Oppositional Frame Research Articles

ANALISIS FRAMING PEMBERITAAN JOKOWI MINTA DIKRITIK DI MEDIA ONLINE TIMES INDONESIA DAN TEMPO.CO (ANALISIS FRAMING BERITA TIMES INDONESIA DAN TEMPO.CO PERIODE FEBRUARI 2023)

This study, entitled “Analysis of Jokowi's news framing, asked for criticism in the online media Times Indonesia and Tempo.co.”. The purpose of this study is to find out how Times Indonesia and Tempo.co framed Jokowi's news coverage asking for criticism. This study analyzes 4 news units, consisting of 2 news units from Times Indonesia and 2 news units from Tempo.co. In this study, researchers use framing theory where this theory assumes that frames are the way the media and media gatekeepers regulate the presentation of an event and the issues they cover, especially researchers using the framing theory proposed by Zhongdang Pan and Kosicki. The paradigm used in this research is constructivism with qualitative research methods. The results of this study indicate that the two media have very different and even opposite frames. Like Times Indonesia in reporting on Jokowi asking to be criticized, Times Indonesia tending to be less objective in this report, Times Indonesia going too far to heed Jokowi's policies without looking at other aspects that are also related to Jokowi asking for criticism, in contrast to Times Indonesia, Tempo.co in reporting Jokowi asking for criticism tends to try to maintain objectivity but is still embellished with a tendency to accuse Jokowi of being a paradox, but the information provided by Tempo.co is closer to the actual reality.

Deriving relations at multiple levels of complexity following minimal instruction: A demonstration.

Recommendations for achieving generalized instructional outcomes often overlook the capacity for generative learning for most verbally competent humans. Four children (ages 5-8) participated in this project. In Study 1, we provided decontextualized discrete trial teaching to establish arbitrary relations between colors, pictures of characters, and researcher motor actions. All participants engaged in derivative responding, providing evidence of relational framing. Subsequently, we demonstrated that, with no additional instruction, these derivatives contributed to effective action within a socially valid context (i.e., Candyland gameplay). Study 2 extended the demonstration by teaching frames of opposition. Following teaching, all participants engaged in novel and contextually appropriate responding that entailed the derivation of both coordination and opposition between untrained stimuli. This outcome demonstrates how teaching simple relations can result in learning that manifests at higher levels of complexity (i.e., relational networking), providing some evidence that there can be socially valid benefits to decontextualized discrete trial instruction.

Non-economic Migrants as Workers: Securing the Right to Work for Asylum Applicants in the EU

Abstract The figure of the asylum applicant worker sits uncomfortably in the oppositional framing of refugees and economic migrants. Yet, the recast Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU provides a right to work for asylum applicants. Through case studies of Ireland and Sweden, this article examines the implementation of the right to work and describes an assemblage of de lege and de facto barriers that restrict access to the right to work in both Member States. Three legal avenues in EU law are explored to assess their potentiality to better secure this right. While the principle of effectiveness and fundamental rights prove useful, non-discrimination law remains limited in protecting the specific socio-legal status of asylum applicant workers. This article contributes to scholarship on the intersection of migration and labour law and the location of the asylum applicant worker within that intersection.

A Pregnant Pause: Pregnancy, Miscarriage, and Suspended Time

AbstractThis article takes the rupturing of normative, linear, reproductive time that occurs in the event of miscarriage as a potentially generative philosophical moment—a catalyst to rethink pregnancy aside from the expectation of child-production. Pregnant time is usually imagined as a linear passage toward birth. Accordingly, the one who “miscarries” appears as suspended within an arrested journey that never arrived at its destination, or indeed, as ejected from pregnant time altogether. But here I propose to rethink both pregnancy and miscarriage through the lens of “suspended time”—a theoretical move that shifts the accent from the future as the dominating frame of reference to the lived present. Drawing on work by Kathryn Bond Stockton, Lauren Berlant, Lisa Baraitser, and others, the article explores overlooked temporalities of pregnancy and miscarriage that operate not in the mode of futural projection or futural loss, but rather through present-oriented forms of adjustment and sensing, attachment and intimacy, maintenance and care. By “suspending the future,” then, we can resist the oppositional framing of pregnancy and miscarriage, because if pregnant time is not represented in exclusively future-oriented terms as being-toward-birth, then miscarriage need not be understood as pregnancy'sundoing.

