Acquired punctal stenosis (APS) represents a common cause of epiphora and a reason for attendance at oculoplastic clinics. The three-snip punctoplasty is the mainstay of APS treatment, although perforated punctal plugs (PPPs) represent an alternative, offering reversibility and less burden on minor-operation lists. This study aimed to identify if PPPs are an acceptable alternative to the three-snip punctoplasty through comparison of functional, anatomical, and quality of life outcomes. Participants with APS were randomized to receive either a three-snip punctoplasty or PPP in this assessor-masked study. Participants were followed up for 1 to 2 years, with a total of 3 follow-up visits. Data collected included patient demographics, slit-lamp examination findings, punctum dimensions on punctal optical coherence tomography, and results of Watery Eye Quality of Life questionnaire assessment. Forty-seven patients were recruited, with 25 attending the first postoperative visit and 32 providing final follow-up data via a telephone questionnaire. Both groups had significant reductions in weekly eye watering episodes and total Watery Eye Quality of Life scores, with no significant difference between groups. Only the three-snip group had a significant improvement in their simple 1 to 10 quality-of-life rating, with a significantly greater improvement than the PPP group. Following the intervention, three-snip had wider punctal optical coherence tomography and Kashkouli grade. Both punctoplasty and PPPs are effective APS interventions. Despite greater enlargement to punctal anatomy following three-snip punctoplasty, PPPs, and three-snip punctoplasty both improve epiphora, although three-snip punctoplasty may provide a greater improvement to quality of life.

Routine clinical imaging of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is performed with large slice spacing, resulting in highly anisotropic images and a sparsely scanned retina. Most learning-based methods circumvent the problems arising from the anisotropy by using 2D approaches rather than performing volumetric analyses. These approaches inherently bear the risk of generating inconsistent results for neighboring B-scans. For example, 2D retinal layer segmentations can have irregular surfaces in 3D. Furthermore, the typically used convolutional neural networks are bound to the resolution of the training data, which prevents their usage for images acquired with a different imaging protocol. Implicit neural representations (INRs) have recently emerged as a tool to store voxelized data as a continuous representation. Using coordinates as input, INRs are resolution-agnostic, which allows them to be applied to anisotropic data. In this paper, we propose two frameworks that make use of this characteristic of INRs for dense 3D analyses of retinal OCT volumes. 1) We perform inter-B-scan interpolation by incorporating additional information from en-face modalities, that help retain relevant structures between B-scans. 2) We create a resolution-agnostic retinal atlas that enables general analysis without strict requirements for the data. Both methods leverage generalizable INRs, improving retinal shape representation through population-based training and allowing predictions for unseen cases. Our resolution-independent frameworks facilitate the analysis of OCT images with large B-scan distances, opening up possibilities for the volumetric evaluation of retinal structures and pathologies. Our code is available at <a href='https://github.com/tkepp/ResA-OCT'>https://github.com/tkepp/ResA-OCT</a>

To observe Berger's space in vivo in eyes with primary angle closure disease (PACD) and to identify factors associated with its visibility. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary center and included 81 participants (109 eyes) diagnosed with PACD. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT, CASIA2) images were used to evaluate the visibility of the Berger's space, and ocular biometric parameters were measured. The visibility of the Berger's space was compared among acute primary angle closure (APAC), fellow eyes of APAC (F-APAC), and chronic primary angle closure (glaucoma) (CPAC[G]). Additionally, ocular biometric parameters were compared between groups with visible and invisible Berger's space, and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were employed in the regression analysis to account for inter-eye correlations. The APAC group exhibited the highest prevalence of visible Berger's space at 36.67%, which was significantly greater than the rates of 9.38% in the F-APAC group and 17.02% in the CPAC(G) group (p = 0.028). The visible Berger's space group was younger (p = 0.008) with narrower anterior chamber angle, and anteriorly shifted lens position (p = 0.031) compared to the invisible Berger's space group. Factors associated with visible Berger's space included acute angle closure (p = 0.017, odds ratio = 5.650, 95% CI: 1.325-24.084) and younger age (p = 0.017, odds ratio = 0.937, 95% CI: 0.889-0.989). Acute angle closure and younger age were both associated with higher visibility of the Berger's space. Eyes with visible Berger's space are younger, have narrower anterior chamber angles and more anteriorly shifted lens positions.

