Optimum Reaction Time Research Articles

Ultrasound enhanced zero-valent iron-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation for improving dewaterability of aerobically digested sludge

Abstract In this work, ultrasound (US) assisted zero-valent iron (ZVI)-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation was used to improve the dewaterability of aerobically digested sludge (AeDS). Capillary suction time (CST) reduction, centrifuged weight reduction (CWR), and water content of sludge cake (Wc) were determined to evaluate AeDS dewaterability. The results showed that the optimal reaction time, PMS dosage, ZVI dosage, and US power were 20 min, 50 mg/g total solids (TS), 100 mg/g TS, and 50 W, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, CST reduction, Wc, and CWR were 89.2%, 67.9%, and 40.4%, respectively. The quenching experiments showed that sulfate radical was the dominant radical species in the US-ZVI-PMS system while hydroxyl radical in the ZVI-PMS system. Compared to ZVI-PMS treatment, US-ZVI-PMS treatment was more conducive to improve sludge dewaterability, suggesting that US assistance destructed the passive film of ZVI and accelerated its corrosion, consequently resulting in more production of sulfate radical. The significant degradation of tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of AeDS after US-ZVI-PMS treatment led to the releases of EPS bound water and even the intracellular water, consequently improving AeDS dewaterability. Additionally, US-ZVI-PMS treatment presented the advantages of sludge disintegration and charge neutralization. The ZVI cycle tests demonstrated that the reusability and stability of the recovered ZVI in the US-ZVI-PMS system were desirable, leading to the cost savings.

Effects of pre and post-ozonation on POFA hollow fibre ceramic adsorptive membrane for arsenic removal in water

This study examined the use of modified palm oil fuel ash (POFA) prepared from agricultural waste as key material for fabricating the POFA hollow fibre ceramic membrane (PHFCM) to trap arsenite, As(III), and arsenate, As(V), from water. In this study, the ozonation technique was employed where the effects of pre- and post-ozonation on the adsorption capacity of PHFCM and fouling mitigation were investigated respectively. The highest sintering temperature of 1150 °C (PHFCM-11500) delivered maximum adsorption capacities that corresponded to 95.62 and 98.34 mg·g−1 of As(III) and As(V). PHFCM-1150 with sufficient mechanical strength (52.84 MPa) and excellent pure water flux (250.73 L/m2.h) were selected for further exploration with ozonation study. Pre-ozonation increased the adsorption performance while the fouling problem of PHFCM was successfully treated by post-ozonation. Additionally, the post-ozonation treatment offers a cost-effective application of PHFCM-1150 with only 3 min of optimum reaction time that enables the integrated reuse of the sorbent, with the practical and effective removal of As for industrial effluent/wastewater treatment. This study also demonstrated that PHFCM-1150 was effective and its respective As removal met the maximum discharge limit of 10 μg/L set by the World Health Organization and the national legislation in Malaysia.

Isolation of an antioxidant peptide from krill protein hydrolysates as a novel agent with potential hepatoprotective effects

Abstract Krill accounts for the highest abundant animal biomass on earth though it remains underexplored. During the present study, krill protein hydrolysates (KPH) were prepared using several proteases, optimizing reaction time for dose-response analysis of antioxidant activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation of selected KPH of pepsin, first by ultrafiltration ( 3 kDa), revealed the active fraction, 1–3 kDa, which was consecutively separated by ion-exchange chromatography and stepwise RP-HPLC. Three peptides were identified, sequenced and synthesized. The peptide P2 was effective in reducing H2O2-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. P2 reduced apoptosis in H2O2-stimulated hepatocytes by regulating the expression levels of Bcl-2/Bax and caspase-3. P2 pre-treatment increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in cultured hepatocytes. Furthermore, P2 induced the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 by activating the ERK pathway.

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Cucurbit Leaf Crumple Virus.

