Optical Properties Of Samples Research Articles

Mueller matrix symmetry for both reciprocal and nonreciprocal metamaterials

Mueller matrices relate the Stokes parameters of the incident and emerging light, providing useful information about the radiative properties and other characteristics of the medium. Determining all elements of the 4 × 4 Mueller matrix requires complete polarimetry, which is often challenging to perform. Partial polarimetry, on the other hand, uses simpler optical components in generating and/or analyzing states of polarization, thereby measuring only a subset of the Mueller matrix. However, it may determine the full Mueller matrix under specific symmetry conditions. The present study develops a symmetry classification scheme to categorize the Mueller matrix of materials. It is shown that the symmetry of the Mueller matrix is directly determined from the information of symmetries of the sample's optical properties. Numerical calculations of various measurement scenarios, structures, and materials (with or without Lorentz reciprocity) are carried out to validate the methodology. This study offers an insightful understanding of Mueller matrix symmetry and practical guidance for simplified ellipsometry measurements.

Structural and Optical Properties of Graphene Oxide:Zinc Oxide on Different Types of Substrates

The structural and optical properties of ZnO-based nanostructure exhibit substrate-dependent variations. A comprehensive understanding of how different substrates influence the crystalline structure, absorbance and surface morphology of the deposited films remains a great challenge. This study was done to investigate the structural and optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) that alter with graphene oxide (GO) deposited on various substrates; glass, silicon, indium tin oxide (ITO) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by solution immersion method. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The optical properties of samples were determined using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD result revealed that all GO/ZnO samples have polycrystalline structures while FTIR showed the presence of C-O, C=O and C-H compounds on all substrates. The highest absorbance of 3.40 was shown by the GO/ZnO sample which was grown on a glass substrate while the lowest absorbance of 1.50 was exhibited by the sample that was grown on PET substrate. Based on the Raman spectrum all samples showed variety in phonon energy when ZnO was grown on different substrates.

Evaluation of effect of boric acid on thermoplastic starch: Morphological, mechanical, barrier, and optical properties

AbstractIn this study, starch was modified with different amounts of boric acid, and the degree of substitution of the synthesized compounds at different temperatures and times was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and titration methods. The degrees of substitution in both methods showed similar tendency. Optimum conditions were determined, and thermoplastic starch (TPS) and boric acid (B) films were prepared by casting method using glycerol as plasticizer. The morphological properties of the films were studied by scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS). According to the FTIR results, it was observed that the BO and BOC stretching vibrations increased when the amount of boric acid increased. The tensile strength, water barrier (swelling capacity, solubility, and water vapor permeability), and optical properties of samples were investigated. The swelling capacity, solubility, and water vapor permeability of the films decreased with the addition of 0.5% boric acid to the starch, but the highest tensile strength was achieved. The tensile strength for TPSB0.5% increased compared to control group TPS. In addition, the film showed the highest transparency. Thermoplastic film containing 0.5% boric acid can be used as a packaging material due to its improved mechanical and water barrier.Highlights The thermoplastic starch and boric acid composite were successfully produced. The presence of boric acid was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The degree of substitution was determined by two different methods. Transparency increased with the addition of boric acid. Tensile strength improved with boric acid content.

Novel synthesis of Cl/N Co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic activity

The N/Cl co-doped TiO2 nanostructures were studied as photocatalyst for rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene Blue (MB), and Methyl Orange (MO) degradation. A Commercial TiO2 (P25) grade was also compared to our materials. The N/Cl co-doped TiO2 at different Ti4+ precursors were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The structural, surface morphology, and surface area were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET. Optical properties of samples were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy showing that the N/Cl co-doped TiO2 has smaller bandgap than the P25. Overall, the improved N/Cl co-doped TiO2 samples showed better performance than the P25 for RhB, MB and MO degradations.

Experimental and theoretical study of electrodeposited CuInS2 thin films for solar cell applications

Absorbent CuInS2 layers were successfully prepared using an electrodeposition technique on ITO-coated glass, followed by a sulfidation process. The effects of sulfurization time on the structural, morphological and optical properties of samples were examined. The structure, morphology, and composition of synthesized films were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), while the optical properties were examined by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry. The experimental results show that the resulting films (CIS) are polycrystalline with a chalcopyrite structure with a preferential orientation along the (112) plane and show that Cu atoms separate near the grain boundaries and a wide bandgap value of 1.52 eV. The SEM study showed that the surface of the CIS films was dense and uniform. Theoretical calculations carried out by TB-mBJ showed a wide bandgap of 1.15 eV, a high refractive index, and absorption coefficient in the visible region which is consistent with the experimental results found.

