The purpose of this investigation was to determine refractive error, ocular biometry and age-related lens changes in a population of geriatric rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC). Ophthalmic examination was performed in 182 rhesus macaques [Formula: see text] 19 years of age using a cross-sectional study design, including streak retinoscopy, anterior segment tomography, A-scan ultrasound biometry and handheld slit lamp biomicroscopy. Median spherical equivalent refractive error was + 0.75 D with an interquartile range (IQR) of 0 to 1 D. Most eyes were hyperopic (n = 102, 55%) or emmetropic (n = 68, 36%); myopic eyes were the least common (n = 17, 9%). Anisometropia was present in 13 subjects (14%). Mean (± SD) corneal curvature was 52.6 ± 2.6 D (n = 79). Mean (± SD) axial globe length was 20.2 ± 1.5mm, anterior chamber depth was 3.7 ± 0.4mm, lens thickness was 4.1 ± 0.4mm, and vitreous chamber depth was 12.2 ± 1.0mm (n = 86). Median (IQR) nuclear sclerosis grade (n = 191, 98%) assessed with the lens opacities classification system II was 1 (1-2). Hyperopia is the most common refractive error in the geriatric rhesus macaque population at CNPRC. This study provides reference values for an isolated geriatric rhesus macaque population and broadens our understanding of refractive error and lens opacities in geriatric rhesus macaques which may serve as a model for studying novel therapeutics for refractive errors and cataracts.

Introduction: Children with Developmental Delay (DD) are at increased risk for ocular abnormalities, which may further hinder their overall growth and neurodevelopment. Understanding the spectrum of these manifestations is essential for early intervention. Aim: To investigate the prevalence and types of ocular manifestations in children with DD milestones, and to study antenatal, natal and postnatal factors present in these children with ocular manifestations. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Western Maharashtra from September 2023 to March 2025. A total of 201 children aged six months to 15 years with a clinical diagnosis of DD were included. Each child underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including visual acuity assessment, cycloplegic refraction, squint evaluation and anterior and posterior segment examination. Relevant antenatal, natal, and postnatal histories were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data. A 95% confidence level was maintained, and a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: The mean age of the participants was 5.73±4.07 years, with 120 (59.7%) males and 81 (40.3%) females. Ocular abnormalities were present in 166 (82.6%) children with DD, while 35 (17.4%) had normal ocular findings. Refractive errors were the most common, found in 119 (59.2%) children, including hypermetropia {55 (27.4%)}, astigmatism in {42 (20.9%)}, and myopia in {22 (10.9%)}.Other common ocular conditions included strabismus {59 (29.4%)}, Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) {13 (6.5%)}, cataract {12 (6%)} Only round off done, The values are matching with the values given in table 5 and 6, amblyopia {7 (3.5%)}, keratoconus {8 (4%)}, and optic atrophy {7 (3.5%)}. Ocular abnormalities were slightly more frequent in children with Isolated Developmental Delay (IDD) {37 (18.4%)} than those with Global Developmental Delay (GDD) {129 (64.1%)}, though this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.942). No significant associations were observed between ocular abnormalities other than refractive errors and age group, sex, or consanguinity. However, preterm birth showed a statistically significant association with ocular abnormalities (p=0.016). Conclusion: Children with DD, especially those with global delay, are at high-risk for ocular abnormalities. Early diagnosis and intervention for conditions such as refractive errors, strabismus, and CVI are essential to improve visual outcomes and support overall development. Routine vision screening and multidisciplinary collaboration are vital for ensuring timely care and preventing long-term visual impairment.