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for simple, rapid and efficient detection of Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), one of the most important begomoviruses that infects cucurbits worldwide. A set of six specific primers targeting a total 240 nt sequence regions in the DNA A of CuLCrV were designed and synthesized for detection of CuLCrV from infected leaf tissues using real-time LAMP amplification with the Genie® III system, which was further confirmed by gel electrophoresis and SYBR™ Green I DNA staining for visual observation. The optimum reaction temperature and time were determined, and no cross-reactivity was seen with other begomoviruses. The LAMP assay could amplify CuLCrV from a mixed virus assay. The sensitivity assay demonstrated that the LAMP reaction was more sensitive than conventional PCR, but less sensitive than qPCR. However, it was simpler and faster than the other assays evaluated. The LAMP assay also amplified CuLCrV-infected symptomatic and asymptomatic samples more efficiently than PCR. Successful LAMP amplification was observed in mixed virus-infected field samples. This simple, rapid, and sensitive method has the capacity to detect CuLCrV in samples collected in the field and is therefore suitable for early detection of the disease to reduce the risk of epidemics.

Preparation of Sebacic Acid via Alkali Fusion of Castor Oil and its Several Derivatives

AbstractCastor oil and its three derivatives including methyl ricinoleate, sodium ricinoleate and ricinoleic acid were used as the raw material for alkali fusion to prepare sebacic acid. The reaction parameters including catalyst, ratio of oleochemicals/NaOH, reaction time and reaction temperature were optimized. It was found that Pb3O4 (1%) showed the best catalytic performance, and 553 K was considered as the most suitable reaction temperature. The oleochemicals/NaOH ratios of 15:14, 15:14, 15:12 and 15:14 were determined as the optimal ratio for alkali fusion of castor oil, methyl ricinoleate, sodium ricinoleate and ricinoleic acid, respectively. In addition, the optimal reaction time of alkali fusion of castor oil was 5 hours, and that of its derivatives was 3 hours. The maximum yield in sebacic acid of 68.8%, 77.7%, 80.1%, 78.6% can be obtained by using castor oil, methyl ricinoleate, sodium ricinoleate and ricinoleic acid as the raw material, respectively. High purity of sebacic acid was confirmed by GC and melting point analysis. ICP‐OES results illustrated that the content of Pb in sebcic acid was less than 1 mg kg−1. Separating glycerol from castor oil was beneficial for alkali fusion, by which, the yield of sebacic acid was increased of approximately 10%, and the reaction time was reduced from 5 to 3 hours. This study provided guiding significance for the future industrial production of sebacic acid.

Chemical dehydration coupling multi-effect evaporation to treat waste sulfuric acid in titanium dioxide production process

Abstract In order to concentrate the diluted sulfuric acid from the titanium dioxide (TiO2) production of sulphate process, a new concentration process was proposed by coupling chemical dehydration and multi-effect evaporation. The ferrous sulfate monohydrate (FeSO4·H2O), as the dehydrant, was added to the diluted sulfuric acid to form ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) according to the H2SO4-FeSO4-H2O phase diagrams, which partially removes the water. This process was named as Chemical Dehydration Process. The residual water was further removed by two-effect evaporation and finally 70 wt% sulfuric acid was obtained. The FeSO4·H2O can be regenerated through drying and dehydration of FeSO4·7H2O. The results show that FeSO4·H2O is the most suitable dehydrant, the optimal reaction time of chemical dehydration process is 30 min, and low temperature is favorable for the dehydration reaction. 45.17% of the entire removed water can be removed by chemical dehydration from the diluted sulfuric acid. This chemical dehydration process is also energy efficient with 24.76% saving compared with the direct evaporation process. Furthermore, 51.21% of the FeSO4 dissolved originally in the diluted sulfuric acid are precipitated out during the chemical dehydration, which greatly reduces the solid precipitation and effectively alleviates the scaling in the subsequent multi-effect evaporation process.

Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from a Novel Source Koelreuteria paniculata Seed Oil

Biodiesel is a clean and renewable fuel, which is considered as the best alternative to diesel fuel, but the feedstock contributes more than 70% of the cost. The most important constituent essential for biodiesel development is to explore cheap feedstock with high oil content. In this work, we found novel non-edible plant seeds of Koelreuteria paniculata (KP) with high oil contents of 28–30 wt.% and low free fatty acid contents (0.91%), which can serve as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. KP seed oil can convert into biodiesel/fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by base-catalyzed transesterification with the highest biodiesel production of 95.2% after an optimization process. We obtained the optimal transesterification conditions, i.e., oil/methanol ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (0.32), reaction temperature (65 °C), stirring rate (700 rpm), and reaction time (80 min). The physico-chemical properties and composition of the FAME were investigated and compared with mineral diesel. The synthesized esters were confirmed and characterized by the application of NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR, and GC-MS. The biofuel produced from KP seed oil satisfies the conditions verbalized by ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. Accordingly, KP source oil can be presented as a novel raw material for biofuel fabrication.

Effective delignification of lignocellulosic biomass by microwave assisted deep eutectic solvents

To establish an environmentally friendly and cheaper method to delignify lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated as a green alternatives to conventional solvents. Six different DESs were facilely prepared and used to delignify miscanthus and birchwood feedstocks, including monocarboxylic acid/choline chloride (ChCl), dicarboxylic acid/ChCl and polyalcohol/ChCl. The enhanced delignification efficiency was evaluated in relation to the nature of the hydrogen bond donors and acid strength of DES. The largest extraction of lignin from the miscanthus and birchwood was achieved using ChCl.formic acid and ChCl.oxalic acid DES, respectively. The TGA and 13C NMR characterization results of the extracted lignin samples indicated that the different types of lignin were produced using different DESs. The reaction optimization results showed an increase in lignin extraction with increasing temperature from 60 to 130 °C. However, the optimal reaction time was different, 30 min for miscanthus and 60 min for birchwood. A convenient and reliable method for the quantification of lignin was developed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry.

Statistical optimization of a cellulase from Aspergillus glaucus CCHA for hydrolyzing corn and rice straw by RSM to enhance yield of reducing sugar.

The unique GH5 cellulase, AgCMCase, from Aspergillus glaucus CCHA was identified and characterized as having high cellulose and straw hydrolysis activities that were thermostable, pH stable and salt-tolerant. Therefore, it is a potential straw-degradation enzyme that can release reducing sugars in industrial applications. To increase the efficiency of the AgCMCase' hydrolysis of straw to release simple sugars, response surface methodology (RSM) was introduced to optimize hydrolysis parameters such as pH, temperature, reaction time and enzyme dose. The enzyme showed only one major protein band from the fermentation broth by the Pichia pastoris GS115 expression. The crude enzyme (without purification) showed a satisfactory capability to hydrolyze CMC-Na after 4 days of production. Here, the crude AgCMCase also showed cellulose and straw hydrolysis capabilities as assessed by scanning electron microscopic and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analyses. A high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the degradation of corn and rice straw by crude AgCMCase mainly produced glucose and cellobiose. Temperature, reaction time and enzyme dose were the significant variables affecting corn and rice straw degradation. After the optimization of RSM, a model was proposed to predict 1.48% reducing sugar yield with the optimum temperature (51.45 °C) and reaction time (3.84 h) from the straw degradation. The reaction of crude AgCMCase and rice straw in the optimized condition resulted in reducing sugar production of 1.61% that agrees the prediction. Our findings suggest that the crude AgCMCase is suitable to be used in straw conversion.

Investigating the Catalytic Activity of Glycosyltransferase on Quercetin from Tripterygium wilfordii.

Flavonoid glycosides have shown many pharmacological activities in clinical studies. However, the main way to obtain flavonoid glycosides is to extract and separate them from plants, which wastes both time and resources. Here, we identified the O-glycosyltransferase (UGTs) TwUGT3 from Tripterygium wilfordii and analyzed its bioinformatics. First, the enzyme was found to utilize phloretin and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) as substrates to produce an acid-tolerant glucoside. Then, it also can use quercetin and UDPG as substrates to produce the corresponding O-glucoside. In addition, we further explored the substrate specificity of TwUGT3, which suggested that it also accepts luteolin, pinocembrin, and genistein to produce the corresponding O-glucosides. Subsequently, the optimum pH, reaction time, reaction temperature, and enzymatic kinetic parameters of TwUGT3 were determined.