Enhancing photocatalytic performance: a study of anionic (congo red, orange-g) and cationic (malachite green) dye degradation using WSe2 and WSe2/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite

In the work, we developed a novel visible-light-driven photocatalyst WSe2/ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanocomposite and performed a comparative dye degradation study on cationic (Malachite green, MG) and anionic (Congo red, CR and Orange-g, OG) dyes. WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite was synthesised by the benign chemical aqueous solution method, under low temperature and pressure. The crystal structure and surface morphology of WSe2 and WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), respectively. The optical properties of sample were examined using the UV–vis spectrophotometer and the obtained value of band-gap of WSe2 and WSe2/ZIS was about 1.76 and 2.0 eV, respectively. The WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite displays superior photocatalytic activity compared to bare WSe2 due to optimised surface charge and optical appealing characteristics of WSe2 powder, on the incorporation of ZIS. Pseudo-first-order and second-order rate kinetics were also studied and the result revealed that second-order model fitted well and the overall adsorption process is dominated by the chemisorption process. Scavenger tests were conducted to determine the active species () in photocatalysis mechanics, and the reusability of the nanocomposite was evaluated over 5 cycles. The photocatalytic study result demonstrated that WSe2/ZIS nanocomposite might be employed as an efficient, highly stable photocatalyst for the dye degradation application.

#3367 NON-INVASIVE OPTICAL ESTIMATION OF INTRADIALYTIC CONCENTRATIONS OF UREMIC TOXINS IN BLOOD OF HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Hemodialysis (HD) adequacy is generally estimated by the dialysis adequacy marker Kt/V urea that poorly describes removal of uremic toxins with different removal kinetics, such as protein bound or middle molecule uremic toxins, which have direct effect on morbidity and mortality of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. We have recently shown the feasibility of estimating an alternative dialysis adequacy marker that can be applied to dialysis sessions with varying settings and different uremic toxins, intradialytic time average concentration (TAC) of uremic toxins, such as urea, uric acid (UA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and beta-2-microglobulin in blood of ESKD patients, from spent dialysate concentrations determined by laboratory methods [1]. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to estimate intradialytic TAC of uremic toxins UA and IS non-invasively from spent dialysate concentrations determined by optical methods. Method Twenty-two ESKD patients on chronic HD were enrolled into the study. For each patient 4 midweek dialysis sessions with different treatment settings were included (1 HD: Qb = 200 mL/min, Qd = 300 mL/min, dialyzer 1,5m2; 3 HDF: median (interquartile range) Qb = 298 (296-356) mL/min, Qd = 795 (500–800) mL/min, Vsubst = 21.8 (15–24.5) L, dialyzers 1,8 m2 and 2,2 m2). During each dialysis session, blood samples were taken at 0 min (start) and 240 min after the start from the arterial blood line and dialysate samples were taken at 7 min and 240 min after the start from the outlet of the dialysis machine. Concentrations of UA and IS in serum and spent dialysate samples were determined with HPLC. In addition, UV absorbance and fluorescence of the spent dialysate samples were measured with spectrophotometer UV-3600 and spectrofluorometer RF-6000 (both from Shimadzu Corp., Japan), after which concentrations of UA and IS in spent dialysate samples were determined based on the optical properties of samples. Stability of HD treatment settings were monitored online and dialysis sessions with unstable blood and dialysate flow rates were excluded. TAC of UA and IS were calculated from serum concentrations and evaluated from laboratory and optically estimated logarithmic mean concentrations (Mln D) of spent dialysate. Results Mean intradialytic serum TAC values of UA and IS were 198.4±44.0 μmol/L and 69.5 ± 37.8 μmol/L and strongly correlated to those estimated from optically determined Mln D 198.0±38.9 μmol/L (R2 = 0.75) and 69.5 ± 37.8 μmol/L (R2 = 0.81), respectively. Mln D of UA and IS in spent dialysate based on laboratory methods were 102.2 ± 22.8 μmol/L and 5.9 ± 3.5 μmol/L and strongly correlated with the optically determined concentrations of 102.7 ± 23.1 μmol/L (R2 = 0.97) and 6.1 ± 3.4 μmol/L (R2 = 0.97), respectively. Conclusion Intradialytic serum TAC of UA and IS can be estimated non-invasively with optical methods from their concentration in spent dialysate independent of treatment modality. Optical online monitoring of spent dialysate in real-time could therefore provide additional information about treatment adequacy regarding the removal of uremic toxins’ other than urea. In future, TAC estimation models should be optimized for each uremic toxin to establish higher accuracy, considering real-time treatment settings, recirculation etc.

