Zebrafish embryo assays are increasingly recognized as a robust and scalable model for developmental toxicity screening due to embryos' optical transparency, rapid organogenesis, and high genetic and physiological conservation with humans. Despite these advantages, conventional phenotypic assessment relies heavily on manual scoring of morphological abnormalities, which is time-consuming, prone to inter-observer variability, and challenging to scale for high-throughput studies. The lack of reproducible and automated scoring tools hampers the adoption of zebrafish assays in large-scale toxicology pipelines and regulatory workflows. We present FINS (Fish Imaging and Neural Scoring), an interactive, web-based platform that integrates deep learning-based classification with intuitive visualization and quality control tools for zebrafish morphological screening. FINS leverages convolutional neural network (CNN) models to automatically identify normal and abnormal phenotypes across multi-well plate images. It allows users to visualize the model's confidence scores, manually correct annotations, and track quality control metrics, providing a seamless workflow for both automated and expert-reviewed scoring. In benchmark experiments, FINS showed high classification accuracy across classes, with high F1 for both normal and abnormal groups. In addition to phenotype prediction, FINS incorporates a quality control (QC) module that automatically flags poor-quality or unusable embryo images (e.g., out-of-focus, occluded, or containing water droplets). This ensures that only valid images are used for downstream morphological assessment and reduces annotation time by over 70% compared to conventional scoring. By combining speed, accuracy, and interpretability, FINS enables reproducible, scalable, and standardized zebrafish image analysis, facilitating adoption into both research and regulatory applications. FINS is accessible at https://apps.sciome.com/fins/login/. For access, please contact us at software.support@sciome.com, Contact: [software.support@sciome.com].

Flexible and transparent triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have exhibited tremendous application potential in the fields of human-machine interfaces (HMIs), invisible anticounterfeiting, and environmental monitoring. However, developing electrode materials that simultaneously achieve high stability, excellent electrical conductivity, and good optical transparency remains a key challenge. Existing electrodes such as aluminum, indium tin oxide (ITO), and silver nanowires (Ag NWs) are electropositive, which greatly limits their applications in flexible wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces because human skin, clothing, and gloves are usually electropositive. Here, in this work, we propose flexible and transparent triboelectric electrodes through rationally designing a MXene-Ag NWs-MXene (MAM) 3D stacked interconnect structure. The electrodes exhibit high transparency, flexibility, stability, and electronegativity. The top layer MXene acts as both an electronegative layer and protective layer, which can help generate electrical output after contact and separation with electropositive materials (clothes, gloves, and human skins) and protect the Ag NWs from being oxidated even under circumstance of high temperature (85 °C) and humidity (99% RH). The Ag NW layer performs as a conductive layer to provide a cross-interface electron transport channel even though the top MXene layer is oxidated. The bottom MXene layer serves as both an adhesive and a conductive component. The MAM electrodes demonstrate a high optical transmittance of ∼84% at 550 nm and maintain stable conductivity and output performance after 1,000 bending and twisting cycles with different angles. To further demonstrate the practical potential, the MAM electrode-based TENG array is designed as invisible HMIs to control the LED and as a security overlay for keyboards to realize the function of identity recognition through machine learning. This work provides a strategy for developing advanced flexible and transparent electrodes in HMI systems.

Radiation shielding performance of CeF3-Doped Li2O-PbO-GdF3-SiO2 glasses: Monte Carlo simulation MCNPX and PHY-X/PSD study.

