Opportunities For International Collaboration Research Articles

Unlocking the potential of Industry 4.0 in BRICS nations: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

PurposeThis study is intended to introduce and summarise Industry 4.0 practices in BRICS nations (the abbreviation “BRICS” is made up of the first letters of the member countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and determine each nation’s current contribution to Industry 4.0 practice implementation based on past literature. As the BRICS countries continue to play an essential role in the global economy, it is significant to understand Industry 4.0, focussing on these emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachTo assess the present research work on Industry 4.0 practices and research studies in BRICS nations, a systematic literature review (SLR) is performed using the articles available on the SCOPUS database. This study is a descriptive analysis based on the frequency and year of publications, the most influential universities, most influential journals and most influential articles. Similarly, this study consists of category analysis based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, research design used, research method utilised, different data analysis techniques and different Industry 4.0 technologies were used to solve different applications in the BRICS nations.FindingsAccording to the analysis of past literature, the primary identified practices are centred on operations productivity, waste management, energy reduction and sustainable processes. It also found that despite the abundance of research on Industry 4.0, the major academic journal publications are restricted to a small number of industries and issues in which the manufacturing and automotive industries are front runners. The categorisation of selected papers based on the year of publication demonstrates that the number of publications has been rising. It is also found that China and India, out of the BRICS countries, have contributed significantly to Industry 4.0-related publications by contributing 61 percent of the total articles identified. Similarly, this study identified that qualitative research design is the most adopted framework for research, and empirical triangulation is the least adopted framework in this field. The categorisation of selected articles facilitates the identification of numerous gaps, such as that 67.14% of the literature research is qualitative.Practical implicationsUnderstanding Industry 4.0 in the BRICS nations helps to identify opportunities for international collaboration and future cooperation possibilities. This study helps to promote collaboration between BRICS countries and other nations, organisations or businesses interested in capitalising on these growing economies' assets and capabilities related to Industry 4.0 technologies. This study helps to provide essential insights into the economic, technological and societal impacts, allowing for effective decision-making and strategic planning for a sustainable and competitive future. So, this contribution links the entire world in terms of the better utilisation of resources, the reduction of downtime, improving product quality, personalised products and the development of human resource capabilities through the application of cutting-edge technologies for nearly half of the world’s population.Originality/valueIn this study, BRICS nations are selected due to their significant impact on the world regarding social, economic and environmental contributions. In the current review, 423 articles published up to August 2022 were selected from the SCOPUS database. The comparison analysis of each BRICS nation in the form of applications of Industry 4.0, the primary area of focus, leading industry working, industry involvement with universities and the area that needs attention are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most recent SLR and meta-analysis study about Industry 4.0 in BRICS nations, which analysed the past available literature in nine different descriptive and category-wise classifications, considering a total of 423 articles. Based on this SLR, this study makes some important recommendations and future directions that will help achieve social, economic and environmental sustainability in BRICS nations.

Analyzing the Challenges and Opportunities of Knowledge Management in Government Agencies in Egypt

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the challenges and opportunities of knowledge management in government agencies in Egypt
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: Knowledge Management (KM) practices have a positive impact on the performance of African Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) by enhancing innovation, improving decision-making, and increasing customer satisfaction. However, challenges related to knowledge transfer and limited resources can hinder the full realization of KM benefits in these organizations. Cultivating a strong learning culture is crucial for continuous improvement. KM strategies must be adapted to the local context and cultural nuances of African countries to maximize their effectiveness.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Institutional theory, resource-based view (RBV) theory & diffusion of innovations theory may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the challenges and opportunities of knowledge management in government agencies in Egypt. Government agencies should prioritize investments in technology infrastructure to enable efficient knowledge sharing and management. Policymakers should explore opportunities for international collaboration and knowledge exchange among government agencies from different regions.