Reliable identification of fibrotic regions is essential for targeted catheter ablation therapy, as current imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging face technical and clinical limitations, particularly in resolution and compatibility with implanted devices. This work presents the quantitative assessment of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to classify myocardium into fibro-elastic versus normal. We acquired ultrahigh resolution OCT images from a sheep model with chronic myocardial infarction and performed pixelwise depth-resolved analysis to generate attenuation coefficient maps. In addition, we extracted radiomic features from three dimensional subvolumes to train a XGBoost classifier and validated our results against histological ground truth using Masson's trichrome staining histology to assess diagnostic accuracy. Attenuation and prediction probabilities effectively highlighted fibro-elastic regions. Widefield en face representations offered fast three dimensional screening of cardiac fibrosis. The radiomics-based XGBoost classifier achieved an area under the curve of 0.97 for binary classification. Combining ultrahigh resolution OCT with a straightforward attenuation coefficient and a robust radiomics pipeline for optical property extraction and high throughput radiomic feature analysis enables label-free assessment of fibrotic microstructures in the myocardium. The proposed quantitative framework enhances the detection and characterization of fibrotic myocardial tissue, offering potential for improved diagnostic precision and clinical integration of OCT in cardiology workflows towards data-driven catheter therapy guidance.

The SYN-OCT dataset contains a total of 200,000 synthetic cross-sectional circumpapillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, comprising of 100,000 images from a generative image model for glaucoma eyes and 100,000 from a generative image model for healthy normal eyes. The generative image models were developed using real OCT imaging data acquired from study participants at the Singapore Eye Research Institute, and were trained with the respective real images from glaucoma or healthy eyes. Structural characteristics of the synthetic data were validated and found to be comparable with the real data using an automated segmentation approach. These measurements are provided together with the synthetic images. We envision this dataset to be useful for the development or validation of deep learning applications for glaucoma analysis and detection, and as a dataset to study the synthetic generation of medical images and their usability. This dataset is publicly available.

AI-driven virtual histology with optical coherence tomography for comparing acute and short-trem performance of bioresorbable scaffolds and drug-eluting stents.

To predict multiple postoperative parameters following implantable collamer lens (ICL) surgery with generative artificial intelligence, using preoperative anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images as the input. Daikanyama Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan; Nagoya Eye Clinic, Nagoya, Japan; Yokohama Sky Eye Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan. Retrospective Study. Our research involved paired preoperative and postoperative AS-OCT images from 1010 patients (1585 eyes) who underwent horizontal ICL implantation, and 86 patients (86 eyes) who received vertical implantation from four clinical centers. A Generative Adversarial Network, ICL-GAN, was employed to predict postoperative structures based on preoperative AS-OCT slice from each eye. Postoperative parameters, including vault, AOD500, and TIA500, were measured from the predicted postoperative structures. The prediction error was evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The correlation and agreement between the prediction and the achieved values were also analyzed. The vaults measured from the predictions of postoperative anatomical structure have a strong correlation with the achieved values on horizontal data (r=0.659, p<0.01 for ICL size of 12.1mm, r=0.799, p<0.01 for 12.6mm, and r=0.737, p<0.01 for 13.2mm) and when compared with the NK-formula and KS-formula achieved the minimum prediction errors (MAE are 105 μm, 114 μm, and 111 μm). ICL-GAN also performed best on the vertical implantation data. The AOD500 and TIA500 also showed good correlation and agreement with the achieved values. The generative artificial intelligence demonstrates the capability to predict multiple postoperative parameters following ICL surgery.

