historical reference) for historicisms or a more simplified presentation for archaisms (analogies with modern referents). A comparative analysis of footnotes for semantically identical words is carried out in order to identify a more successful option for the Ukrainian reader to get acquainted with Turkish historical realias. The prospects of this area of ​​research are revealed in the context of the peculiarities of translating non-equivalent vocabulary, transmitting the semantics of foreign-language realias.

Consensus exercise, narrative review. To create an International Spinal Cord Injury Psychological Functioning Basic Data Set (PSYCHBDS). International working group. Online meetings and email communications throughout 2020-2022. The authors reviewed measures used by SCI rehabilitation psychologists and reported in the literature. Selected measures and their psychometric properties were described. Consensus was reached on the measures and other data elements to include in the PSYCHBDS. The draft-PSYCHBDS was further reviewed by members of the International SCI Data Sets Committee, the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Board, the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) Executive and Scientific Committees, individual reviewers and societies, and posted on the ASIA and ISCoS websites for 1 month to elicit comments before final approval by ASIA and ISCoS. The group agreed to restrict the scope of the PSYCHBDS to the domains of anxiety and depressed mood and to use the 2-item versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The PSYCHBDS consists of six standard and three optional data elements: date of data collection, professional background of data collector (optional), presence of psychological disorders before the onset of SCI, administration mode, PHQ-2 score, PHQ-9 score (optional), GAD-2 score, GAD-7 score (optional), and therapy for current psychological disorders. A data collection form and scoring instructions were developed. An international working group of experts achieved consensus on a data set to collect basic information on psychological factors and recommends its use in SCI/D rehabilitation and research.

Given the lack of consensus in lumbar spine MRI protocols, this study sought to characterize current practice patterns among musculoskeletal radiologists in the United States. An anonymous 13-item web-based survey covering protocol sharing, sequence selection, and advanced techniques was distributed to members of the Society of Skeletal Radiology and the Society of Academic Bone Radiologists from 12/2022 to 2/2023. Frequency counts and proportions were calculated from the collected responses. One hundred ninety-three musculoskeletal radiologists completed the survey; 171/193 (88.6%) actively interpret lumbar spine MRI, and 137/193 (71%) reported using a shared protocol with neuroradiologists. The most common protocol combines sagittal T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences (150/193 (77.7%)). For axial imaging, respondents use a T1- and T2-weighted pair (102/193, 54.5%) or T2-weighted imaging alone (64/193, 34.2%). Fat suppression is applied to postcontrast T1-weighted images more frequently in the sagittal plane (149/193 (77.2%)) than axially (102/193 (52.8%)), with use dictated by indication or subspecialty preference (less frequent in neuroradiologists' protocols). Specialized sequences are uncommon (3D imaging (19/193, 9.8%), diffusion-weighted imaging (4/193, 2.1%), chemical-shift imaging (17/193, 9.7%)) and are typically reserved for specific indications. Practices in the United States converge on a core lumbar spine MRI protocol-sagittal T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and STIR sequences with axial T2-weighted imaging-yet diverge in optional elements. Musculoskeletal radiologists use fat-suppressed imaging more than neuroradiologists, while specialized techniques are deployed selectively. Recognizing these variations could potentially enhance interpretive consistency, standardize protocols for research, and support rapid protocol development.