Competing Frames and Melodrama: The Effects of Facebook Posts on Policy Preferences about COVID-19

The tension between health and economic considerations regarding COVID-19 has resulted in a framing contest, in which proponents and adversaries of strong containment measures hold oppositional frames about the pandemic. This study examines the effects of competing news frames on social media users' policy preferences and the moderation of framing effects played by melodramatic news treatment. Results from a pre-registered online survey experiment in Chile (N = 518) show that participants exposed to Facebook posts with an economic frame were significantly less supportive of measures that restrict mobility (e.g., quarantines) than participants in the control group. Contrary to expectations, exposure to a public health frame also reduced support for stay-at-home orders, and the presence of melodramatic features had no significant impact on users' preferences. Other variables, however, did alter these framing effects, such as fear of COVID-19 and frequency of social media news use. These findings paint a rather complex picture of framing effects during the pandemic in a digital media environment.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE RUSSIAN MASS MEDIA: A POLITICAL CONTEXT

The article examines the media policy of the Russian newspapers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study is to find out how various political power groups in the context of the global threat use language to construct ideas about the correctness/incorrectness, effectiveness/ineffectiveness of the national health policy, and program the readers' readiness to change their behavior to ensure collective health security; how social and political actors are ready to cooperate and unite in the face of risks. The analysis is based on the study of messages published in the official press organ of the Government of the Russian Federation – in the newspaper “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” and in the independent publication – “Novaya Gazeta” – in the period from March to October 2020. The study was performed using the method of frame analysis and the contextual and situational analysis techniques. It is shown how influential media use certain frames to structure and organize social reality during the epidemic, and what interpretations and assessments are given to the actions of various parties. The analysis allows the authors to identify a high level of politicization of the COVID-19 crisis. Politicians are the most frequent actors both in informative and analytical reports. The analysis of two federal newspapers with different ideological orientations suggests that both are dominated by publications containing statistical data and short news, without contextual information or situation structuring models. The official “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” conducts a restrained media policy aimed to promote active and comprehensive actions of the country's leaders, practically with no reference to the presence of different assessments and points of view on the situation, including the assessment of the actions of state institutions in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection. The oppositional “Novaya Gazeta” uses emotional, expressive headlines and the frames of opposition between state institutions and the people, which contribute to conflict-ridden perception of the situation, increase anxiety due to the increased distrust of the authorities and the polarization of society.

Shifting threats and rhetoric: how Republican governors framed Medicaid expansion.

The 2012 Supreme Court decision in National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius gave states the option to adopt the Medicaid expansion as part of the Affordable Care Act. Many states, especially those under Republican control, have since grappled with their decision to implement the expansion. We conduct a comparative analysis of how Republican governors framed their stance on the Medicaid expansion. We analyze public statements on the Medicaid expansion published in two major in-state newspapers from all Republican governors from June 2012 through June 2018. In total we collected, coded and analyzed 3277 statements from 66 newspapers. Several key themes emerge from our analysis. While every Republican governor used oppositional framing as part of their rhetorical response to the Medicaid expansion, the policy had a destabilizing effect on the previously unified opposition to health reform. We find that Republican framing split after the results of the 2012 election and that overall Republican governors shifted towards more supportive framing prior to the 2016 presidential election. Republican governors transformed how they framed their stance towards Medicaid expansion after Donald Trump was elected in 2016, with both supportive and oppositional moral-based framing of expansion increasing. These findings inform how policymakers use rhetoric to support their stance on controversial policies in a hyper-partisan and polarized political environment.

Analysis of apparent demonstrations of responding in accordance with relational frames of sameness and opposition by Alonso-Alvarez and Perez-Gonzalez (2018): A rejoinder.

Analysis of apparent demonstrations of responding in accordance with relational frames of sameness and opposition by Alonso-Alvarez and Perez-Gonzalez (2018): A rejoinder.

