Optimal Hydrothermal Conditions Research Articles

A novel Z‐scheme Er3+:Yb0.5Y2.5Al5N0.01F0.01O11.98/g‐C3N4–Pt–BiPO4 photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of azofuchsin and ciprofloxacin

AbstractIn this paper, a novel Z‐scheme photocatalyst Er3+:Yb0.5Y2.5Al5N0.01F0.01O11.98/g‐C3N4–Pt–BiPO4 was synthesized by sol‐hydrothermal and calcination methods. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS mappings, XPS, PL, and DRS. In addition, the optimal hydrothermal conditions for the preparation of BiPO4 were explored with the azofuchsin solution and ciprofloxacin(CIP) solutions as the target pollutants. At the same time, the best calcination temperature and the best calcination time of the Er3+:YbnY3−nAl5NxFyO12−x−y and BiPO4 were investigated. The results showed that the Z‐scheme Er3+:Yb0.5Y2.5Al5N0.01F0.01O11.98/g‐C3N4–Pt–BiPO4 photocatalyst has strong redox ability, wide absorption range of visible light, and excellent separation effect of electron–hole pairs, which can efficiently degrade organic pollutants and antibiotic.

Recovery of valuable metals and modification of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Improper disposal of used lithium-ion batteries will cause serious environmental pollution and waste of resources. A closed-loop recycling process based on hydrothermal leaching and co-doping is developed to recycle valuable metals by regenerating cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries. Valuable metals in scrapped cathode material are efficiently leached out by hydrothermal leaching with a lower concentration of H2SO4 solution. In this work, 93.11% of Ni, 92.84% of Co and 90.18% of Mn can be leached out under the optimal hydrothermal leaching condition (0.5 M H2SO4, 0.1 M Na2SO3, 20 g/L, 120 ℃ and 8 h). The Na-F co-doped materials Li1−xNaxNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2−xFx (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) regenerated by co–precipitation are studied in this paper. The micro substitution of Na for Li can compensate for the effect of fluorine doping on capacity reduction. Na-F co-doping can stabilize the crystal structure, reduce the cation mixing degree and enhance the electrochemical performance. The material with a doping amount of 0.02 exhibits the best crystal structure, the lowest degree of cation mixing, the lowest electrochemical polarization and the minimal resistance, playing the highest discharge capacity (176.37 mAh g−1) with the highest capacity retention (93.07%) at 0.2 C after 100 cycles.

Miscanthus sacchariflorus В СИБИРИ: ПАРАМЕТРЫ ПРОДУКЦИОННОГО ПРОЦЕССА, ДИНАМИКА БИОФИЛЬНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

Throughout the world, bioenergy crops are grown to replace fossil resources and reduce greenhouse gas emission. Miscanthus is one of the bioenergetic plants that is widely cultivated in countries with optimal hydrothermal conditions. There is little research on the specifics of Miscanthus spp. cultivation in the continental climate. The aim of the study was a preliminary assessment of the possibility of Miscanthus cultivation in Siberia. The production process of Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Soranovsky (The State Register of Breeding Achievements, patent No. 6931 dated 06/06/2013) was assessed under conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Novosibirsk Ob (Novosibirsk Province, agro-gray soil, the experimental base of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding). During the formation of Miscanthus long-term stands (1-4 years), the aboveground biomass averaged 13 t/ha, the belowground biomass 17 t/ha. These figures are close to the average for this species in the world. The total N, P and K removal with biomass of stems and leaves was 51, 6, and 49 kg/ha, and with stems it was only 23, 3, and 26 kg/ha, respectively. Accumulation of N, P and K in the belowground biomass was 130, 10, and 126 kg/ha, respectively. Therefore, our experiment did not show any depletion of biophilic elements in soil during a four-year growth of miscanthus. Rough estimates have shown the presence of objective prerequisites for the atmospheric carbon sequestration in the fractions of the soil organic matter. During the first year of Miscanthus vegetation, at least 300 kg/ha of carbon accumulated in the mobile fractions of the soil organic matter; an increase in the C/N ratio in the belowground biomass of Miscanthus up to 74 vs. 20 in the initial soil was accompanied by a significant decrease in the mineralization rate of newly incoming plant residues. The parameters of the production process of Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Soranovsky on agro-gray soil in the Central Forest-Steppe of Novosibirsk Ob region correspond to the growth characteristics of M. sacchariflorus cultivated in other regions of the world on different soil types. We conclude that cultivation of M. sacchariflorus in Siberia is ecologically and commercially reasonable.