Tan Bee Tin’s Unpacking Creativity for Language Teaching (2022) presents a thorough and critical examination of creativity’s role in language education, blending theoretical analysis with practical classroom applications. The book challenges conventional views of creativity as an optional or peripheral element in teaching, arguing instead for its central importance in fostering meaningful and dynamic language learning experiences. Through twelve well-structured chapters, Tin explores diverse dimensions of creativity, including its definitions, theoretical models (such as the 4Ps—Person, Process, Product, Press—and the 5As—Actor, Action, Artifact, Audience, Affordances), and its intersections with heuristics, constraints, and even algorithmic thinking. The book stands out for its interdisciplinary approach, drawing from applied linguistics, cognitive psychology, and pedagogy to present creativity as a multifaceted, context-dependent process that involves novelty, intentionality, and value. A key strength of the book lies in its balance between theory and practice. Tin not only deconstructs abstract concepts but also provides over 60 practical tasks designed to help teachers integrate creativity into their lessons. These activities reflect decades of research and classroom experience, offering concrete strategies to nurture creative language use among learners. The discussion on constraints is particularly insightful, demonstrating how limitations can paradoxically enhance creativity rather than stifle it. However, the review notes that the depth of theoretical discussion, while valuable, may be overwhelming for some readers, and additional real-world classroom examples could further strengthen the book’s applicability. Despite this, Unpacking Creativity for Language Teaching succeeds as both a scholarly resource and a practical guide, urging educators to move beyond superficial creative exercises and instead embed creativity as a foundational element of language pedagogy. Tin’s work ultimately redefines creativity not as a supplementary tool but as an essential, transformative force in language teaching and learning.

Abstract. The article examines innovative imperatives as a key factor in managing the production potential and enhancing the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises in an era of unprecedented turbulence. It is substantiated that the full-scale war has created an extreme VUCA environment, where innovation has ceased to be an optional strategic element and has become an existential imperative for survival and development. The study demonstrates that the consequences of military actions, including direct and indirect losses exceeding $80 billion, as well as the destruction of infrastructure (over 4 million tons of grain storage capacity and numerous attacks on ports) and a labor shortage (around 30–39 %), necessitate a fundamental review of traditional management approaches. The war acts as a catalyst for "creative destruction," forcefully stimulating the search for unconventional solutions. Three interconnected vectors of innovative development are identified and analyzed. Technological innovations, such as precision farming using GPS navigation and satellite monitoring, digitalization through FMIS systems, and robotization, are seen as a response to the need for increasing resource use efficiency, reducing costs, and overcoming the acute personnel shortage. Financial and economic innovations, particularly the implementation of agrarian notes, are a prime example of adapting to limited access to traditional lending. This new electronic instrument creates more flexible, transparent, and liquid mechanisms for attracting capital, which stimulates the de-shadowing of payments. Finally, organizational and managerial innovations (implementation of international quality standards, ESG principles, and agile management models) ensure synergy between "hard" and "soft" innovations, forming an anti-fragile organizational culture. The conclusion is that long-term competitiveness is achieved not through the fragmented implementation of individual technologies, but through the construction of a holistic innovative ecosystem.

The objective signs of smuggling are the signs of the object and objective side of the crime, as well as optional elements directly related to these signs. Since the object of a crime is a mandatory element of any crime, legal scholars have expressed different opinions on the object of smuggling, depending on which chapter of the criminal law smuggling is contained in and what is included in its subject. When determining the general object of smuggling, many scholars traditionally adhere to the section of the Special Part of the Criminal Code, which contains the norm under study. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the legal interpretation of the objective aspects of smuggling. In particular, the concept of smuggling, its place in the system of criminal law, and the legal essence of the illegal movement of goods, currency, material assets, objects, or other items across customs borders are revealed. The article, based on Article 246 of the Criminal Code, pays special attention to the analysis of the constituent elements of the crime of smuggling, in particular, the act (or inaction), the time and place of the event, and the instruments and methods of the crime. Also, based on the forms of smuggling, the level of social danger inherent in it, and the threat to economic security, its differences from other types of customs offenses are highlighted. The article contains scientific and practical recommendations aimed at substantiating the need for further improvement of current legislation and developing effective mechanisms for preventing smuggling crimes. Also, at the end of the article, the author’s proposals on the topic are presented.

BackgroundPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) tend to be physically inactive, i.e., not meeting the recommend daily physical activity levels, which may lead to poorer health outcomes and lower quality of life. Despite growing evidence on the benefits of physical activity, few interventions are tailored to the needs and preferences of this population. This study describes the systematic development of a co-created physical activity intervention for patients with IBD.MethodsThe intervention development process was guided by the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions and informed by principles of co-creation and participatory system-oriented approaches. The process encompassed three stages, including (1) a preparation phase with e.g., literature review, stakeholder consultations and a system mapping workshop, (2) two co-creation workshops with multiple stakeholders to collaboratively design intervention components, and (3) prototyping the intervention, including reviews and feedback from health professionals and other researchers to refine content and delivery model.ResultsStakeholders identified five focus areas as central to the intervention: individualization, community-fostering, mental health, sustainability, and enhancing knowledge about IBD and physical activity. The focus areas were then translated into concrete intervention elements. These included group-based educational sessions and nurse-led individual motivational counselling sessions, supplemented by optional intervention elements, consisting of one-on-one sessions with a physiotherapist, links to short videos featuring physiotherapists demonstrating specific exercises, and peer-support opportunities. During the final stage of the intervention development, feedback from a multidisciplinary team of health professionals and a researcher specializing in physical activity and IBD played a crucial role in refining and finalizing the manual’s content and practicality.ConclusionsThe development process resulted in a multicomponent physical activity intervention tailored to the needs and preferences of patients with IBD. The intervention integrates both individual and social components, with some optional. This intervention development highlights the value of combining evidence-based strategies with stakeholder involvement to create a contextually relevant and potentially sustainable physical activity intervention. A feasibility study currently underway will provide further insights into the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, and the potential need for additional adjustments of intervention elements.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-025-13120-x.

Significant efforts have been made to partially reuse FCC catalysts, particularly rare earth elements (REE), but only comprehensive recycling strategies can effectively contribute to a sustainable chemical industry. This work presents a novel recycling process for spent FCC catalyst materials, involving pre-treatment, selective separation of silica and alumina species, and synthesis of zeolites or zeolite-like materials. The process exclusively utilizes silicon and aluminum recovered from the spent FCC catalyst to produce high-quality catalyst components and sorbents. Optional rare earth element (REE) leaching, acid treatment after reactivation with sodium hydroxide, precipitation, and filtration yield silicon species (silica). The acidic, aluminum-rich filtrate is processed further by converting it into an alkaline medium with sodium hydroxide, enabling the precipitation and removal of unwanted heavy metals and rare earth elements. Aluminum species are recovered through neutralization of the alkaline solution, followed by precipitation and filtration. Overall, up to 95% of the silicic acid and aluminum oxide are recovered. Subsequent chemical syntheses yield high-crystalline zeolite Y and ZSM-5 as active zeolites for FCC catalysts, alongside AlPO4 as an alternative binder. A techno-economic analysis reveals a manageable turnover on industrial scale next to a refinery, while the costs still surpass current market prices, as long they do not care about environmental remediation. Unlike recent studies, no additional silicon and aluminum sources are required, which promotes a more independent local recycling. Furthermore, zeolite A was synthesized as a sorbent using the filtrate solution obtained during the production of zeolite Y, thus nearly completing the recycling loop.

Introduction. The article considers the issue of the state border as one of the elements that ensures the existence of society and the state. Today, the issue of the state border is quite important not only from the point of view of preserving the sovereignty of the state, but also from the theoretical essence. The border acts as a means of authenticity, unification, determination of the spheres of action of government bodies, state institutions, the sphere of action of law, security guarantees, etc. That is, it is it that determines the boundaries of the existence of all elements belonging to the state. Then the question arises of determining the essence of the state border as a means of ensuring the existence of society and the state. Summary of the main research results. For the study of the specified topic, the main components that determine the composition of the subject of the study were considered. Namely, the issue of society, the state and the borders of the state, which is the main element of this phenomenon, was considered. It was determined that society is a set of people living in a common territory and connected by common interests. The state is defined as a political and territorial organization of society in a specific territory, where the legal system operates, there are authorities, a taxation system, an army, as well as optional elements such as: a flag, a coat of arms, an anthem, a currency, a language. The state border acts as a unifying element of society and the state, as well as a feature that guarantees the unity of the existence of members of society in a certain territory and the sphere of distribution of power of state bodies, the legal system. Conclusions. Having studied scientific views and analyzed the results obtained, the connection of the state border with the key components of the study was established, namely society and the state. It was determined that society is a primary phenomenon that determines the emergence of the state, as a means of organizing its members and managing them. Law acts as a means of influencing the state on society by regulating social relations. The state border is the main element of the state phenomenon that determines the boundaries of the existence of the state in which society lives (i.e. it also determines the boundaries of the existence of society) and the scope of law, which itself acts as a means of ensuring the existence of society and the state.