Flexible transparent supercapacitors (FTSCs) have been rapidly developed for next-generation intelligent electronics. Nonetheless, it remains challenging to balance the optical transparency and the areal capacitance of FTSCs because they are often contradictory. Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as appealing electrode materials due to their ultrathin nanosheets and accessible active sites; however, the intrinsically poor electrical conductivity of 2D MOFs hinders their advances in FTSCs. Herein, a layer-by-layer assembly strategy is proposed to fabricate the transparent conductive electrode of MOFs/PEDOT/PSS hybrid films, by employing NiCo-BDC (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) nanosheets and conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). NiCo-BDC/PEDOT/PSS can synergistically utilize abundant redox-active sites of 2D NiCo-BDC and high electrical conductivity of PEDOT/PSS, enabling fast charge transport and electrolyte ion diffusion. As a consequence, the NiCo-BDC/PEDOT/PSS FTSCs show a superior areal capacitance of 4.0 mFcm-2, a high optical transparency of 56%, an outstanding energy capacity of 110 μW h cm-2 at 0.13 mW cm-2, excellent mechanical flexibility, and cycle stability. This work opens a new avenue for the fabrication of transparent conductive electrodes and is promising for high-performance flexible transparent energy storage devices.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer exceptional tunability of optoelectronic properties, enabling wide-band-gap absorbers that are highly attractive for semitransparent devices in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). However, challenges associated with stability, scalability, and materials' cost continue to limit their practical deployment, highlighting the pivotal role of hole transport materials (HTMs) in achieving high efficiency and durable device operation. Herein, we report the rational design and synthesis of three novel small-molecule HTMs based on phenothiazine-triarylamine cores, prepared via concise synthetic routes with moderate-to-high yields. The electron-rich, nonplanar phenothiazine scaffold enables suppressed aggregation and favorable energy-level alignment, rendering these materials particularly suitable for wide-band-gap and semitransparent PSCs. When implemented in FAPbBr3-based semitransparent devices, two candidates (SM1 and SM2) achieve power conversion efficiencies comparable to those of the state-of-the-art poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) (PCE = 6.26% and 6.09% for SM1 and SM2, respectively, vs 6.39% for PTAA). Notably, their enhanced optical transparency leads to comparable light-utilization efficiency (LUE) (4.05 and 3.99 for SM1 and SM2, respectively, vs 4.07 for PTAA), with outstanding and superior bifaciality factors (84% and 82% for SM1 and SM2, respectively, vs 81% for PTAA), providing a distinct advantage beyond conventional opaque-PV efficiency metrics. These findings position phenothiazine-based HTMs as promising, cost-effective alternatives to PTAA for scalable semitransparent perovskite solar cells.

The growing demand for wearable bioelectronics and energy devices requires reliable energy solutions with sustainable features, multimodal responsiveness, and improved electrochemical performance. Natural biomass-derived hydrogel polymer electrolytes are ideal candidates due to their high conductivity, safety, and environmental friendliness. Herein, we propose a biodegradable gelatin-based hydrogel polymer electrolyte (GBHPE) synthesized via one-pot free-radical polymerization of gelatin, acrylic acid, and acrylamide, followed by ZnO/KOH solution immersion for polyelectrolyte functionalization. The GBHPE exhibits excellent conductivity, stretchability, optical transparency, adhesion, moisture retention, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Meanwhile, GBHPE shows high multimodal responsiveness and sensitivity for on-skin bioelectronics as a sensor to diverse pH, temperature, stress-strain, and bioelectric signals, effectively enabling human movement detection, temperature early warning, and underwater emergency Morse code communication. These results enhance GBHPE's practicality in flexible/wearable electronics and energy devices. Notably, the GBHPE performs exceptionally well in rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs), delivering a prolonged cycling lifetime of 563.38 h, achieving a high specific capacity of 859.43 mAh·g-1, and demonstrating outstanding rate performance. Additionally, in Zn||Zn symmetric cells, it exhibits a 459.33 h deposition/stripping cycle life, reduced polarization, and effective dendrite suppression. Overall, this work provides a robust strategy for high-performance hydrogel polymer electrolytes, promising for integrated wearable bioelectronics and rechargeable ZABs.

Conductive hydrogels are attractive platforms for soft electronic materials; however, many high-performance systems rely on conductive fillers, complex multinetwork architectures, or multistep processing that compromise scalability and structural clarity. Here, we report a bioreinforced, filler-free ionic hydrogel engineered through micelle-mediated dynamic hydrophobic domains within a hydrogen-bonded polymer network. Stearyl methacrylate is incorporated into a poly(acrylamide) matrix via SDS-assisted micellization, while gelatin serves as a renewable macromolecular reinforcement, establishing a cooperative network governed by reversible hydrophobic associations and extensive hydrogen bonding. This structure-guided design enables efficient energy dissipation and rapid elastic recovery without permanent structural damage. The optimized hydrogel exhibits ultrahigh stretchability (2420%), enhanced fracture stress (0.31 MPa), high optical transparency (∼85.9%), and low mechanical hysteresis, while maintaining stable ionic conductivity through NaCl incorporation. The dynamic network architecture supports reliable electromechanical response over a wide strain range (0.5-650%), with a maximum gauge factor of 12.08, fast response/recovery times, and excellent cyclic durability. Beyond device-level performance, this work demonstrates how controlled micelle-mediated hydrophobic domain engineering in a bioreinforced polymer matrix can generate mechanically robust, transparent, and conductive soft materials without nanofillers or complex processing. The straightforward one-pot synthesis and use of low-cost components highlight the scalability of this platform for next-generation soft electronic and wearable systems.