Miscanthus sacchariflorus IN SIBERIA — BIOLOGICAL YIELD PARAMETERS AND DYNAMICS OF BIOFILIC ELEMENTS

Throughout the world, bioenergy crops are grown to replace fossil resources and reduce greenhouse gas emission. Miscanthus is one of the bioenergetic plants that is widely cultivated in countries with optimal hydrothermal conditions. There is little research on the specifics of Miscanthus spp. cultivation in the continental climate. The aim of the study was a preliminary assessment of the possibility of Miscanthus cultivation in Siberia. The production process of Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Soranovsky (The State Register of Breeding Achievements, patent No. 6931 dated 06/06/2013) was assessed under conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Novosibirsk Ob (Novosibirsk Province, agro-gray soil, the experimental base of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding). During the formation of Miscanthus long-term stands (1-4 years), the aboveground biomass averaged 13 t/ha, the belowground biomass 17 t/ha. These figures are close to the average for this species in the world. The total N, P and K removal with biomass of stems and leaves was 51, 6, and 49 kg/ha, and with stems it was only 23, 3, and 26 kg/ha, respectively. Accumulation of N, P and K in the belowground biomass was 130, 10, and 126 kg/ha, respectively. Therefore, our experiment did not show any depletion of biophilic elements in soil during a four-year growth of miscanthus. Rough estimates have shown the presence of objective prerequisites for the atmospheric carbon sequestration in the fractions of the soil organic matter. During the first year of Miscanthus vegetation, at least 300 kg/ha of carbon accumulated in the mobile fractions of the soil organic matter; an increase in the C/N ratio in the belowground biomass of Miscanthus up to 74 vs. 20 in the initial soil was accompanied by a significant decrease in the mineralization rate of newly incoming plant residues. The parameters of the production process of Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Soranovsky on agro-gray soil in the Central Forest-Steppe of Novosibirsk Ob region correspond to the growth characteristics of M. sacchariflorus cultivated in other regions of the world on different soil types. We conclude that cultivation of M. sacchariflorus in Siberia is ecologically and commercially reasonable.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Activity of Acer tegmentosum Using Response Surface Methodology

Extraction from edible plants is a highly important process that has various biological functions. To maximize biological activity, extraction methods should facilitate optimal extraction of functional phytochemicals. In this study, the optimal hydrothermal extraction conditions of Acer tegmentosum were determined using response surface methodology (RSM), and HepG2 cells were treated with optimized extract and hydrogen peroxide. In a central composition design, the independent variables were extraction temperature (X1: 70–90 °C), extraction time (X2: 2–6 h), and solvent-to-solid ratio (X3: 50–150). The maximum total phenolic contents (276.70 ± 10.11 mg GAE/g) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pictylhydrazyl) activity (33.45 ± 2.20%) of A. tegmentosum were estimated at optimized extraction conditions, as follows: X1: 89.34 °C, X2: 7.36 h, X3: 184.09. Using the calculated extraction conditions, functional phytochemicals were extracted by hydrothermal extraction and freeze-dried. A. tegmentosum treatment (>10 μg/mL) of HepG2 cells remarkably attenuated hydrogen-peroxide-inducible hepatic cellular death and reactive oxygen species production in vitro.