To assess in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats if the combination of two previously documented neuroprotective strategies: minocycline administration and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) intravitreal transplantation, offers enhanced neuroprotection compared with each treatment alone. Forty-eight homozygous pigmented RCS rats were divided into four groups: control, intravitreal BM-MNC transplantation, systemic minocycline treatment or combined therapy. Treatments were administered at postnatal day (P) 27-28. Animals were evaluated invivo by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at P28, P35 and P51. Retinal sections were analysed for photoreceptor survival (outer nuclear layer [ONL] cell counts), synaptic preservation (Bassoon immunoreactivity), microglial activation (Iba-1+ cells) and macroglial reactivity (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] expression). Both BM-MNC and minocycline monotherapies significantly preserved total and outer retinal thicknesses and increased ONL nuclei counts compared with controls. Combined treatment yielded superior protection at both P35 and P51. Minocycline alone or in combination significantly reduced microglial cell activation, while BM-MNCs alone or in combination significantly reduced GFAP expression. Synaptic integrity in the outer plexiform layer, assessed via Bassoon labelling, was significantly better preserved in treated animals, with the highest levels observed in the combined therapy group. Minocycline and BM-MNCs provide complementary neuroprotective effects in the RCS rat model. While minocycline reduces microglial activation, BM-MNCs modulate macroglial response. Their combination enhances photoreceptor survival and synaptic preservation more effectively than either treatment alone. These findings support the therapeutic potential of combining pharmacological and cell-based interventions in hereditary retinal degenerations.

Background/Objective: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has a pivotal role in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Although PCI is generally guided only angiographically, advancements in intravascular imaging, particularly in optical coherence tomography (OCT), may offer significant advantages. OCT provides high-resolution cross-sectional images that allow for a more detailed assessment of lesion characteristics and procedural outcomes, which are not fully available with angiography. These findings are associated with or predictive of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), encouraging the use of OCT in PCI procedures. This study sought to characterize the role of post-PCI OCT imaging in PCI optimization in patients with CAD. Methods: This retrospective study includes patients who underwent OCT-guided PCI. A total of 64 patients with various types of CAD were included. The primary endpoint was the identification of suboptimal stent implantation as evaluated with OCT after stent implantation, and the secondary endpoint was the assessment of the possibility to achieve optimal stent implantation after further OCT-guided optimization based on standard definitions of optimal PCI. Results: In total, 73 vessels were studied, 42.46% (31) had a stent expansion index (SEI) of &lt; 80%, 31.51% (23) had an SEI between 80–90%, and 26.03% (19) had an SEI of more than 90%. Minimum stent area (MSA) of more than 4.5 mm2 was found in 82.19% (60) of vessels, while 17.80% (13) had an MSA below the cut-off value. Suboptimal stent implantation was identified in 35.61% (26) of vessels, including underexpansion 9.58% (7), malapposition 15.06% (11), stent edge dissection 6.85% (5), plaque burden or lipid-rich pool in the stent edges 2.73% (2), and tissue protrusion 1.36% (1). Post-PCI OCT optimization resulted in significant improvements, with only 6.84% (5) of the vessels still not achieving all OCT criteria for optimal stent implantation. Conclusions: In patients with CAD, post-PCI OCT evaluation provided useful information, otherwise unavailable by angiography alone. We identified that 35.61% (26) of the targeted vessels, were suboptimally stented. OCT imaging was able to provide procedural and strategic guidance for optimization until the appropriate results, based on our criteria, were achieved in most of the lesions.

Background: The heterogeneous nature of cancer with varying degrees of fat, necrosis, fibrosis, and varying degrees of tissue repair severely impacts the success of acquiring adequate tissue samples during percutaneous image-guided biopsy. Although ultrasound or CT fluoroscopy are used to identify tumor location and thus to guide biopsy needle insertion, these technologies do not provide the necessary resolution to determine tissue composition and enable the selection of the most appropriate location for biopsy specimen extraction. As a result, biopsy must be repeated, leading to significant cost to the health care system. Methods: In this study, we introduce a combined optical imaging/artificial intelligence (OI/AI) methodology for the real-time assessment of tissue morphology at the tip of the biopsy needle, prior to the collection of a biopsy specimen. Addressing a significant clinical challenge, this approach aims to reduce the proportion of biopsy cores—currently as high as 40%—that yield low diagnostic value due to elevated adipose or low tumor content. Our methodology employs micron-scale optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to obtain detailed structural tissue information using a minimally invasive needle probe. The OCT images are automatically analyzed using a convolutional neural network (CNN)-driven AI software developed by our team. A U-net style architecture was used to segment regions of tumor from the OCT scans. U-Net is a specialized convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture designed for fast, precise image segmentation, which involves classifying each pixel in an image to outline objects. This streamlined approach shows promise to provide clinicians with real-time results, supporting more accurate and informed decisions regarding biopsy site selection. To evaluate this technology, we conducted a clinical study using a custom-made OCT imager and recorded OCT images from patients diagnosed with liver cancers. Expert OCT interpreters supplied annotated reference images that were used to train a custom AI algorithm. Results: OCT imaging with ~10 mm axial and 20 mm lateral resolution enabled the collection of high-quality images of the tissue. The AI analysis was performed offline. UNet achieved an AUC of ~0.877 on the validation dataset, indicating promising performance for the relatively small data set used to train the model. The AI model matched human interpretations approximately 90% of the time, highlighting its promise for making biopsy procedures both more accurate and more efficient. Conclusions: A novel OCT instrument and AI software were evaluated for assessing tissue composition at the tip of biopsy needle. The OCT instrument produced micron-scale resolution images of the tissue, enabling AI analysis and accurate real-time discrimination of tissue type. This preliminary study demonstrated the clinical potential of this technology for improving biopsy success.