The aim of this study was to develop a template for a synoptic operative report (SOR), for thyroid surgical data, and improve interdisciplinary communication and collaboration. Twenty-five expert endocrine surgeons, endocrinologists, surgical oncology, and ear-nose-and-throat surgeons were invited to participate in a modified Delphi process. Initial domains for consideration were determined from literature review and were compatible with domains previously endorsed by the American Thyroid Association. Consensus for individual variables was predefined as mean>70th percentile and a low disagreement index (<1.0). An academic working party reviewed the indeterminate domains to reach a final consensus. Of 25 invited, 24 participated in the study. Two rounds of questionnaires were conducted. Consensus was reached for 39 data elements across five domains and were included in the final SOR template. A further eight data elements were shortlisted for inclusion in a secondary list of desirable but optional data elements. We developed a consensus-derived SOR for thyroid surgery. Future studies are required to review the uptake and utility of this template in a clinical setting. There is a literary void regarding the role of SOR for parathyroid and adrenal surgery and this could be approached with similar methodology.

Diatomic catalysts are promising candidates for heterogeneous catalysis, whereas the rational design meets the challenges of numerous optional elements and the correlated alternation of parameters that affect the performance. Herein, we demonstrate a geometric-electronic coupled design of diatomic catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction through machine learning derived catalytic “hot spot map”. The hot spot map is constructed with two descriptors as axes, including the geometric distance of the diatom and electronic magnetic moment. The narrow hot region in the map indicates the necessary collaborative regulation of the geometric and electronic effects for catalyst design. As a predicted ideal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, the N-bridged Co, Mn diatomic catalyst (Co-N-Mn/NC) is experimentally synthesized with a half-wave potential of 0.90 V, together with the embodied zinc air battery displaying high peak power density of 271 mW cm−2 and specific capacity of 806 mAh g − 1Zn. This work presents an advanced prototype for the comprehensive design of catalysts.

This research explores the intonational features of parenthetical clauses in English, focusing on their role within the broader structure of spoken discourse. Parenthetical clauses, though syntactically integrated into a sentence, serve as optional, often explanatory or evaluative elements that interrupt the main syntactic flow. Their presence poses a unique challenge for listeners and speakers alike, as they must be clearly distinguished from core propositional content without disrupting overall discourse coherence. Grounded in the framework of discourse intonation and prosodic phonology, this study analyzes the ways in which speakers employ intonational cues—such as pitch contour variation, boundary tones, pausing, and tempo changes—to mark the insertion of parentheticals. The analysis is based on a dataset of natural spoken English, including both scripted and spontaneous speech, with acoustic measurements carried out using PRAAT software. Findings indicate that parenthetical clauses are typically set off from the main clause by a combination of prosodic features, most notably a noticeable pause before and after the clause, a shift in pitch range (often a reset), and in some cases, a slower articulation rate. These features help signal a temporary departure from the main communicative thread and guide listener interpretation. Moreover, the study reveals differences in intonation strategies based on the syntactic type and discourse function of the parenthetical—whether it serves as clarification, hedging, commentary, or citation. By examining the prosodic marking of parentheticals, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how spoken English encodes syntactic and pragmatic structures through intonation. The results have practical implications for speech synthesis, language teaching, and discourse analysis, especially in distinguishing core versus peripheral information in spoken communication.

This article examines the transformation of marketing strategies in the context of the digital economy, where the personal brand of a CEO has emerged as a key tool for building trust-based relationships with the audience. The evolution of the personal branding concept is analyzed, tracing its development from historical examples to contemporary digital practices that are prevalent today. Special attention is given to the significant role of social media platforms in shaping a leader’s image and reputation, as well as the various functions that personal branding serves within a company’s overall marketing strategy. Additionally, the article discusses the associated risks and challenges that come with cultivating a personal brand in an increasingly connected world. Through detailed case studies of prominent figures such as MrBeast, Emma Chamberlain, and Chris Brooker, various models of monetization and scaling personal brands are explored in both global and local contexts. These examples illustrate how different strategies can be employed to enhance visibility and engagement. The conclusion drawn is that in an era characterized by rapid digitalization, a CEO’s personal brand transforms from being merely an optional element into a strategic asset that is capable of defining a business’s competitive advantages and fostering long-term success. This shift underscores the importance of effective personal branding in today’s marketplace.