Optimizing food waste hydrothermal parameters to reduce Maillard reaction and increase volatile fatty acid production

The occurrence of the Maillard reaction and melanoidins formation during the hydrothermal treatment of food waste can reduce the yield of volatile fatty acids (VFA); however, few studies have investigated the adverse effects of the Maillard reaction. This study identified the impact of hydrothermal treatment parameters on hydrolysis and melanoidins formation and optimized the hydrothermal treatment conditions to enhance VFA production by minimizing the impact of the Maillard reaction. A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the hydrothermal treatment parameters and VFA production was evaluated. Results showed that temperature, reaction time, and pH were significant interacting factors with respect to hydrolysis and melanoidins formation while the C/N ratio and moisture content of food waste had little impact. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal treatment (temperature of 132 °C, reaction time of 27 min, and a pH of 5.6) enhanced VFA production by 22.1%. Under optimal hydrothermal treatment conditions, a higher initial C/N ratio further increased VFA production.

A novel and practical hydrothermal method for synthesizing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material

The cathode material, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, has attracted significant attention for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high stability and high capacity retention; however, its capacity and rate performance need further improvement. This study proposes a novel and practical hydrothermal method for synthesizing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with low agglomeration and better electrochemical performance. Herein, commercial precursor Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2, and stoichiometric amount of LiOH·H2O were used as starting materials. The proposed method includes a hydrothermal process without solid-liquid separation and a short heat treatment. The optimal hydrothermal conditions were explored. The hydrothermal prepared cathode material exhibited better electrochemical performance than that prepared by the traditional calcination method. Less agglomeration was observed using scanning electron microscope and higher Li+ diffusion coefficient was detected by cyclic voltammetry tests. The crystal structure refinement results suggest that the hydrothermal prepared cathode material had a more stable crystal structure with a lower lattice distortion and lower Li/Ni cation mixing. These features can be attributed to the lithiation reaction in the hydrothermal process and short calcination time of the heat treatment. The proposed hydrothermal method is simple and practical, avoiding high lithium consumption and wastewater discharge.

One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots with Excellent Photoluminescent Properties and Catalytic Activity from Coke Powders.

Water-soluble, high quantum yield, green color carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are prepared by acid reflux with the use of coke powders as a carbon source. The CQDs are characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and x-ray diffraction. The analysis includes the evaluation of key variables with effect in the synthetic process of the quantum yield (QY) of CQDs: the reaction temperature and time, the volume of mixed acid (concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3) and the pH value on the structure and properties of as-prepared CQDs. The results revealed that the optimal hydrothermal synthesis conditions for obtaining CQDs are reaction at 100°C for 8h, with the volume of mixed acid is 16mL, at pH value 9. The prepared CQDs have the activity of peroxidase-like and that quantum yield(QY)reached 34.27%.

Chloride intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide nanoparticles: novel photoluminescent colloids

The chloride intercalated Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) synthesized by coprecipitation method followed by hydrothermal route manifest the unexpected photoluminescent properties in their colloids. Constant pH (≈5) and the higher stirring rate were the extraneous factors which affect the LDHs particle size. Optimal Hydrothermal condition was found to be 70° for 7 h. XRD analysis reveals the Rhombohedral phase and TEM reveals average particle size 5–6 nm of Zn-Al LDH. FEG-SEM depicts its hexagonal plate-like structure and EDS focus on the elemental composition of Zn and Al in it. Colloids were synthesized at room temperature by delamination of Zn-Al LDH nanoparticles in formamide. It was observed that Zn-Al LDHs in colloidal form shows photoluminescence because of its high surface area which facilitates molecular interaction with formamide and speeds up the recombination process of excited electron and holes. The study reveals that Photoluminescence of Zn-Al LDHs colloid depends on Zn-Al LDH particle concentration in their colloids.