Improvement of the red emission of Ag+/Mn2+ co-doped NaMg(PO3)3 crystallized phosphors for possible application in UV-LEDs

NaMg(PO3)3 phosphates co-doped with Mn2+/Ag+ were prepared using the solid-state method at a temperature of 600 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the existence of a continuous solid solution during the substitution of Mg2+ by Mn2+ ions, confirmed by Vegard's law. Morphological studies reveal the presence of microcrystalline aggregates with sub-spherical crystal shapes displaying multiple growth steps reflecting the synthesis conditions and the shape of natural phosphates. The optical properties of samples were evaluated using UV–visible–Near InfraRed and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Four emission bands around 393, 418, 530, and 630 nm were observed and attributed to isolated Ag+ ions, Ag+-Ag0 pairs, Ag+-Ag+ pairs, and Mn2+ ions, respectively. An energy transfer mechanism is identified from the Ag + to Mn2+ and the red emission of Mn2+ was greatly enhanced under excitation at 255 nm of isolated Ag+ ions, which was confirmed by the luminescence spectra. These results indicate that NaMg(PO3)3 doped with 10 mol% Ag+ and 70 mol % Mn2+ could be a promising candidate for UV-LEDs emitting in the range between 200 and 300 nm.

The effects of etching time and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the ZnO/glass substrate

The purpose of the study is to determine the best technique for etching ZnO thin films. ZnO is deposited on the glass substrate using a radio frequency sputtering equipment. To etch the ZnO thin film, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% are utilised, with etching times of 30 and 60 seconds. The optical band gap is lowered after a specific quantity of etching, which shows that the film's crystallinity quality has improved. The impact of various ZnO thicknesses on the sample's optical properties is investigated using OPAL 2 simulator. In comparison to other ZnO layers of varied thickness, the OPAL 2 simulation shows that the 400 nm ZnO layer has the lowest transmission in the UV wavelength range.

Quantifying the effects of submicroscopic metallic iron on VIS–NIR spectra of lunar soils

Metallic iron (Fe0) particles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to the submicroscopic scale and formed by space weathering are specific components of lunar soil. Previous studies have suggested that the iron significantly alters the optical properties of lunar soil. For example, nanophase metallic iron (npFe0) causes both reddening and darkening of the lunar soil spectrum, and submicroscopic metallic iron (SMFe) only causes darkening. Here, we prepared SMFe particles with an average size of ∼180 nm embedded within melt glasses through carbothermal reduction experiments to analogize agglutinated glasses in the lunar soil. We evaluated the effect of SMFe content on visible and near-infrared (VIS–NIR) reflectance spectra of these lunar soil samples simulants. The spectral data show that SMFe content plays a key role in the optical properties of samples, including the average reflectance in the VIS-NIR range (400–2150 nm), and the absorption depth at ∼2 μm. A small amount (0.05 wt%) of SMFe mainly causes significant spectral darkening, and the average reflectance is reduced by 50% when the SMFe content rises to 0.36 wt%. Both the average reflectance and the absorption depth at ∼2 μm show a negative correlation with the SMFe content. We developed a quantitative model relating the spectral characteristics and the SMFe abundance based on experimental results. Thus, the SMFe contents play a key role in altering spectral characteristics of airless bodies during remote sensing spectroscopic detection.

A comparative study on the photocatalytic activity and formation mechanism of nanostructured Cu2ZnSnS4 prepared by thermal and mechano-thermal methods

In this paper, a nanostructured Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) was synthesized from elemental constituents through two simple methods: thermal and mechano-thermal. The thermal analysis was applied to determine the appropriate heat treatment conditions. Wet ball milling was employed in mechano-thermal synthesis to obtain a uniform activated powder, and the optimum conditions were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman results confirmed the formation of kesterite structure CZTS after annealing the mixture at 550 °C for 1 h in thermal synthesis, while the annealing temperature for CZTS formation is reduced to 410 °C in mechano-thermal synthesis. For mechano-thermally synthesized sample, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed the agglomerated powders with average particle sizes of 123 and 139 nm, respectively. The surface and optical properties of samples were compared through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), diffusion reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. DRS results demonstrated considerable absorbance over the entire range of visible light wavelengths with bandgap energies of about 1.48–1.51 eV. The photocatalytic activities of synthesized samples, degradation kinetics and mechanisms, and the effect of SnO2 phase formation have been investigated through photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation. The optimum mechano-thermally synthesized sample as the photocatalyst led to 94% degradation after 120 min. Mechanism explained by scavenger studies revealed that holes were the main reactive radicals responsible for the degradation process.