Framing experts' (dis)agreements about uncertain environmental events

AbstractAgreements and disagreements between expert statements influence lay people's beliefs. But few studies have examined what is perceived as a disagreement. We report six experiments where people rated agreement between pairs of probabilistic statements about environmental events, attributed to two different experts or to the same expert at two different points in time. The statements differed in frame, by focusing on complementary outcomes (45% probability that smog will have negative health effects vs. 55% probability that it will not have such effects), in probability level (45% vs. 55% probability of negative effects), or in both respects. Opposite frames strengthened disagreement when combined with different probability levels. Approximate probabilities can be “framed” in yet another way by indicating reference values they are “over” or “under”. Statements that use different directional verbal terms (over vs. under 50%) indicated greater disagreement than statements with the same directional term but different probability levels (over 50% vs. over 70%). Framing and directional terms similarly affected consistency judgments when both statements were issued by the same expert at different occasions. The effect of framing on perceived agreement was significant for medium (10 and 20 percentage points) differences between probabilities, whereas the effect of directional term was stable for numerical differences up to 40 percentage points. To emphasize agreement between different estimates, they should be framed in the same way. To accentuate disagreements or changes of opinion, opposite framings should be used.

Queer Inhumanisms

“Queer Inhumanisms” from its outset sought to move away from the progressive-temporal and oppositional frames encoded in such terms as posthuman or anti-humanist, and thus also from its own ostensible novelty. Rather, its emphasis was on studying extant or nearby strands of what can be taken as queer inhumanist thought, the identification of which must not depend on either presentist or essentialist or otherwise narrow terms: this work has been thought, and articulated, by so many, and it does a violence to pretend otherwise. Our piece ends with a reflection on the way in which queer inhumanisms do not, therefore, easily congeal into a monolithic politics—but that their presences can be felt in so many, and such different, political contingencies.

Contesting Medical Miracles: A Collective Action Framing Analysis of CCSVI and Venous Angioplasty (“Liberation Therapy”) for People With Multiple Sclerosis in News and Social Media

This study examines how a medically contested procedure for people living with multiple sclerosis was framed by the news media and challenged by user-generated Facebook content. While expected narrative patterns ensued (advocates being positive and the scientific community being cautious), embedded were collective action oppositional frames that forced shifts in scientific and policy decisions that defied standard evidentiary support in Canada. Medical experts and researchers need to engage in more effective science communication about the nature of the research process and engage affected health communities more in the research agenda, particularly for conditions characterized by considerable unmet need.

Analysis of apparent demonstrations of responding in accordance with relational frames of sameness and opposition.

We evaluated whether contextual control over equivalence and nonequivalence and responding by exclusion can explain the outcomes of relational frame theory (RFT) studies on sameness and opposition relations. We trained nine college students to maintain and reverse conditional discriminations with X1 and X2 as contextual stimuli. In Experiment 1, X1 and X2 controlled derived stimulus relations (DSR) analogous to those controlled by Same and Opposite in RFT studies. These results can be explained by at least two hypotheses: X1 and X2 were cues for equivalence and nonequivalence and responding by exclusion, or for sameness and opposition. In Experiment 2, X1 and X2 controlled DSR predicted by the hypothesis that they were cues for equivalence and nonequivalence and responding by exclusion, and not predicted by the hypothesis that they were cues for sameness and opposition. The results of Experiment 2 and the functional equivalence of X1 and X2 with Same and Opposite in Experiment 1 suggest that Same and Opposite were cues for equivalence and nonequivalence and responding by exclusion in RFT studies.

The completeness characterization of $$C(\mathcal {L})$$ C ( L ) , $$\mathcal {L}$$ L a locale

The result of the title is: an archimedean $$\ell $$ -group with weak unit A is (isomorphic to) $$C(\mathcal {L})$$ for some (identifiable) locale $$\mathcal {L}$$ (or, $$\mathbb {R}\mathcal {L}^{\mathrm {op}}$$ , $$\mathcal {L}^{\mathrm {op}}$$ the opposite frame) iff A is divisible and “ $$*$$ -complete,” (a type of sequential completeness). This is from Ball and Hager (Positivity 10:165–199, 2006), and is revisited here, with streamlined proof.