Cd(II) Removal by Novel Fabricated Ground Calcium Carbonate/Nano-TiO2 (GCC/TiO2) Composite from Aqueous Solution

The heavy metal Cd(II) in wastewater is highly toxic to organisms and must be removed. In this work, an efficient Cd(II) adsorbent consisting of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and nano-TiO2 (GCC/TiO2) was harvested through a facile two-step strategy. Firstly, GCC was immersed in titanium sol which prepared from titanium butoxide to form the precursor. Secondly, GCC/TiO2 was obtained via hydrothermal reaction and the optimal hydrothermal condition was determined to be pH of 3, temperature of 200 °C and reaction time of 12 h. The removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution by adsorbents under different hydrothermal conditions and adsorption experiments was studied by means of SEM, FT-IR, XPS, and ICP. The maximum Cd(II) removal capacity was approximately 124.07 mg/g at 25 °C and the adsorption equilibrium was attained in only 8 min (at 100 mg/g initial Cd(II) concentration, 0.8 g/L adsorbent dosage, and an initial Cd(II) solution pH of 5). Furthermore, the Cd(II) removal capacity of GCC/TiO2 was significantly higher than that of isolated GCC and TiO2 and exhibited an excellent self-settlement property, which is beneficial for adsorbent separation in practical applications. The Cd(II) removal mechanisms include ion-exchange reaction between Cd(II) and the Ca2+ ions on the GCC/TiO2 surface and electrostatic attraction. Moreover, the GCC/TiO2 adsorbent could be regenerated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt and exhibited a high reusability. The adsorption data could be well fitted by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic follows the pseudo-second-order model indicating that the removal processes are controlled by the chemisorption mechanism.

SPECIFIC AND POPULATION ADAPTATION OF CIRCULAR NEMATODES

The seasonal and perennial age structure of the population was studied in detail using the example of an oat nematode. The release of larvae from cysts into the soil with different intensities occurs practically throughout the entire vegetation period of host plants. Therefore, the age structure of the population changed with a certain cyclical nature and successive dominance of individual phases of development. At the beginning of May, diapausing larvae of the second age dominated in the age structure. In the first decade of June, a significant part of the population remained in anabiosis (36%) with a high proportion of parasitic larvae of the third (21%) and fourth (16%) ages, and later in the structure of the population an increase in the number of adult individuals: females and males occurred. After the formation of eggs, females eventually died off and turned into cysts - a stage of rest. It was also established that despite the optimal abiotic conditions and the presence of forage plants, part of the oat nematode population remained in diapause for many years, remaining an insurance fund for the survival of the species. The cyst nematode diapause should be divided into physiological — genetically fixed adaptation of the organism to experiencing cyclical adverse conditions and physical — induced by the short-term effect of meteorological factors. In whole, the general patterns of seasonal dynamics of the release of larvae from cysts were also observed when growing unresponsive crops of the crop rotation or keeping the experimental plots under clean steam. However, when activated by optimal hydrothermal conditions, and when growing insensitive crops with root secretions, the second instar larvae emerge from cysts, on average, 1.5–2 times less than the stimulating effect of typical host plants.

Synthesis of Water-Soluble CuInS2 Quantum Dots by a Hydrothermal Method and Their Optical Properties

Abstract Water-soluble CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) were hydrothermally prepared in the presence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) as a stabilizer, and the optimal hydrothermal synthetic conditions for NAC-capped CIS QDs were investigated. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of the CIS QDs synthesized under optimal conditions was 4%, which was comparable with the highest QY reported for water-soluble CIS core QDs. The introduction of a ZnS shell produced CIS/ZnS core/shell QDs and further increased the PL QY to 30%. Furthermore, bilayer structures consisting of Au nanoparticles and CIS/ZnS QDs were fabricated using a layer-by-layer method to enhance the PL of the CIS/ZnS QDs on the basis of the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticles.

Zirconium based metal-organic framework in-situ assisted hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Platanus X acerifolia exfoliating bark for bioethanol production

Metal-organic framework (MOF) assisted hydrothermal pretreatment and co-catalysis strategy based on UiO-66 MOF is developed for the first time. The Planetree exfoliating bark was pretreated with or without UiO-66 assisted hydrothermal method at a temperature ranging from 160 to 240 °C for 1–3 h residence. With the rise of pretreatment severity, the total reducing sugar (TRS) was increased till reached maximum, 180 mg g−1, in the presence of UiO-66. The fitting models validate the optimal hydrothermal condition was at 180 °C and 1 h, which was characterized with high TRS and very low yield of furfural and HMF. The TRS from enzymatic hydrolysis reaches maximum, 391 mg g−1, in the presence of MOF co-catalysis and the maximum ethanol yield achieved was 73%. Altered morphology, higher surface area and porosity are noticed after MOF assisted hydrothermal pretreatment. This study insights the MOFs’ application in lignocellulose biomass processing.