Persistent corneal oedema can lead to reduced visual performance and longer-term ocular complications in eyes with reduced endothelial cell function. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of incorporating limbal scleral lens fenestrations on central corneal oedema. Twenty young healthy adults (mean age ± standard deviation 32 ± 11 years) with normal corneas wore non-fenestrated and fenestrated (3 × 1 mm limbal fenestrations separated by 120°) OneFitMed+ scleral lenses in both eyes (on separate days) for 3 h. All other scleral lens parameters were held constant except for the addition of the fenestrations. Central fluid reservoir thickness and corneal oedema were quantified using optical coherence tomography, and corrections were made for small thickness variations between lens conditions. The corrected central corneal oedema was significantly reduced following fenestrated lens wear (0.80 ± 0.93%) compared to non-fenestrated lens wear (1.32 ± 0.81%;a 39% relative reduction, p = 0.02). The reduction in central corneal oedema with the fenestrated lens was slightly greater for participants without an air bubble in the fluid reservoir (n = 10, 0.73 ± 0.80% less oedema, 45% relative reduction) compared to those with an air bubble (n = 10, 0.30 ± 1.05% less oedema, 30% relative reduction) but was not statistically significant (p = 0.31). The incorporation of three 1mm diameter limbal fenestrations separated by 120° reduced the magnitude of central corneal oedema by 39% on average in healthy eyes compared to a non-fenestrated scleral lens. A reduction in central corneal oedema was still observed without the presence of an air bubble within the fluid reservoir. Future studies investigating the long-term efficacy of different fenestration configurations in clinical populations are warranted. This study was registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Registration number 12622001164785p), date of registration 24 August, 2022.

Introduction: This is a retrospective case report of atypical acute retinal necrosis (ARN), describing a rare presentation of ARN in an immunocompetent adult, with choroidal, optic nerve, and orbital inflammation with exudative retinal detachment (ERD), complicated by early rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Case report: Examination revealed right eye granulomatous panuveitis, including granulomatous anterior chamber inflammation, dense vitreous haze, and peripheral necrotizing hemorrhagic retinitis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed inner retinal hyperreflectivity, thickened choroid, and ERD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed inflammation of the optic nerve sheath and orbital tissues. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Left eye showed an old peripheral chorioretinal scar. Patient received systemic acyclovir, oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, along with systemic corticosteroids and intravitreal ganciclovir. Final resolution of ERD and improvement in orbital and intraocular inflammation were observed. The patient subsequently developed early RRD, managed by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and silicone oil tamponade. Despite structural stabilization, visual recovery was limited due to late presentation, optic nerve, and choroidal involvement. Systemic investigations excluded alternative causes. Conclusions: ARN with concurrent panocular inflammation, choroidal, and optic nerve involvement is uncommon and may indicate a more aggressive disease course, often associated with poor visual prognosis. This case highlights that ARN with choroidal and optic nerve involvement may follow an aggressive course, requiring early PCR confirmation, intensive antiviral therapy, and timely surgical intervention to prevent severe visual loss