Polyimides (PIs) are widely used in frontier technologies because they combine properties that are difficult to achieve in other polymers, including high thermal stability with processability, mechanical robustness with dimensional stability, and electrical insulation with chemical resistance. In emerging applications, additional functions such as optical transparency, photosensitivity, or thermal insulation are required without compromising long-term reliability. This versatility arises from the structural tunability of PI chemistry around the imide backbone. By adjusting backbone rigidity, polarity, and free volume, incorporating fluorinated or alicyclic units, introducing crosslinkable end-groups, and adopting organic-inorganic hybrid motifs, PI systems can be tailored for diverse processing routes and material forms, including thermosetting resins for composites, engineering plastics, porous foams and aerogels, high-performance films and coatings, and photosensitive polyimides (PSPIs) for electronic packaging. Across these applications, structure-processing-property relationships, where molecular design defines the processing window and the processing route determines the dominant performance targets, provide a common framework for tailoring PI materials from aerospace assemblies to wafer-level packaging.

Persistent corneal epithelial defects (PEDs) and microbial keratitis are major contributors to vision loss. Current treatments, including topical eye drops, are constrained by low bioavailability and inadequate patient adherence. This study introduces a multifunctional, biocompatible contact lens composed of gelatin (G), amniotic membrane (AM), and the antimicrobial peptide CM11 (P). It is specifically developed to promote corneal healing and provide sustained drug delivery. Three hydrogel scaffolds (G, G-AM, and G-AM-P) were fabricated and systematically characterized, with emphasis on peptide release dynamics, antibacterial performance, and cytocompatibility, as these parameters are central to their therapeutic functionality. In vivo efficacy and safety were evaluated in a rabbit model using slit-lamp examination, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and histopathological analysis. G-AM-P demonstrated acceptable optical clarity, significant porosity (~ 94%), moderate hydrophilicity (contact angle ≈ 70°), and an elastic modulus of ~ 0.55MPa. Also, a biphasic release characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by plateau for up to 72h. G-AM-P inhibited Staphylococcus aureus with a 15mm zone of inhibition. This scaffold showed no cytotoxicity on the human corneal epithelial cells with viability exceeding 80%, after 72h. In rabbits, G-AM-P exhibited ocular tolerance, facilitated re-epithelialization, and did not provoke inflammation, neovascularization, or stromal haze. This study demonstrates, the development of a protein-releasing G-AM-P therapeutic contact lens that integrates optical transparency, mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, and targeted antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens. These findings highlight its potential as a promising platform for corneal epithelial repair with in vitro antibacterial activity, supporting further investigation toward clinical translation.

Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS, PP) is widely employed as a hole-transport layer in organic solar cells due to its optical transparency and solution-processability. However, PP application is often hindered by non-radiative recombination arising from interfacial energy-level misalignment, charge trapping, and suboptimal compatibility with the active layer. Herein, we propose an interfacial engineering strategy based on a donor-acceptor molecule with a rigid planar acceptor core and diphenylamine-based electron-donating peripheries, which facilitates intramolecular charge transfer. This intrinsic electronic asymmetry establishes an interface dipole layer upon the PP surface, effectively modulating the energy-level alignment to promote hole extraction and superior electron blocking. Simultaneously, the dipole layer optimizes the interfacial surface energy, thereby promoting molecular ordering in the active layer and nanoscale morphology. Furthermore, the dipole layer modulates exciton dynamics and suppresses non-radiative losses, leading to a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.1% (compared to 18.5% for the control device) in a bulk-heterojunction device. The PCE of 19.9% in the quasi-bilayer structure also confirms the role of the interface dipole effect. This work establishes that the engineered interface dipole serves as an effective approach that unifies interfacial energetics and exciton management, offering a new strategy for high-performance, stable organic photovoltaics.

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are promising candidates for flexible thin-film heaters owing to their high electrical conductivity, mechanical pliability, and solution processability. However, achieving both optical transparency and efficient Joule heating in flexible MXene films remains challenging due to the intrinsic trade-off between film thickness and light transmittance. Here, we report flexible, semitransparent MXene thin-film heaters enabled by a percolated conducting polymer network of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The strong aqueous compatibility between PEDOT:PSS and MXene allows homogeneous codispersion and facile film formation via spin-coating. Post-treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) significantly enhances electrical conductivity by inducing structural and compositional reorganization within the composite, reducing the sheet resistance from 1240 ± 117.9 to 129 ± 7.6 Ω sq-1 while maintaining a visible transmittance of 70.6%. The optimized films fabricated on ultrathin polyethylene naphthalate substrates exhibit excellent electrothermal performance, including a steady-state temperature of 92.2 °C at 10 V, a short heating thermal time constant of 3 s, and robust mechanical flexibility with a bending radius down to 1.7 mm. The heaters also demonstrate stable and uniform operation under repeated cycling. As a proof of concept, an electrically driven thermochromic device is demonstrated, highlighting the potential of PEDOT:PSS/MXene nanocomposites as rapid-response, flexible thin-film heater platforms for transparent and wearable thermal management applications.