Conversion of Sucrose into Lactic Acid over Functionalized Sn-Beta Zeolite Catalyst by 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

The utilization of sucrose, an easily accessible disaccharide, in the production of a versatile platform chemical lactic acid (LA), is more attractive than a monosaccharide. In this work, we report a modification approach by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to introduce an amino group onto the surface of the Sn-Beta Lewis acid catalyst. Using the modified catalyst, a maximum LA yield of 58% was achieved under optimal hydrothermal conditions (190 °C, 4 h) from sucrose, along with a complete conversion and a reduced 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) yield of 8% compared to Sn-Beta. To evaluate the role of the amino group, different substrates were used as the reactants to produce LA. The experimental results suggested that both fructose and glucose were crucial intermediates in the initial 2 h, whereas glucose is the sole reactant after 2 h. Upon modification, not only the hydrolysis of sucrose was promoted, but the side reaction of HMF formation was also suppressed.

Synthesis of 4A Zeolite from Kaolinite-Type Pyrite Flotation Tailings (KPFT)

As a solid waste, kaolinite-type pyrite flotation tailings (KPFT) are a type of low-quality kaolin that contain impurities, such as iron and titanium. In this study, KPFT were calcined at 800 °C for two hours. The calcined production (CKPFT), which is mainly metakaolin, was used as the silicon and aluminum source to synthesize 4A zeolite (Na12[(AlO2)12(SiO2)12]·27H2O) via hydrothermal synthesis. The optimal hydrothermal synthesis conditions were determined from X-ray diffraction phase analysis, relative crystallinity (RC), and cation ion exchange capacity (CEC). The optimal hydrothermal synthesis conditions were determined to be a ratio of 5 g CKPFT, 6.5 g NaOH, 65 mL H2O, crystallization temperature 110 °C, and crystallization time of three hours. Under the optimal hydrothermal synthesis conditions, the RC and CEC of the synthesized 4A zeolite were 40.77% and 210.32 mg CaCO3·g−1, respectively. Further characterizations including pore size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed. The results revealed that impurities in KPFT do not affect the synthesis of 4A zeolite. The surface morphology of the synthesized 4A zeolite was composed of chamfered-edged cubes with a particle size of one to three μm that was thermally stable up to approximately 890 °C.

Effect of hydrothermal conditions on superconductivity and magnetism in [Li1−xFexOH]FeS

Recent reports of superconductivity and magnetism in single crystals of [Li1−xFexOH]FeS show unexplained variations in both superconducting and magnetic properties. We investigate the effect of hydrothermal growth conditions on these properties and find that increasing the growth temperature systematically increases the superconducting transition temperature (Tc), sharpens the magnetic transition, and decreases the scattering rate (Γ). The slow rate of Tc suppression with increasing Γ indicates a conventional s-wave superconducting state according to the Abrikosov-Gorkov expression. Samples with higher scattering rate show broader magnetic transitions and a stronger temperature dependence in the magnetic susceptibility. These results identify disorder, due to interstitial iron impurities, as the unique internal parameter responsible for the unexplained variations in Tc and magnetic ordering. We demonstrate the optimal hydrothermal growth conditions to minimize disorder and maximize Tc in [Li1−xFexOH]FeS crystals.