Wavelength-Tunable Quantum Absorption Spectroscopy in the Broadband Midinfrared Region

Infrared quantum absorption spectroscopy (IRQAS) enables the estimation of a sample's optical properties in the infrared region, using only a visible light source and detectors, which is technologically favorable. So far, spectral coverage of IRQAS systems has been limited to less than 1 \textmu{}m. This work reports a wavelength-tunable IRQAS system and an efficient measurement scheme to achieve broadband spectroscopy in a short acquisition time. The successful demonstration of rapid spectral measurement over a wide midinfrared window (1.9--5.2 \textmu{}m) exhibits the great potential of this technique and paves the way for the use of IRQAS in real-world applications.

INTERDISCIPLINARY SHARED RESEARCH FACILITIES "GEOANALYST" UB RAS: OPERATING EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS

The article presents general information about the interdisciplinary Shared Research Facilities "Geoanalyst" of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the main directions of its work, analytical equipment and types of work that allow obtaining quantitative information on the chemical (elemental and isotopic) and phase composition, parameters of the crystal and electronic structure, type and concentration of the lattice defects, optical properties of samples including minerals, rocks, bottom sediments, ores, products of their enrichment and processing, natural and drinking water, as well as synthetic compounds, techno- and biogenic objects. Consideration is being given to the techniques involved in the Shared Research Facilities such as electron probe microanalysis and electron microscopy; X-ray fluorescence, atomic emission and atomic absorption analysis; X-ray structural and thermal analysis; microelement mass spectrometric analysis; isotope mass spectrometric analysis and geochronology; physics and spectroscopy of minerals. Emphasis has been placed on the fundamental and applied sciences based on the Shared Research Facilities, its scientific and educational activities and the experience of working with users. Details have been provided for the formulation, testing and use of microanalytical methods for in situ study of the composition, structure and properties of minerals-concentrators of transition, rare-earth and radioactive d- and f-elements (zircon, titanite, etc.) with a spatial resolution from units to tens of micrometers. There have been analyzed the application and development of research methods; their metrological parameters; the procedure for selection and certification of internal laboratory reference samples; the possibilities for solving problems of fundamental and applied physics and chemistry of mineral matter, as well as geochronological problems.

Co2+:MgAl2O4 saturable absorber transparent ceramics fabricated by high-pressure spark plasma sintering

Single-stage processing of high-quality transparent functional polycrystalline ceramics is desirable but challenging. In the present work, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was employed for fabrication of Co2+:MgAl2O4 saturable absorbers for laser passive Q-switching. Densification of commercial MgAl2O4 powders, doped via co-precipitation, was carried out by conventional SPS and high-pressure SPS (HPSPS) under pressures of 60 and 400 MPa, respectively. The presence of LiF, a common sintering additive, was detrimental to optical properties as it promoted reaction of cobalt with sulfur impurities and the formation of Co9S8 inclusions. Densification by HPSPS without LiF allowed to obtain highly transparent Co2+:MgAl2O4. The optical properties of samples, with doping concentrations varying between 0.01 and 0.1 at.% Co2+, were assessed and saturable absorption was demonstrated at ~1.5 µm wavelength, exhibiting ground-state (σgs) and excited (σes) cross-sections of 3.5×10-19 and 0.8×10-19 cm2, respectively. Thus, it was established that HPSPS is an effective method to fabricate transparent Co2+:MgAl2O4 ceramics.

Morphological and Electrical properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite with Graphene

The solution casting method was used to prepare a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite with Graphene (Gr). Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Fourier Transformer Infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the surface morphology and optical properties of samples. FESEM images revealed a uniform distribution of graphene within the PVP-MWCNT nanocomposite. The FTIR spectra confirmed the nanocomposite information is successful with apperaring the presence of primary distinct peaks belonging to vibration groups that describe the prepared samples.. Furthermore, found that the DC electrical conductivity of the prepared nanocomposites increases with increasing MWCNT concentration which is due to hopping conduction

Synthesis of NixMg1-xO nano particles solid solution by sol-gel self combustion method and investigation of its structural and optical properties

In this paper, the NixMg1-x O (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) solid solution nano-powder was synthesized by new and soft non-alkoxide sol-gel self-combustion method. In this method, Ni(NO3)3·6H2O, Mg(CH3COO)2·4H2O and Citric acid (CA), were used as Ni2+, Mg2+ ion and gelling and combusting source, respectively. Then, by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) the chemical reaction and the appropriate temperature to form a stable compound were determined. The influences of molar ratio of component (x) on structural and optical properties of samples have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. By increasing in x, all the samples are shown decreasing ecreasing in lattice parameter (a) and crystallite size (D), which indicates the contamination of magnesium oxide with nickel and the formation of NixMg1-xO solid solution. The Band gap was decreased by increasing in x which shows that Ni2+ ions in MgO structure causes some modifications in the energy levels and the optical absorbance characteristics associated with F centers due to oxygen defect centers.