The commercialization of all-perovskite tandem solar modules is hindered by the reliance on the conventional gold-based tunnel recombination junction (TRJ)1,2. Specifically, this TRJ introduces substantial near-infrared parasitic absorption3 and suffers from interfacial instability4, limiting both photocurrent generation and operational durability. Here, we develop a solution-processed interconnecting layer based on surface-engineered indium oxide (In2O3) nanocrystals featuring high optical transparency, wherein controlled nanocrystal morphology and tailored ligand chemistry enable smooth interfacial contact and favorable energy level alignment. Critically, we introduce a phosphonic acid additive into the lead-tin (Pb-Sn) perovskite precursor, which synergistically improves the electronic contact with the In2O3 recombination layer, thereby enhancing hole extraction. In addition, the additive regulates perovskite crystallization to mitigate residual strain during film formation, ensuring high-quality large-area deposits. This coordinated interfacial and crystallization engineering strategy simultaneously enhances carrier recombination efficiency at the interconnection layer, improves carrier extraction, and promotes large-area film uniformity in all-perovskite tandems. As a result, a 65-cm2 all-perovskite tandem solar module achieves a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.2%5, with an open-circuit voltage of 2.182 V, a fill factor of 77.4%, and a short-circuit current density of 15.6 mA cm-2 in terms of averaged subcell performance, measured by Japan Electrical Safety and Environment Technology Laboratories (JET). This marks a significant advance toward scalable perovskite tandem photovoltaics.

Fabrication of densely-packed nanoparticle layers@ cellulose nanofibril nanopaper via interface self-assembly and its SERS application.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as models in cardiovascular research due to their rapid development, optical transparency, and genetic similarity to humans. However, the lack of standardized experimental conditions, particularly regarding developmental stage and microenvironmental parameters, limits reproducibility across studies. This study aimed to characterize cardiovascular function in Zebrafish larvae and evaluate the impact of developmental stage and environmental factors. Wild-type AB embryos were maintained under standard conditions, and heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and ejection fraction (EF) were measured at 24, 30, 48, 52, 56, 72, 78, and 80 hours post-fertilization (hpf). The effects of variations in temperature (27.0, 27.5, and 28.0 °C) and pH (7.0, 7.4, and 8.0) were also assessed. Results showed a progressive increase in HR from 24 to 72 hpf, stabilizing thereafter. CO exhibited two phases of elevation: an early rise between 24–48 hpf and a stronger increase between 48–56 hpf. EF remained generally stable, with a transient reduction at 48 hpf. Cardiovascular performance reached a physiologically stable state after 72 hpf, defining a reliable window for functional studies. Environmental conditions modulated these parameters: temperature variation induced approximately 20% difference in HR and reduced EF, while CO was minimally affected. In contrast, pH variations within the physiological range had no significant impact on HR, CO, or EF. These findings highlight developmental and environmental variables that may influence cardiovascular measurements in Zebrafish larvae and support the development of more consistent experimental approaches in cardiovascular and toxicological research.

Biomimetic spider silk achieves remarkable functionalities through hierarchical architectures with highly oriented crystalline domains, offering potential across multiple disciplines. However, achieving uniform alignment and spatial control of nanocrystalline domains remains a critical challenge, limiting the realization of structure-derived optical and mechanical functionalities in bioinspired systems. Here, we develop an ultrastrong, transparent photonic hydrogel composed of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), wherein a programmable five-stage stretching-pause process enables precise alignment of CNC domains without sacrificing their intrinsic chirality—unattainable in conventional flexible polymers. This strategy facilitates uniform nanocrystal reorientation (orientation factor = 0.91) and transforms the porous network into aligned nanofibril bundles, yielding optical transparency (>90%) with anisotropic polarization responses, superior mechanical strength (61.6 MPa), toughness (251.8 MJ·m−3), and fatigue resistance (226.7 kJ·m−2). The flexible hydrogel resists creasing and serves as a sustainable scattering polarizer for programmable polarized displays and secure information encryption, providing a versatile platform for advanced optical and electronic applications.

A hybrid micro-ECoG for functionally targeted multi-site and multi-scale investigation.