Background: Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) enables rapid assessment of retinal microvasculature. However, cross-platform comparability remains limited by device-specific acquisition and image quality characteristics. This study prospectively compared two novel SS-OCTA systems, DREAM (200 kHz) and BMizar (400 kHz). Methods: Fifty eyes from 25 healthy participants underwent 3 mm × 3 mm macular OCTA imaging with both devices in a single session. Images were analysed using OCTAVA to extract foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vessel area density (VAD), total vessel length (TVL), node counts, fractal dimension (FD), median vessel length (MVL) in SCP, and mean vessel diameter (MVD) in DCP. Image quality was assessed using FAZ-noise rate, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and FAZ noise-floor standard deviation. Paired comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Cliff’s delta. Results: BMizar acquisition time was shorter than DREAM for the evaluated 3 × 3 mm protocol (median 5.36 s vs. 9.93 s), reflecting differences in A-scan rate and protocol implementation; acquisition time is therefore reported descriptively. In the SCP, DREAM yielded lower VAD (41.9% vs. 48.8%) and fewer nodes (1547 vs. 1879) but exhibited markedly less background noise (noise-floor SD 4.1 vs. 57.9) and substantially higher CNR (16.7 vs. 0.82). DREAM also showed longer MVL (45 vs. 39 µm) and higher FD (1.98 vs. 1.97; δ = 0.90). In the DCP, DREAM demonstrated smaller FAZ areas (0.27 vs. 0.42 mm2), thinner MVD (14 vs. 25 µm), higher node counts (3144 vs. 2301), longer TVL (223.6 vs. 206.2 mm), and higher FD (1.98 vs. 1.97), whereas VAD was higher on BMizar (32.96% for DREAM vs. 49.93% for BMizar). FAZ-noise rates were consistently higher for BMizar in both plexuses. Conclusions: Both devices provide reliable SS-OCTA imaging, but with distinct strengths. DREAM delivers higher vascular continuity and more reliable FAZ and DCP quantification, whereas BMizar achieves faster acquisition at the cost of noise, inflating SCP density and distorting FAZ-based metrics. Awareness of these characteristics is essential to ensure the valid use of OCTA biomarkers in clinical and research applications.

PurposeTo longitudinally characterize structural and vascular density changes in demyelinating optic neuritis (DON) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA).MethodsThis prospective study included 23 patients (mean age 41.1 ± 15.3 years; 75.9% female) with first unilateral DON at a Portuguese tertiary center. Baseline (T0) and 6-month (T6) assessments included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), focal loss volume (FLV), global loss volume (GLV), and vessel densities from the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) and macular superficial vascular plexus (SVP). Affected and fellow eyes were compared. The Wilcoxon test was applied, and p-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg method (p < 0.05).ResultsAt baseline, affected eyes showed increased pRNFL thickness compared with fellow eyes, particularly in nasal sectors including nasal, inferonasal, nasal-upper, and nasal-lower regions (p ≤ 0.024). At 6 months, significant thinning was detected in average pRNFL and temporal quadrant (both p = 0.036), accompanied by higher FLV and GLV values (p ≤ 0.036). Longitudinally (T0–T6), progressive thinning occurred across all quadrants and ONH sectors in affected eyes (p < 0.05), while fellow eyes remained stable. OCTA revealed reduced vessel density in whole-image all-vessels, as well as in superior and inferior peripapillary sectors (p ≤ 0.028) at T6, with no significant longitudinal change after correction.ConclusionDemyelinating optic neuritis exhibits a dynamic course with early structural thickening followed by progressive neuroaxonal loss. Significant longitudinal pRNFL and ONH thinning supports sustained axonal degeneration beyond the acute phase. OCTA changes were restricted to selected peripapillary sectors, suggesting subtle parallel microvascular alterations. OCT and OCTA offer complementary information for comprehensive assessment and monitoring of demyelinating optic neuropathies.