Meeting IPA Shared Interest Forum on Young-onset Dementia

With the rising prevalence of dementia, numbers of people with Young Onset Dementia will probably increase too. Young onset dementia is increasingly being recognized as an important psychosocial and medical health problem with serious consequences for both patients and their families. In several countries it is acknowledged that this group of people, in which dementia started before the age of 65 years, has special needs and therefore a need for support and health care services that are particularly designed to fit those needs. However, the number of these special health care services is scarce.Main Objectives of the Young Onset Dementia Shared Interest Forum:Establishing a network of professionals and researchers that are involved in the care and research of people with Young Onset DementiaExchanging ideas between countries to improve care for people with Young Onset DementiaEstablish international research projects.During the meeting we will explore opportunities for international collaboration in new research projects.

Teaching Chinese Politics in the “New Cold War”: A Survey of Faculty

The past decade has been a difficult time to be a scholar of Chinese politics. After Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, opportunities for international collaboration began disappearing, and local interlocutors became increasingly nervous about speaking with foreign researchers. Since 2016, these problems have been compounded by the increasingly tense US–China relationship. Changing attitudes and policies in both countries have hindered those who conduct research on China, work with Chinese collaborators, and recruit Chinese students. The Fulbright Program in China and Hong Kong was closed; National Institutes of Health investigations into foreign influence in US science have caused US-based scientists’ research productivity to decline; and visa restrictions have hindered efforts to recruit Chinese graduate students (Jia et al. 2023). Legal changes in China, including the 2021 Personal Information Protection Law and the 2023 revised Counter-Espionage Law, could be used to target foreign scholars who conduct research in China (Lewis 2023; McCarthy and Gan 2023). The COVID-19 pandemic compounded these challenges in several ways: it caused a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States and created severe pedagogical challenges for those teaching Chinese politics and other courses containing “sensitive” material that could put students—some now physically located in China—at risk (Gueorguiev et al. 2020).

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT METHOD USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR TEACHING THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE TO PHILOLOGY STUDENTS

The relevance of the articleʼs topic regarding the implementation of the research project method using artificial intelligence for teaching the Japanese language to philology students is determined by several key factors influencing modern education and language preparation for students: the rapid pace of technology and artificial intelligence development, the need for knowledge of the Japanese language, which provides young people with opportunities for international collaboration and enhances their potential in the job market, the necessity for effective methods of learning a foreign language, particularly the Japanese language, which demands significant effort from students. The article proposes the use of project-based learning with artificial intelligence to combine academic research and practical experience, creating an innovative approach to teaching the Japanese language that meets the needs of the modern world and contributes to the professional and cultural development of philology students. The aim of the article is to justify the utilization of the research project method using artificial intelligence for teaching the Japanese language to philology students. The research concludes that research projects aimed at utilizing artificial intelligence for teaching the Japanese language and literature have significant prospects. They represent innovative solutions to problems existing in the educational process related to foreign language instruction. In the future, it is promising perspective to create a methodical system for the implementation of the project method using AI with further verification of the effectiveness of such method in learning the Japanese language and literature in HEI.

Challenges in and Opportunities for International Collaboration: Costing Flood Damages and Losses across Canada, Mexico, and the United States

Abstract Flooding, including inland and coastal flooding, is one of the most devastating and costly natural hazards in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Recent research conducted by an international team has focused on understanding the true and comprehensive economic costs of floods, with an eye toward addressing their impacts, allocating adequate resources for monitoring and preparedness, and building resilient communities. Flood-costing methods vary greatly among federal and subnational jurisdictions across the three North American countries. Because the rigor and consistency of existing datasets across the three countries vary significantly, it is also difficult to determine the economic impacts of cross-border events. This paper aims to critically analyze the research methods used to conduct this trinational project and develop recommendations for enhancing impacts of such work in the future. We discuss three major research barriers: gaps in knowledge and research capacity, differences in data collation and analysis methods across the three countries, and linguistic barriers in working across disciplines and economic sectors. We also explore how the COVID-19 pandemic significantly added to these three barriers. We propose creation of new institutional mechanisms that can play a major role in developing comprehensive, consistent, and cohesive data gathering approaches in Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Air pollution in Iran: The current status and potential solutions