Method for the synthesis of flavonoid nitrogen mustard derivatives

We have prepared a kind of new type of flavonoid nitrogen mustard derivatives with broad-spectrum antitumor activity, which have not been reported in the literature. In the process of preparing intermediate (the flavonoid diethanolamine derivatives) of the target compound, we found that the reasonable separation method is silica gel column chromatography with eluent (MeOH/CH2Cl2, 1:40). The experimental results show that the composition of eluent is an important factor to get high yield of the intermediate, which will directly affect the final yield of the target compound. Acetonitrile is the suitable solvent in the reaction system, and the optimized reaction condition is reaction under reflux condition for 48 hours. Several new flavonoid nitrogen mustard derivatives were synthesized with high yield using the above method.•A method for the synthesis of flavonoid nitrogen mustard derivatives was introduced.•The reasonable purification conditions and the optimized reaction time were recommended.

Effect of Ca/K Modified ZSM-5 on Catalytic Cracking of Low Carbon Olefin

In this paper, the structural and acidic changes of ZSM-5 zeolite modified by K and Ca were studied. Meanwhile we use in-situ FTIR to study the reaction of isobutylene on ZSM-5 zeolite before and after modification, investigating reaction mechanism and optimal reaction time. The results shows that the amount of weak acid increases in the modified zeolite. The Ca-ZSM-5 can not only effectively control the hydrogen transfer reaction to inhibit the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons, but also promote the occurrence of dehydrogenation cracking reaction; while the K-ZSM-5 is not effective in the cracking reaction.

Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foam with controllable defects by closed-environment chemical vapor deposition method and composite electrode electrochemical performance

Three-dimensional graphene provides a promising approach to developing high-energy-density electrodes. Compared with two-dimensional (2D) graphene, three-dimensional (3D) graphene has a three-dimensional conductive network, which greatly improves the ability of lithium ions and electron to transport and can tolerate the changes of structural and volume in the cycling process. In this paper, 3D graphene with controllable defects is prepared by using an innovative low-pressure closed chemical vapor deposition method, through using nickel foam as the template and polymethyl methacrylate as a solid carbon source. The effects of the amount of carbon source addition, reaction time and hydrogen content on the morphology and structure of graphene foam are analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the amount of carbon source added, the reaction time, and the hydrogen content have significant effects on the morphology and structure of graphene. The defect density and the number of layers of as-prepared graphene are directly proportional to the amount of carbon source added. There is a threshold for the reaction time. After reaching a certain reaction time, graphene with good structure and morphology can be formed. The optimal reaction time is about 20 min. The hydrogen content promotes the high-temperature pyrolysis of solid carbon source. The sample has a highest defect density at 0.5 kPa hydrogen content. In summary, the low-pressure closed CVD method has strong safety and can synthesize 3D graphene with excellent controllable structure and defects. The 3D graphene foam with a complete structure of 2–5 layers can be prepared under the conditions of 1000 ℃, 500 μL carbon source addition, 20 min reaction time and 0.5 kPa hydrogen content, displaying the best physical chemistry performance. The graphene foam prepared in this experiment has the characteristics of convenient and controllable defect density, light weight and stable chemical properties. When ZnO/GF electrode prepared with 3D GF as a conductive frame and active carrier is used as an anode, the lithium ion battery has a high specific capacity of 851.5 mA·h·g<sup>–1</sup> after 200 cycles, which exhibites high reversible capacity and good cycling performance. Although ZnO/GF electrode displays excellent lithium storage performance, the GF prepared based on the 3D Ni foam has a low spatial structure density and the surface loading of the ZnO/GF composite electrode is still low, resulting in a low energy density. Therefore, the following researchers should focus on the structural design of 3D graphene host/current collector to obtain a 3D graphene frame with high conductivity and high loading capacity.