To meet the increasingly stringent demands of next-generation electronic systems, magnetoresistive sensors are required to simultaneously deliver environmental compatibility, advanced functionality, and enhanced intelligence. Here, we demonstrate a synergistic strategy spanning device, algorithm, and system levels to address these challenges in a unified manner. By rationally designing functional inks, fully printable magnetoresistive sensors are realized through additive manufacturing, substantially reducing energy consumption and material waste during fabrication. Introducing magnetic-field guidance during printing enables vertical alignment of functional nanowires, resulting in an out-of-plane sensor architecture. This configuration not only reduces nanowire surface coverage, imparting exceptional optical transparency, but also suppresses the adverse influence of inter-nanowire junctions on electrical percolation, thereby enhancing mechanical robustness. Beyond materials and device engineering, the integration of machine-learning algorithms and system-level optimization extends sensor operation beyond conventional threshold-based mechanisms, enabling robust multi-pattern recognition capabilities. Notably, this functionality is achieved using a single sensing element without relying on sensor matrices or additional electronic components, thus preserving the intrinsic transparency and mechanical flexibility of the system. Leveraging the synergistic combination of these achievements, the proposed sensors offer an eco-responsible platform for next-generation imperceptible and intelligent magnetic sensing.

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV)-blue light (250-500 nm) has detrimental effects on human health, polymeric materials, and natural substances. The development of stable, efficient, and multifunctional materials capable of selectively absorbing harmful UV-blue light while preserving high transparency at longer wavelengths remains highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, we report a Cd-rich shell-engineering strategy to precisely tailor the band-edge states of ZnCdS nanocrystals (NCs), thereby achieving markedly enhanced the colloidal solution's absorption (optical path: 1 cm) in the UV-blue region, with nearly complete blocking of hazardous radiation (<1% transmittance at 500 nm), while maintaining outstanding optical transparency (>90% transmittance above 528 nm). Moreover, incorporation of ZnCdS@Cd-rich NCs into ethyl cellulose polymer matrix enables the fabrication of transparent composite films with excellent UV-blue light shielding ability, effectively protecting organic substrates such as wood against photodegradation. Even under laser diodes radiation, the NC-based transparent film still can possess outstanding shielding performance. The introduction of Cd-rich shell engineering as a versatile strategy to enhance short-wavelength absorption in semiconductor NCs, enabling the fabrication of optical films that effectively block harmful UV-blue light while maintaining high visible transparency, offering promising applications in optical filters and protective coatings.

Three-dimensional (3D) glass-ceramics nanoarchitectures hold significant potential for integrated photonics and microsystems, yet their functionality is not tunable since their shapes are typically fixed, limiting their use in adaptive devices. Here, a method for fabricating high-performance 3D piezoelectric glass-ceramics nanoarchitectures with feature sizes down to 160 nm is reported, which simultaneously exhibits excellent optical transparency and a pronounced piezoelectric response. A transparent single-source photoresist with an inorganic content of 66 wt % is proposed for high-resolution optical nanofabrication. Combining two-photon lithography with a carefully controlled sintering process, a polycrystalline ZnO-SiO2 glass-ceramics and an optimally performing monocrystalline Zn2SiO4-SiO2 glass-ceramics are obtained at 600 °C and 900 °C, respectively. The monocrystalline glass-ceramics achieve fully dense and high-fidelity 3D nanoarchitectures, which simultaneously exhibit enhanced piezoelectric response (d33 ∼ 45 pm/V) with fluorescence emission and excellent optical transparency. Moreover, a distinct angle-sensitive structural color from high-precision 3D photonic structures is demonstrated. This study demonstrates a promising strategy for developing tunable 3D glass-ceramics nanoarchitectures, with engineering application prospects in optical metamaterials, nanoelectromechanical systems, and intelligent transparent microsystems.

To mitigate the environmental impact of plastic pollution and paper waste, developing bioplastics from wastepaper as alternatives to non-degradable petroleum-based plastics is of great importance. However, current wastepaper recycling faces challenges such as complex preparation processes, low efficiency, suboptimal performance, and limited scalability. In this work, we present a facile and scalable direct hot-press transformation approach to directly convert wastepaper into thermally processable, transparent, and high-performance bioplastics. This approach involves the cleavage of the cellulose ring structure in wastepaper, followed by hot-pressing under mild conditions. The resultant bioplastics demonstrate excellent thermal processability and tunable mechanical properties (with tensile strengths ranging from 85.7 to 103.2 MPa) and thus can be converted into rigid containers or flexible packaging bags without the need for adhesives. They also exhibit high optical transparency, good water resistance, repairability and biodegradability. This work provides a streamlined direct transformation strategy to produce thermally processible, transparent and mechanically robust bioplastics, offering a scalable avenue to transform waste papers into bioplastics for sustainable packaging.