Waste Carton-Derived Nanocomposites for Efficient Removal of Hexavalent Chromium

A new nanocomposite (SCZ), microspherical carbon (SC) loaded with nanoscale zerovalent iron (ZVI), was fabricated to efficiently remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in water. Therein, SC was derived from waste carton through hydrothermal treatment after pretreatment of removing hemicellulose and lignin, and the optimal hydrothermal conditions (200 °C, hydrothermal time of 12 h) for the preparation of SC were obtained. Subsequently, SC could effectively load ZVI nanoparticles which displayed high dispersion on the surface of SC and in the pores among SC particles owing to steric hindrance effect. The obtained SCZ displayed a high removal efficiency of 100% within 5 h on Cr(VI) (20 mg/L), and the resultant SCZ-Cr could be conveniently separated from water because of its magnetism. Importantly, SCZ could be loaded in cardboard, and the obtained system could serve as a stable filter for removal of Cr(VI) in water. This work provides a cheap and effective method for Cr(VI) removal, which also greatly facilitates the recycling of waste carton.

Forming the Productivity of Spring and Winter Wheat in the Conditions of the Middle Priamurye Region

The results of a comparative evaluation of winter and spring wheat genetic material in the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Priamurye Region are presented. Eight varieties of winter wheat bred in Zernograd Agricultural Research Institute were compared to varieties and lines of spring wheat bred in the Far East Agricultural Research Institute. It was found that regional conditions meet winter wheat biological requirements completely and are favorable for productivity features. Under optimal hydrothermal conditions, the productivity of winter wheat varieties is within 30.6–58.4 dt ha–1, which is 22.3–75.0% higher than spring wheat’s due to a higher 1000 seed weight. On average over the years of research, 1000 seed weight of winter wheat was 35.0–41.0 g, while that of spring wheat was 29.7–36.6 g. In the local conditions, spring wheat’s grain quality is higher than that of winter wheat varieties. Spring wheat varieties and breeding lines surpass winter wheat crops in protein content by 2.5%.

Changes in carbon pool and CO2 emission in the course of postagrogenic succession on gray soils (Luvic Phaeozems) in European Russia

An analogous time series of fallow ecosystems (gray soils (Luvic Phaeozems) plowed and fallowed for 2, 7, 20, 60, and more than 120 years) in the broad-leaved forest zone of Orel oblast has been analyzed. Changes in carbon pool and CO2 emission in the course of postagrogenic succession during the vegetation and winter seasons have been estimated. The restoration of ecosystems on Luvic Phaeozems follows regularities revealed in analogous studies of southern taiga Podzols and forest-steppe Chernozems. Analogously to the other studied zonal chronosequences, total annual soil respiration on Luvic Phaeozems reaches the initial level of undisturbed ecosystems simultaneously with the restoration of phytomass reserve, although significantly earlier than the organic carbon reserve in soils is restored. According to regression models, among the zonal fallows in European Russia, including the southern taiga (Podzols), mixed forests (Luvisols), broadleaved forests (Luvic Phaeozems ), forest-steppe (Chernozems) and dry steppe (Calcisol–Solonetz soil complexes), the mean annual soil respiration is maximum in the zone of gray soils and Chernozems. The increase in soil respiration under artificial wetting (Birch effect) on fallows in the broad-leaved forest zone is minimum among the studied zonal chronosequences: 1.1 ± 0.6 (no effect), which corresponds to the optimal hydrothermal conditions in this zone.

Controllable Preparation of Zeolite P1 From Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers via a Hydrothermal Method

AbstractA more controllable method to synthesize particular zeolites from geopolymers is needed in order to effectively use these materials in industrial applications. In the present study, a well-crystallized zeolite P1 was synthesized from a metakaolin-based geopolymer (SiO2/Al2O3=3.2) using a hydrothermal method. The products obtained by hydrothermal treatment were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and specific surface areas. The XRD patterns and SEM micrographs indicated that the structure and morphology of zeolite P1 could be controlled by the NaOH solution concentration, hydrothermal temperature, and the hydrothermal treatment time. The crystalline structure of the prepared zeolite P1 was refined using the Rietveld method and the crystal structure parameters were as follows: a = 10.01 Å, b = 10.01 Å and c = 10.03 Å. The optimal hydrothermal conditions to form zeolite P1 were 24 h at a hydrothermal temperature of 100°C and 2.0 M NaOH solution. Moreover, the synthesized zeolite P1 had a specific surface area of 36.56 m2/g.