Synthesis of silica (SiO2) from reproducible acid-leached oil palm frond ash (OPFA) via optimized sol–gel method

Agricultural waste has been investigated as potential silica precursor in multitude of various studies now a day. For this purpose, oil palm frond (OPF), an abundant oil palm-based biomass produced from oil palm plantation was utilized as the possible silica precursor. This study proposed a reproducible acid leaching treatment of oil palm frond ash (OPFA) and subsequently silica synthesized via optimized sol–gel method. Acid leaching treatment was conducted at optimum concentration, temperature and reaction time. The sol–gel process is the modified version of Stöber method that design to optimized silica production from acid leaching OPFA. The results of acid leaching signify that this process is highly repeatable where acid leached OPFA analysed producing parallel FTIR spectra that indicate each of the batches contain similar functional group that contain silica bonding with either hydroxyl or oxide ion. Meanwhile silica synthesised from the acid leached OPFA via optimized sol–gel method, successfully produced about 67–68% of silica. Both results confirmed that OPF is highly potential as silica precursor and a higher percentage of silica can be synthesized from this agricultural waste when treated accordingly using acid leaching and followed with optimized sol–gel method.

Glycerol valorization through production of di-glyceryl butyl ether with sulfonic acid functionalized KIT-6 catalyst

In this work, the etherification of glycerol with n-butanol catalyzed by sulfonic acid functionalized on KIT-6 mesoporous silica (SO3H-KIT-6) was investigated for the production of valuable fuel additives. The SO3H-KIT-6 catalyst was synthesized by co-condensation with different molar ratios of tetraethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyl(methyl)di-methoxy silane. The etherification reaction was systematically examined to determine the optimal reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and glycerol to n-butanol ratio under autogenous pressure. The maximum glycerol conversion and di-glyceryl n-butyl ether (di-GNBE) selectivity were 59.09 and 51.50%, respectively, when the SO3H-KIT-6 catalyst with the highest acidity was applied. Interestingly, the presence of a methyl group on the catalyst surface prevented glycerol adsorption during the reaction process, leading to the inhibition of undesired product formation. The SO3H-KIT-6 catalyst could be reused up to three times, with only a 13% decrease in glycerol conversion being found. Moreover, the superior performance of the SO3H-KIT-6 catalyst for di-GNBE production was also demonstrated compared with conventional solid acid catalysts including HZSM-5, H-beta zeolite, Amberlyst-35, and Amberlyst-36.

Preparation and characterization of nitrocellulose from bacterial cellulose for propellant uses

Nitrocellulose has attracted great interest amongst researchers due to its uses in a wide range of products including paint and gun propellant. This study focuses on the synthesis of nitrocellulose from bacterial cellulose via nitration method. It is important to obtain cellulose nitrate with a high percentage of nitrogen content so that it can be used as an ingredient in propellant. The experiments were carried out at various times of reaction; 30, 60 and 90 min. The samples were then characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface electron morphology (SEM). FTIR shows the presence of NO2 groups in nitrocellulose, proving that it was successfully synthesized by nitration method. This result is supported by SEM result which demonstrates different morphologies between pure and modified cellulose. As a conclusion, the optimum reaction time obtained in synthesizing nitrocellulose is 60 min with nitrogen content of 12.1%.

Optimize hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li2FeTiO4 composite cathode materials by using orthogonal experimental design method

In this study, Li2FeTiO4 was prepared as a promising cathode material for Li–ion batteries via simple hydrothermal process using commercial C2H3O2Li·2H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, and C16H36O4Ti as raw materials. The synthesis conditions, including temperature, time of hydrothermal synthesis, molar ratio, and pH value, were optimized based on an orthogonal experimental design. The optimal molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and pH were 4:1:1, 175 °C, 48 h, and 7, respectively. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of the product. The specific surface area (9.814 m2/g) of Li2FeTiO4 samples calcined at 700 °C was measured via nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, demonstrating the potential application of Li2FeTiO4. The sample prepared at optimal conditions and calcined at 700 °C exhibits a high initial specific capacity of 153.8 mAh/g at a rate of C/10. The heat-treated Li2FeTiO4 has a stable cycling performance owing to its unique morphology and good crystallinity, which was achieved during calcination.