The article emphasises that criminal offences against justice committed by professional participants in justice are characterised by a specific intent, which is to violate the principles of justice, undermine confidence in law enforcement agencies and the judicial system, and also to cause harm to both victims and society as a whole. Given these features, it is substantiated that the development of methods for investigating such offences is one of the main tasks on the way to counteracting these facts of criminal behaviour. Based on the generalisation of scholars’ approaches, it is additionally argued that forensic characterisation is a mandatory substantive component of a separate methodology for investigating criminal offences. Given some differences in the mechanism of criminal unlawful activity, the crimes and criminal misdemeanours under study are divided into three subgroups, and then the components of the mechanism are studied for each subgroup. According to the results of the analysis of specific features of the type mechanism of criminal unlawful activity, the structure of forensic characteristics of criminal offences against justice committed by its professional participants is determined. It is found that its substantive elements can be classified into two groups: basic and additional (optional). The basic elements of the forensic characteristics of criminal offences of the type under study include: the method of commission, the circumstances of commission, including place and time; traces of criminal activity; identity of the offender and identity of the victim. The optional elements (which are not always reflected in the mechanism of criminal activity) are the instruments and means of committing criminal offences, as well as the motives and objectives of criminal behaviour. Prospects for further research are identified in a thorough understanding of each of the identified elements of the structure of the forensic characteristic.

This article explores the application of Halliday and Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential (GSP) framework. By analyzing 20 conversations through qualitative and quantitative methods, the study identifies the American Psychological Association’s transactional conversations following linearity with obligatory elements consisting of “initiating”, “presenting the topic", “main discussion”, “conclusion" and “call to action" which are complemented by optional elements such as “guest greeting", “specific concerns”, “theoretical implications”, and so on. These elements follow a logical sequence and allow for some iteration in the main discussion or serve to make the content comprehensible and engaging for any audience who are concerned about psychology topics, regardless of their prior knowledge of psychology. Analysis reveals the following overall GSP of the American Psychological Association’s transactional conversations: [&lt;INT^PT&gt;^(GG)]^[&lt;MD&gt;^{SC^PF^CS}^(ES^PA^MI^TI^FO)^↻]^[&lt;CON&gt;^&lt;CA&gt;]

The article examines the Russian and Armenian synonymic sets from the point of view of their semantic organization. We put forward a hypothesis that the basis of the semantic mechanisms for the formation of synonyms is the idea of ​​semantic patterns. Features associated with the predominance of certain patterns in a language can be considered a typological characteristic of a given language. Thus, the relevance of such a topic is due to the desire to consider the traditional problem of synonymy from a different point of view, in the context of a different scientific approach to synonymy as a semantic mechanism of identity, to the ability of a language to generate self-similar models. This approach can contribute to the development of new research methods in the field of theoretical linguistics and lexical typology. The study examines synonyms within the framework of their traditional presentation in the form of a synonymic sets and makes an attempt to describe them as a certain semantic, conceptual whole, consisting of words / meanings of words, semantic components that have a certain organization and are in certain relationships. By analogy with the semantic field, the synonymic sets also has a component or components that is obligatory for all words of the series - the semantic core, as well as a number of additional, optional semantic elements. Thus, a synonymic sets may include words with the same set of semantic components. The number of similar words indicates a low or, conversely, high degree of recurrence of synonyms with the same set of semantic components. A synonymous series as a conceptual space can include a different set of optional semantic components, that is, have a greater or lesser degree of detail in the semantic structure - different nominative density. It seems that the description of the synonymic sets from this point of view is most effective for identifying typological differences between groups of synonyms in two languages.