PurposeTo evaluate the diagnostic and referral agreement between non-retina specialists (NRS) using the PathFinder artificial intelligence (AI) assistant and fellowship-trained retina specialists (RS - gold standard) in interpreting macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 202 consecutive patients undergoing OCT on the CIRRUS platform with the PathFinder AI module. Three RS independently graded all scans without clinical data, while three NRS interpreted the same scans using PathFinder assistance and full clinical information. The gold standard for both diagnosis and referral was defined by agreement of at least two of the three RS. The NRS recorded diagnostic confidence and time to AI-assisted decision. Agreement was assessed with Cohen’s and Fleiss’ κ and sensitivity, and specificity were computed for four major pathologies.ResultsAmong 202 eyes (mean age 62.7 ± 12.3 years), RS inter-agreement was moderate for diagnosis (overall κ = 0.59) and referral (κ = 0.47). NRS showed substantial (NRS1 κ = 0.78) to moderate (NRS2 κ = 0.64; NRS3 κ = 0.54) diagnostic agreement and high specificity (> 90% for all). Sensitivity varied across raters and diagnoses (0.57–0.89), with comparatively lower sensitivity observed for certain vision-threatening conditions such as age-related macular degeneration and macular hole. Referral agreement varied (κ = 0.68, 0.24, 0.34) amongst NRS. Visual acuity was the only significant predictor of referral discordance (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.55–0.80, p < 0.001). Median NRS with PathFinder assistance processing time was < 20s. The most significant false-positive diagnoses made by PathFinder-assisted NRS in eyes deemed normal by RS was ERM (40.0%), followed by PED (20.0%) and AMD (13.3%), observed across a small number of eyes and does not affect the results.ConclusionPathFinder is a valuable real-time decision-support tool in resource-limited settings; however, disease-specific refinements and clinical oversight remain important, particularly for vision-threatening conditions.

Rationale:White dot syndromes include multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), which are rarely reported to coexist or occur sequentially in a single eye. The co-occurrence increases diagnostic complexity, and there are no previous reports of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to PIC following the resolution of MEWDS. This case report aims to supplement clinical evidence for the pathogenesis and treatment of such sequential ocular diseases.Patient concerns:A 42-year-old healthy female presented with blurred vision in her right eye for 3 days initially; 2 months later, her right eye vision worsened further, and 2.5 months after that, she developed blurred vision again with decreased visual acuity.Diagnoses:At the first visit, the patient was diagnosed with MEWDS in her right eye based on fundus examination, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, visual field test, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. Two months later, she was diagnosed with PIC in the same eye due to new peripapillary yellow-white lesions and corresponding OCT changes. Another 2.5 months later, she was diagnosed with CNV secondary to PIC based on subretinal hemorrhage, abnormal vascular flow on OCT angiography, and fundus fluorescein angiography confirmation.Interventions:No treatment was given at the initial diagnosis of MEWDS. After the diagnosis of PIC, the patient received oral prednisone (1 mg/kg per day for 5 days, followed by gradual reduction over 6–8 weeks). For CNV secondary to PIC, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy (Ranibizumab, 0.5 mg/0.1 mL, once a month, twice in total) was administered.Outcomes:After 2 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, the best-corrected visual acuity of the patient’s right eye improved to 20/20, fundic hemorrhage resolved, and OCT demonstrated complete resolution of CNV. During 2 years of follow-up, no recurrence of CNV or PIC was observed, and best-corrected visual acuity remained stable at 20/20.Lessons:MEWDS and PIC may share common etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms. PIC may develop sequentially after MEWDS in the same eye, and CNV may be a complication of PIC. A combination of oral corticosteroid therapy for PIC and timely intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for secondary CNV can achieve favorable long-term clinical outcomes. Regular follow-up is necessary for patients with MEWDS to monitor for potential progression to PIC and CNV.

Metrics in Different Stages of Macular Edema in Diabetic Patients Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Choroid blood flow analysis in the contralateral eye of neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients with subretinal fibrosis using OCTA.

Near complete corneal regeneration after lamellar keratoplasty in rabbits enabled by an in situ photo-crosslinkable dendrimer-hyaluronic acid hydrogel.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). Disease progression can result in visual impairment, primarily due to diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Although several ocular treatments are available for DME, a subset of patients fails to respond, reflecting the multifactorial, complex, and systemic nature of DR. Inflammatory biomarkers can be classified according to different characteristics, including imaging biomarkers—most commonly assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT)—and molecular biomarkers, which are defined by their biochemical and biophysical properties. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, and inflammation-related enzymes are recognized as key inflammatory biomarkers and can be detected in the vitreous humour, aqueous humour, tears, serum, and other biological tissues. The identification and characterization of reliable biomarkers may help determine disease severity, monitor disease progression, and predict the risk of specific outcomes, thereby aiding in the prevention of end-stage disease (prognostic biomarkers). In addition, biomarkers may serve as predictive tools for therapeutic response, guiding personalized treatment strategies and enabling ongoing monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of inflammatory biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of DR and DME.