Controllable vibration of liquid crystal elastomer beams under periodic illumination

The control of photo-induced vibration of liquid crystal elastomer(LCE) beams needs to be explored in depth considering the prospective applications in energy harvesters and active actuators. In this paper, the controllable bending vibration of liquid crystal elastomer cantilever beams driven by periodic light illumination is theoretically studied for the first time. Based on dynamic LCE model, semi-analytical solution to the light-driven bending vibration of the LCE beam is obtained by Mode Superposition Method. The numerical results show that periodic vibration of the LCE beam can be induced by periodic light illumination, and the vibration period of the beam depends on the period of the light illumination. For small damped systems, there exists an optimal periodic light illumination mode with the optimal period and optimal illumination time rate for the maximum steady-state amplitude of the forced periodic vibration. The optimal period is equal to the natural period of the beam, and the optimal illumination time rate is 0.5. With the increase of the illumination time rate, the vibration equilibrium position gradually moves towards the light source. For the optimal periodic illumination mode, the amplitude and reaction time of the bending vibration can also be controlled by light intensity, thermal relaxation time from cis to trans state, and damping factor of the beam, while the reaction time of the vibration in the beam mainly depends on the thermal relaxation time. The controllable vibration in this study is important for designing light-driven soft robots and photo-mechanical energy conversion systems.

Evaluation and optimization of electrocoagulation for treating Kraft paper mill wastewater

The performance of electrocoagulation (EC) using iron as sacrificial electrode was investigated at low current densities (0.6–1.9 mA/cm2) for treating a waste stream from a Kraft paper mill. A multi-level factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to quantify the effects of current density and reaction time on the removal efficiency of color, COD, BOD5, tannin/lignin as well as on the enhancement of biodegradability index (BI). Increasing current density or reaction time significantly improve the treatment performance. An antagonistic effect of the two studied factors was identified, indicating that simultaneously increasing current density and reaction time does not yield added improvement in treatment performance. An RSM was developed to predict the optimum current density and reaction time within the experimental data range of this study. It was found that an optimized treatment combination exists at relatively low current density and reaction time. The optimum value for maximum pollutants removal was ∼1.5 mA/cm2 and ∼25 min. Under the optimum condition, the removals of tannin/lignin and color were >70 % and >95 %, and BI was increased to 0.41 BOD5/COD. Current density is the dominant factor for energy consumption and operating cost compared to reaction time and electrode consumption. This study demonstrated that EC can be operated at low current density to remove the bio-refractory organics effectively and increase the biodegradability index to the level suitable to biological treatment at low operating costs.

Aqueous Preparation of Maillard Reaction Intermediate from Glutathione and Xylose and its Volatile Formation During Thermal Treatment.

Maillard reaction intermediate (MGX) generated from glutathione and xylose in aqueous medium was prepared via the Maillard reaction performed under a two-stage temperature increase process. The purified MGX was identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance as N-(1-deoxy-d-xylulos-1-yl)-glutathione (Amadori compound, C15 H25 O10 N3 S) with five main isomers. The method of Maillard reaction performed under a two-stage temperature increase process was further verified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The optimal reaction time and temperature for the preparation of MGX was determined as 60min at 90 °C. The yield of MGX was increased from 8.60% to 55.52% through thermal reaction coupled with vacuum dehydration. In addition, rapid and more Maillard-type volatile compounds were formed in MGX during thermal treatment than that in Maillard reaction products or glutathione-xylose mixture. Beside, MGX possessed more pleasing meat-like volatile profile compared with the Amadori compound of glutamic acid-xylose (AAX), cysteine-xylose (ACX), and glycine-xylose (AGX). Therefore, it suggested that the MGX had the potential to achieve a better flavor formation during thermal treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Maillard reaction intermediates, such as Amadori or Heyns rearrangement products (ARP or HRP), are important flavor precursors, which possess stable physicochemical properties, but tend to degrade into flavor compounds at high temperatures. Maillard reaction intermediate from glutathione and xylose acts as primary flavor enhancers to complete Maillard reaction to produce flavors in the subsequent thermal processing, which can significantly improve and stabilize the flavor quality of the meaty food, and deserves a very broad application prospects. The new developed method will be a significant theoretical basis on research preparation and properties of Maillard reaction intermediates in complex food systems.