African Green Revolution, food sovereignty and constrained livelihood choice in Mozambique

ABSTRACTThis article examines the complicated food security agendas of the African Green Revolution and the food sovereignty models in Mozambique. Drawing on fieldwork conducted by the author in Mozambique in 2014 and 2015, the paper analyses how smallholder farmers engage with these two agrarian models. Whereas the literature frequently presents the African Green Revolution and the food sovereignty in oppositional frames, this paper finds that farmers in Mozambique utilize some of the tools that these models offer in complementary rather than competing ways. One such area is the use of commercial hybrid seeds and herbicides by some farmers associated with food sovereignty, an approach that runs counter to food sovereignty’s principles of agroecology. In Mozambique, farmers’ “lived experience” of food sovereignty is more a strategic response to their limited livelihood options, using whatever tools are available to them, rather than a resistance to power.

Contextual control over equivalence and nonequivalence explains apparent arbitrary applicable relational responding in accordance with sameness and opposition

We evaluated whether contextual control over equivalence and nonequivalence (i.e., selecting comparisons equivalent to the samples in the presence of a contextual cue, and excluding the selection of comparisons equivalent to the samples in the presence of another contextual cue) can account for apparent arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARR) in accordance with the frames of sameness and opposition, as defined in relational frame theory (RFT). Three college students were trained to maintain previously established conditional discriminations in the presence of a contextual cue X1, and to reverse them in the presence of another contextual cue X2 (e.g., X1-A1B1, X1-A2B2, X2-A1B2, X2-A2B1). Subsequent tests demonstrated that X1 and X2 functioned as cues for equivalence and nonequivalence. Later on, X1 and X2 were demonstrated to be functionally equivalent to supposed contextual cues for the frames of sameness and opposition employed in RFT studies (i.e., SAME and OPPOSITE cues), in tests for arbitrary and nonarbitrary derived stimulus relations. The functional equivalence of X2 and OPPOSITE suggests that OPPOSITE worked as a cue for nonequivalence. Thus, the results in RFT studies with SAME and OPPOSITE can be explained just by contextual control over equivalence and nonequivalence. Therefore, the explanation that they actually demonstrated AARR in accordance with the frames of sameness and opposition can be questioned and replaced by a more parsimonious explanation, based on a few simple learning principles. We discuss the implications of this conclusion for the debate among competing theories about the origin of stimulus equivalence and other derived stimulus-stimulus relations.

Aesthetic utilitarianism: heritage of modern Chinese aesthetics

The first half of the twentieth century saw the great work done by Chinese aestheticians, such as Wang Guowei, Cai Yuanpei and Zhu Guangqian, who dedicated themselves to the introduction of modern Western philosophical and aesthetic theories into the country, and to the ingenious inheritance of ancient Chinese traditions. The purpose of such endeavors was twofold: to reconstruct the Chinese ideology and culture, and to enlighten the mind and soul of the public. The direct consequence of such intellectual activities was the creation of “aesthetic utilitarianism” (审美功利主义), a theoretical framework that was neither a replica of the modern Western aestheticism nor a mimic of traditional Chinese political and moral utilitarianism. Instead, this theory, resulted from a seemingly “misreading” of the Western proposition of “aesthetic disinterestedness” in its application to the particular context of China at the time, propagated the innovative notion of “usefulness through uselessness” (无用之用). Its kernel was to cultivate the enlightenment potential of aesthetic disinterestedness, maximize the utilitarian functions of aesthetic appreciation, and, in the process, achieve the goal of refining morality, purifying sentiment, and salvaging life. Thus “usefulness through uselessness” provided a unique dialogic solution to seemingly oppositional conceptual frames of aesthetic disinterestedness and utilitarianism, and came to be an indispensable part of modern Chinese aesthetic traditions. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of this theoretical construct will not only be conducive to grasping localized characteristics of Chinese aesthetic principles and literary contemplations of the time, but also help gain a panoramic vision of modern Chinese aesthetic studies as a whole.

Public Misunderstanding of Science? Reframing the Problem of Vaccine Hesitancy

Public resistance towards scientific claims regarding vaccine safety is widely thought to stem from public misunderstanding (or ignorance) of science. Repeated failures to alleviate this ignorance make the problem of vaccine hesitancy seem intractable. I challenge this presumption of knowledge deficit and reinterpret vaccine hesitancy to be a problem of public mistrust of scientific experts and institutions. This finding invites new corrective measures: self-scrutiny by our scientific and governmental bodies regarding their own credibility as well as investment in dialogical rather than didactic communicative outreach to vaccine hesitant members of the public. Without the oppositional framing of the problem as a conflict of science versus ignorance, there is more room for conciliation of public health agendas with the concerns of the lay public.