Adjustable luminescence properties of Eu3+ and Bi3+ codoped Ca3Zn3Te2O12 phosphor

Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Bi3+, Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+, Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+/Bi3+ are prepared successfully in air. The crystal phase, microscopic image, and optical properties of samples are investigated by the X-ray difractometer, scanning electron microscopy, and edinburgh steady-state FLS 980 spectrograph. The green emission of Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Bi3+ phosphor with excitation at 314 nm is observed and its broad emission spectrum in the range of 360 - 790 nm is attributed to the 3P1 → 1S0 transition of Bi3+ ion. Under excitation at 395 nm, the red emission of Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+ is found, the chromaticity coordinates are (0.6392, 0.3605), and its PL spectrum is in the rang of 575 - 750 nm because of the 5D0 → 7F0,7F1, 7F2, 7F3, and 7F4 transations of Eu3+ ion. The doping Bi3+ ion can affect the luminescence properties of Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+ phosphor. The adjustable color light from green to yellow of Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphor with excitation at 314 nm is revealed when Eu3+ concentration is changed from 0 to 12 mol%. When the excitation wavelength is 395 nm, Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphor only emits red light with emission spectrum in the rang of 575 - 750 nm. The energy level diagrams of Eu3+ and Bi3+ in Ca3Zn3Te2O12:Eu3+, Bi3+ are drawn, which is used to analyze the luminous mechanism of samples.

New azopolyamide-nanocomposites reinforced with resorcinol modified ternary layered double hydroxide: synthesis, optical and thermal properties

ABSTRACT New optical polyamide (PA) containing an azobenzene moiety was synthesized. Novel layered double hydroxide containing three metal hydroxides and 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)resorcinol (RLDH) was prepared by a coprecipitation method. The nanocomposites were prepared from 3 and 6% of RLDH in the PA matrix via the solution intercalation technique. Structures, morphology, and thermal and optical behavior of samples were investigated. The PA exhibited the main decomposition step at 300–540°C and a char yield of 18.5, which improved after the addition of nanoparticles. Optical properties of samples were attributed to n-π* and π-π* transition of the trans-azobenzene, which were decreased after irradiation under 365 nm UV light.

Influence of solvent on solvothermal fabrication of BixOyIz nanophotocatalyst over Zn-Fe spinel for comparative demineralization of orange II and methylene blue under simulated solar light illumination

Novel p-n type BixOyIz/ZnFe2O4 nanoheterojunction was prepared in various solvents via two step solvothermal-precipitation route. The influence of solvent on physicochemical and optical properties of samples were investigated by FESEM, XRD, TEM, FTIR, EDX, pHpzc, BET and, UV-Vis DRS techniques. The results indicate that different solvents lead to distictive physicochemical properties. The results revealed that ethanol mediated samples possess superior performance than ethylene glycol, methanol and, water mediated samples. This is ascribed to band position of nanophotocatalysts as Bi7O9I3/ZnFe2O4 and BiOI/ZnFe2O4 are type I and type II heterojunction structures, respectively. The type II heterojunction is the most effective architecture for the semiconductor heterojunctions. The photocatalytic performance of BixOyIz/ZnFe2O4 is tested under simulated sunlight irradiation via elimination of acid orange 7 and methylene blue. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism of degradation was proposed for the both heterojunctions. The effect of catalyst dosage, dye concentration and pH were also investigated.

Optimization of UVB photodiode based on ZnO nanorod arrays grown via the hydrothermal process

In this work, n-Type ZnO nanorods (NRs) were grown on a p-type Si (100) substrate using the hydrothermal technique. These p-n heterojunctions were made to fabricate ZnO-based ultraviolet (UV) photodiodes (PDs). To study the effect of solution volume -in the hydrothermal process-on the structural properties of the ZnO NRs arrays, three samples were prepared with different conditions. SEM characterization shows the well-aligned ZnO NRs arrays grown on all three substrates. X-ray diffraction characterization indicates the crystalline structure of all samples with a preferred orientation of c-plane (002). XRD results show the ZnO grain size enlargement concerning solution volume. To analyze the electric characterization of the samples, the current-voltage (I–V) analysis was performed under dark and illuminated conditions. The I–V measurement indicates that the increase of growth solution volume is leading to increasing in the responsivity of ZnO-based PDs. Additionally, the PL and UV–Vis characterizations exhibit that the optical properties of samples were also affected and therefore could be controlled and optimized by growth conditions.