Air pollution has been integrated into global challenges over the last few years due to its negative impact on the health of human beings, increasing socio-economic risks, and its contribution to climate change. This study attempts to evaluate the current status of Iran’s air pollution with regard to the sources of emissions, control policies, and the health and climate consequences that have resulted through available data from monitoring stations reported in the literature, official documents, and previously published papers. Many large cities in Iran surpass the permissible concentration of air pollutants, particularly particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, black carbon, and ozone. Although regulations and policies are in place and enormous efforts are being made to address air pollution issues in the country, implementation and enforcement are not as effective as they could be. The significant challenges may be regarded as the inefficiency of regulation and supervision systems, the lack of air quality monitoring systems and technology, particularly in industrial cities rather than Tehran, and the lack of continual feedback and investigations on the efficiency of regulation. Providing such an up-to-date report can bring opportunities for international collaboration, which is essential in addressing air pollution worldwide. We suggest that a way forward could be more focused on conducting systematic reviews using scientometric methods to show an accurate picture and trend in air pollution and its association in Iran, implementing an integrated approach for both climate change and air pollution issues, collaborating with international counterparts to share knowledge, tools, and techniques.

Navigating the Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Space Law: Challenges and Opportunities

The space industry is one of the most technologically advanced industries that aims for scientific explorations that benefit humanity on multiple fronts. Further, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies comprise game-changing tools that could be utilized to facilitate space exploration aims. The emergence of AI in the space industry would evolve how both industries look. Since many challenges in the current space industry could be addressed by implementing artificial intelligence, space objects will create "Intelligent Space Objects". Different studies were conducted to explore the implementation of AI technologies in space activities and their legal implications. The scope of this paper goes beyond the existing work. It will investigate the main AI applications in space and then explore their legal challenges, including issues related to regulations, liability, and policy questions. Accordingly, it will discuss the need for developing a novel legal framework to address these challenges, creating a strategic opportunity for international collaboration between states and organizations that will contribute to advancing space law. This study will review, evaluate, and analyze the current situation and recommend ways to establish a novel international space organization. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-01-04 Full Text: PDF

Designing an Observing System to Study the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) of the Earth in the 2020s.

Observations of planet Earth from space are a critical resource for science and society. Satellite measurements represent very large investments and United States (US) agencies organize their effort to maximize the return on that investment. The US National Research Council conducts a survey of Earth science and applications to prioritize observations for the coming decade. The most recent survey prioritized a visible to shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer and a multispectral thermal infrared imager to meet a range of needs for studying Surface Biology and Geology (SBG). SBG will be the premier integrated observatory for observing the emerging impacts of climate change by characterizing the diversity of plant life and resolving chemical and physiological signatures. It will address wildfire risk, behavior, and recovery as well as responses to hazards such as oil spills, toxic minerals in minelands, harmful algal blooms, landslides, and other geological hazards. The SBG team analyzed needed instrument characteristics (spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions, measurement uncertainty) and assessed the cost, mass, power, volume, and risk of different architectures. We present an overview of the Research and Applications trade-study analysis of algorithms, calibration and validation needs, and societal applications with specifics of substudies detailed in other articles in this special collection. We provide a value framework to converge from hundreds down to three candidate architectures recommended for development. The analysis identified valuable opportunities for international collaboration to increase the revisit frequency, adding value for all partners, leading to a clear measurement strategy for an observing system architecture.

Business Case Study for the Cycler: A Circumlunar Vehicle for Development of Space Tourism and Lunar Infrastructure by 2030