Fat in a time of slim: The reinscription of race in the framing of fat desirability in post-apartheid South Africa

This article critically examines the way in which the reported sexual desire of black African men for fat women is contained and managed in South African media representations of fat. While sexual desire for fat women represents a potential challenge to the dominant framing of fat as diseased/dysfunctional/disgusting, the article shows how the reduction of this desire to one of two (racialized) ‘explanations’ – either evidence of racial primitivism or a (black male) strategy to avoid infection with HIV – emasculates the potentially powerful oppositional framing of fat as sexy. It is a mark of the dominant frame’s influence that it is capable of co-opting oppositional frames and recasting them in its own image. From the point of view of critiques of the fat-as-disease orthodoxy, the claim to the existence of an alternative norm of fat as sexually desirable in ‘black culture’ emerges as a problematic oppositional frame – saturated with raced assumptions in the way in which it is reported. The counter framing of the (black) fat body as sexually desirable is given column space to be derided and dismissed as an instance of deviant black sexuality, as a mistaken belief in need of ‘correction’, or it is subsumed under a medicalized frame as a strategy for the avoidance of disease rather than an expression of genuine sexual desire.

‘I Hate It, But It Still Sounds Good’: Collective Identity and the Evaluation of Oppositional Frame Resonance

While activists often respond to claims advanced by their opposition, little is known about how oppositional rhetoric is evaluated. This study focuses on the evaluation process, examining how movement actors assess the resonant appeal of oppositional frames. I analyze how activists in the American pro-choice movement respond to a faction of the pro-life movement that primarily frames abortion as harmful to women. Drawing on focus group conversations with pro-choice activists, I find feminist collective identity and their own experience advancing gendered frames influence which oppositional frames pro-choice actors consider most likely to resonate with a non-activist audience. These judgments subsequently guide decisions about how to respond to oppositional frames and construct of counterframes. I find activists to use collective identity to rule out potential strategies and tactics they feel are in conflict with what the group represents. I argue that in cases where similarities exist between frames and counterframes, experience advancing rhetoric superficially similar to that of the opposing movement provides strategic insight. Movement actors draw on lessons learned from their own collective framing experiences to evaluate how audiences will respond to oppositional frames with comparable cultural themes. These experiences serve as a guide, informing activists' perceptions of the frames a non-activist audience will be most likely to embrace, which frames must be addressed, and which can be safely ignored. This study emphasizes movement actors' agency and strategic decision-making processes, demonstrates how collective identity influences the framing process, and contributes to knowledge of how group experiences and identity affect perception and strategy.

Seismic retrofitting of RC buildings using CFRP and post-tensioned metal straps: shake table tests

This article examines the effectiveness of two innovative retrofitting solutions at enhancing the seismic behaviour of a substandard reinforced concrete building tested on a shake table as part of the Pan-European funded project BANDIT. To simulate typical substandard construction, the reinforcement of columns and beam-column joints of the full-scale structure had inadequate detailing. An initial series of shake table tests were carried out to assess the seismic behaviour of the bare building and the effectiveness of a first retrofitting intervention using Post-Tensioned Metal Straps. After these tests, columns and joints were repaired and subsequently retrofitted using a retrofitting solution consisting of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers and Post-Tensioned Metal Straps applied on opposite frames of the building. The building was then subjected to unidirectional and three-dimensional incremental seismic excitations to assess the effectiveness of the two retrofitting solutions at improving the global and local building performance. The article provides details of the above shake table testing programme and retrofitting solutions, and discusses the test results in terms of the observed damage, global damage indexes, performance levels and local strains. It is shown that whilst the original bare building was significantly damaged at a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.15 g, the retrofitted building resisted severe three-dimensional shake table tests up to PGA = 0.60 g without failure. Moreover, the retrofitting intervention enhanced the interstorey drift ratio capacity of the 1st and 2nd floors by 160 and 110 %, respectively. Therefore, the proposed dual retrofitting system is proven to be very effective for improving the seismic performance of substandard buildings.