Cislunar space tourism is still a futuristic concept. However, the thrill and innovation that it offers has the potential to attract the attention of High-Net-Worth Individuals. As a result, developing regular tourist-focused cislunar transportation could be an opportunity for space entrepreneurs. Moreover, once established, cyclic lunar transportation might be a factor that could improve lunar business and infrastructure such as those considered for Moon Village. Today, the commercial development of cislunar vehicles is limited by costs and long duration research and development programs, while, the commercial benefits of a reliable transportation system of crew, tools, materials, and supplies are not fully understood. Consequently, the authors present the commercial viability of a cislunar space tourism vehicle utilizing the cycler concept. This article presents a business case for such a cislunar transportation vehicle and a related portfolio of services that might be realized by 2030. The business case expands previous studies on the Cycler concept proposed by Bombardier, Farr, and Peraldi in 2016. The commercial viability of this cislunar vehicle offers the opportunity for international collaboration as well as the potential for providing access to spaceflights for the space emerging nations. The cislunar space tourism Cycler is envisaged as a modular vehicle that will orbit the Earth and the Moon on a free return trajectory in a 7-day crewed journey (based on a study by Genova and Aldrin). The modular structure provides comfortable to premium travel conditions for 8 paying customers and 3 crew members as well as transporting goods using a cargo unit and a dedicated module to conduct scientific experiments. The article proposes a vehicle architecture using available components with the current Technical Readiness Levels of 6 or higher. This approach identifies technology gaps that need to be addressed to develop cislunar tourism and transportation and demonstrates the limited number of nations that are currently involved in developing these components. Furthermore, the article introduces a risk assessment of the envisaged civil cislunar transportation system, a dedicated financial modeling tool together with potential approach for financing the system through International public–private partnerships.

Legality of Non-kinetic ASAT Weapons: A US Perspective on How Technology Outpaces Law

Satellite vulnerability increases with every technological development. While these advancements are extraordinary, they also threaten the global economy through Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons. Many articles have been presented to show that a kinetic ASAT weapon is illegal under the current international law, but the analysis used fails to capture all ASAT weapons. The ambiguity and vagueness of the current laws and regulations in the Outer Space Treaty, the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and Customary International Law (CIL) all fail to adequately safeguard satellites against non-kinetic ASAT weapons. These particular weapons continue to go unaccounted for as the global community concentrates on kinetic ASAT weapons. While it is important to discuss kinetic weapons, we cannot forget to develop laws regarding non-kinetic weapons. Accordingly, this article will demonstrate that under current law the deployment of a non-kinetic ASAT weapon would be legal. Moreover, this article will demonstrate how current technology outpaced international law. Overall, this article aims to uphold the principles set forth in 1967, by the Outer Space Treaty (OST), exemplifying humanity’s ultimate opportunity for international collaboration. SEOs, Anti-Satellite Weapons, Space Law, International Relations, Global Economy, Cybersecurity

Recommendations for Interinstitutional and Interdisciplinary Research Informed by a PIRE Graduate Student Cohort Perspective

Abstract The U.S.–Taiwan Partnership for International Research and Education (PIRE) “Building Extreme Weather Resiliency through Improved Weather and Climate Prediction and Emergency Response Strategies” was an NSF-funded grant between universities and institutions in the United States and Taiwan that intended to understand 1) weather forecast uncertainty during extreme precipitation events and 2) how emergency managers use such information to make decisions. In this reflective paper, graduate students from the project’s working groups, including climate, ensemble, microphysics, and decision science, share their experiences of being involved in this ambitious program. A notable strength of this PIRE was its opportunities for international collaboration and related cultural experiences; however, despite direct student involvement in PIRE, student experiences varied considerably (e.g., research experiences, cultural exposure). Recommendations for improvement are informed predominantly by U.S.-based graduate student experiences and are discussed with the intention of bolstering future interdisciplinary research for students and investigators. To this end, projects of this scale and scope could benefit from more frequent communication among leadership and research groups, as well as explicitly outlining and prioritizing interactions between groups to focus and strengthen collaboration toward the completion of interdisciplinary research goals.

Pisco: An endless conflict for its geographical indication or an opportunity for international collaboration?

Pisco is a brandy produced from the distillation of wine, which is indissolubly linked to the history and national identity of Chile and Peru. The rivalry over the pisco’s geographical indication (GI) has a long history, mainly grounded on political claims rather than practical reasons. The article examines the historical background of the animosity, the arguments of each party to support their position and the impacts of the current international GI protection of the product (both from a financial and legal perspective). We conclude that a cross-border protection, allowing a joint binational exploitation of the spirit’s GI, is the best commercial strategy to increase the recognition and value of pisco in the international markets, which in turn, would benefit local economies and producers and notably encourage the cultural integration of both nations.

Variability in Global Prevalence of Interstitial Lung Disease.

There are limited epidemiologic studies describing the global burden and geographic heterogeneity of interstitial lung disease (ILD) subtypes. We found that among seventeen methodologically heterogenous studies that examined the incidence, prevalence and relative frequencies of ILDs, the incidence of ILD ranged from 1 to 31.5 per 100,000 person-years and prevalence ranged from 6.3 to 71 per 100,000 people. In North America and Europe, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis were the most prevalent ILDs while the relative frequency of hypersensitivity pneumonitis was higher in Asia, particularly in India (10.7–47.3%) and Pakistan (12.6%). The relative frequency of connective tissue disease ILD demonstrated the greatest geographic variability, ranging from 7.5% of cases in Belgium to 33.3% of cases in Canada and 34.8% of cases in Saudi Arabia. These differences may represent true differences based on underlying characteristics of the source populations or methodological differences in disease classification and patient recruitment (registry vs. population-based cohorts). There are three areas where we feel addition work is needed to better understand the global burden of ILD. First, a standard ontology with diagnostic confidence thresholds for comparative epidemiology studies of ILD is needed. Second, more globally representative data should be published in English language journals as current literature has largely focused on Europe and North America with little data from South America, Africa and Asia. Third, the inclusion of community-based cohorts that leverage the strength of large databases can help better estimate population burden of disease. These large, community-based longitudinal cohorts would also allow for tracking of global trends and be a valuable resource for collective study. We believe the ILD research community should organize to define a shared ontology for disease classification and commit to conducting global claims and electronic health record based epidemiologic studies in a standardized fashion. Aggregating and sharing this type of data would provide a unique opportunity for international collaboration as our understanding of ILD continues to grow and evolve. Better understanding the geographic and temporal patterns of disease prevalence and identifying clusters of ILD subtypes will facilitate improved understanding of emerging risk factors and help identify targets for future intervention.

National parks, protected areas and biodiversity conservation in North Korea: opportunities for international collaboration

National parks and protected areas represent one of the best ways to safeguard nature and preserve biodiversity, especially endemic and endangered species. Currently, more than 110 countries have some form of protected areas within their borders. North Korea’s comprehensive network of national parks and protected areas are rich in biodiversity and ecological value; however, contemporary research on the integrity of North Korea’s protected lands is incomplete. In this paper, we utilize a remote sensing approach to explore North Korea’s protected area system and investigate the current state of biodiversity conservation. We find that several key biodiversity areas have experienced severe tree loss and habitat fragmentation since 2000, indicating that the effectiveness of national park governance and management toward guarding against biodiversity loss is inadequate. To address the issue of biodiversity conservation, we recommend pathways for international cooperation aimed at enhancing conservation efforts and comment on the steps North Korea can take to achieve the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals.

Teaching history in Japan and England: exchanging ideas and comparing knowledge

PurposeThis paper describes and discusses collaboration between history teachers in England and Japan. The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which history is taught in each country as a part of a general commitment to international collaboration and as a means by which we could explore the connection between history education and global citizenship education.Design/methodology/approachThe teachers created two lessons (one from England and one from Japan) about the Russian revolution. Both lessons were taught in each country. Data were gathered from students and teachers to aid reflections on the nature and outcome of the collaboration.FindingsThe collaboration was very positive. Teachers and students were excited to work together and to experience different ways of learning about the past. There were different approaches to the ways in which knowledge was characterized in each country (teachers in England emphasizing contextually based historical interpretations; teachers in Japan emphasizing content and contextual knowledge).Originality/valueThis work contributes to the limited amount of research that is currently available about professional collaboration between high school teachers and students of history in Japan and England. The arguments that are made about the opportunities for international collaboration in the context of different characterizations of pedagogical content knowledge contribute to a relatively unexplored field. The authors contribute to our understandings of the relationship between history education and global citizenship education.

Global surgery initiatives for collaborative surgical education and research

As technology advances, sharing data instantaneously is becoming easier than ever and opportunities for international collaborations are becoming more and more easily available on a virtual level. Amongst the numerous areas of expertise that could benefit from this development, surgery stands out to be an esoteric one given the challenges faced as one embarks on collaboration in surgical education and research. Herein, we delve into the challenges faced when such international collaborations are attempted and provide insight as to how different areas across the globe could collaborate to improve outcomes in surgical education and research.

Space and the Papacy

There has always been a powerful connection in human consciousness between the beauty and otherworldliness of the night sky, and humanity’s religious yearnings toward a reality beyond the mundane. When Pope Leo XIII established an astronomical observatory in 1891, it was as a way of demonstrating the Church’s support of science; his choice of astronomy in particular was based primarily on the Holy See’s already established good reputation in the field, and specific opportunities for international collaborations. Nonetheless, since its founding, Popes have taken advantage of the natural connection between sky and “heaven” to promote the exploration of space as a way of coming closer, emotionally and intellectually, to the Creator. However, the nature of how this connection is understood has changed significantly over the past 125 years, most recently with the challenges of the Space Age.

Genetics of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: New Insights.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most common monogenic diseases, leading to an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular complications due to its effect on plasma cholesterol levels. Variants of three genes (LDL-R, APOB and PCSK9) are the major causes of FH, but in some probands, the FH phenotype is associated with variants of other genes. Alternatively, the typical clinical picture of FH can result from the accumulation of common cholesterol-increasing alleles (polygenic FH). Although the Czech Republic is one of the most successful countries with respect to FH detection, approximately 80% of FH patients remain undiagnosed. The opportunities for international collaboration and experience sharing within international programs (e.g., EAS FHSC, ScreenPro FH, etc.) will improve the detection of FH patients in the future and enable even more accessible and accurate genetic diagnostics.

Infection Prevention and Control for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019 nCoV) in Acute Healthcare Settings: The Canadian Response

Background: Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), able to cause pneumonia in humans, was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Investigations related to transmissibility are ongoing, but human-to-human transmission involving healthcare workers providing patient care and close contacts of infected patients have been confirmed. Infection control procedures are necessary to prevent transmission during delivery of health care in healthcare settings. Public health in Canada is a shared responsibility among municipal, provincial, territorial, and federal governments. Significant public health events require coordination between all levels of government and a consistent approach across jurisdictions. The objective of this summary is to describe the Public Health Agency (PHAC)’s Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) guideline on SARS-CoV-2. Methods: The PHAC’s interim guideline for infection prevention and control of 2019-nCoV in acute healthcare settings was informed by the currently limited evidence available, and adapted to the context of healthcare delivery in Canada. The guideline is based upon Canadian guidance developed for previous coronavirus outbreaks (eg, SARS and MERS), as well as the World Health Organization (WHO)’s interim guidance. Technical advice was provided by the National Advisory Committee on Infection Prevention and Control (NAC-IPC) of the Government of Canada. Interjurisdictional collaboration and decision making between multiple authorities and levels of government was facilitated using PHACs federal/provincial/territorial (FPT) Public Health Response Plan for Biological events (Fig. 1). Results: In the absence of effective drugs or vaccines, IPC strategies to prevent or limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission in healthcare settings include the following: prompt identification of signs, symptoms and exposure criteria, implementation of appropriate IPC measures (eg, contact and droplet precautions, patient isolation, N95 respirator plus eye protection when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures on a person under investigation), and etiologic diagnosis. Guideline recommendations are informed by collective expert interpretation of available evidence. Recommendations cover all relevant areas including screening and assessment, public health surveillance and notification, laboratory testing and reporting, respiratory hygiene, hand hygiene, patient placement and flow, management of visitors, use of personal protective equipment, environmental cleaning and discontinuation of precautions. Conclusions: This guideline is an ever-changing document. Changes in recommendations provided may be warranted with new evidence, changes in WHO guidelines, or other identified concerns. FPT governments continue to work collaboratively to ensure that Canada is ready to respond to public health events and is prepared to protect the health of Canadians. Opportunities for international collaboration on IPC products, as well as knowledge exchange and mobilization, continue to thrive.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None