To evaluate the changes in OCTA parameters in patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) during treatment with topical interferon α-2b (IFN-α2b). Thirty-five patients who were diagnosed with OSSN were included in this study. All the patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including slit lamp examination, and the size of the lesion was recorded by slit lamp photography. All the patients received topical IFN-α2b (1million IU/ml, 4 times a day). OCTA images of the ocular surface were obtained at three time points: before initiation of treatment, during treatment, and at tumor resolution. Vessel density (VD), Vessel length density (VLD), and Vessel diameter index (VDI) were measured in superficial and deep vascular flows. The mean age of the patients was 60.4 ± 15.7 years. The mean tumor area was 20.7 ± 23.6 mm2 at presentation, which decreased to 15.1 ± 21.8 mm2 during treatment. Mean time to resolution was 112.4 ± 62.1 days. The mean superficial VD decreased significantly in the course of treatment (36.3%± 6.8% at presentation, 33.1%±7.5% during treatment, and 30.5%±4.9% after tumor resolution, P < 0.05). Mean superficial VDI also decreased significantly in the course of treatment (1.87 ± 0.16 at presentation, 1.83 ± 0.13 during treatment, and 1.74 ± 0.1 after tumor resolution, P < 0.05). No significant change was observed in deep VD, deep VDI, superficial and deep VLD. OCTA can be used successfully to evaluate vascular changes in OSSN during medical treatment. Superficial VD and superficial VDI might be useful to evaluate treatment response to topical treatment.

To explore the mechanical indices used for differential diagnosis and to investigate the relationship between ocular biomechanics and glaucoma severity within each group. This cross-sectional study included 185 eyes from 185 subjects: 62 normal controls, 91 high-tension glaucoma (HTG), and 32 normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination that involved ocular biomechanical measurements. Glaucoma severity was assessed using visual field index (VFI), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Multivariable models were used to compare fifteen biomechanical parameters among the three groups adjusting for age, gender, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and axial length (AL). The generalized linear model was utilized for multifactor comparison. Significant differences in first applanation time (AT1), highest concavity time (HC time), stress strain index (SSI), and HC deflection were found among the three groups (P<0.05). AT1 was significantly higher in the HTG group compared to controls (P<0.05), and SSI was higher in HTG than NTG (P<0.05). HC deflection in the HTG group was significantly smaller than in NTG (P<0.05). Furthermore, AT1 levels were observed to be significantly higher in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients compared to controls (P<0.05). Receiver operating charactristic (ROC) analysis showed HC deflection had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.802 between HTG and NTG. A negatively significant correlation was observed between SSI and VFI in POAG patients. Biomechanical analysis reveals that corneas in POAG patients are stiffer than normal controls, with increased corneal stiffness correlating with more severe glaucomatous damage. Interestingly, stiffer corneas in NTG patients appeares protective. In addition, HC deflection may be useful for differentiating HTG and NTG.

To determine the effect of clinic versus home environments on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in normotensive dogs. Forty client-owned normotensive dogs. In a prospective crossover study, 40 normotensive dogs were included following a complete ophthalmic examination. IOPs were measured in both eyes for each dog using a TonoVet rebound tonometer by a single observer. IOPs were measured in the clinic after the ophthalmic examination, and in the home upon initial entry by the observer (t = 0) and 10 min later (t = 10). Paired t-tests were performed to compare IOP in the clinic versus home and adjusted p < 0.05 followed by the Holm-Šídák correction were considered significant. Mean IOP in the clinic (15.7 mmHg ±2.7) was significantly higher than mean IOP in the home at both t = 0 (14.2 mmHg ±2.2; p < 0.0001) and t = 10 (12.9 mmHg ±1.9; p < 0.0001). Mean IOP in the home at t = 0 (14.2 mmHg ±2.2) was significantly higher than mean IOP in the home at t = 10 (12.9 mmHg ±1.9; p = 0.0001). There was no significant effect of testing site sequence on IOP. IOPs measured by tonometry in the clinic are elevated relative to IOPs obtained in the home, by up to 10 mmHg in one eye in this study. Changes in IOP may be rapid, as seen with the significant reduction in IOP over 10 min of acclimation in the home setting. Veterinarians should consider these findings when interpreting IOP values, especially in dogs that are stressed by the clinic environment.

To establish normative retinal imaging and measurement data for the Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia), a nocturnal raptor clinically free of systemic and ophthalmological disorders, using optical coherence tomography and histopathology. Ten eyes from 6 Collared Scops Owls (Otus lettia) were included in the study. As part of the standard pre-release assessment, ocular reflex tests and basic ophthalmic examinations were performed prior to anesthesia induction. Routine X-ray and blood work were then conducted under general anesthesia, followed by OCT imaging for high-resolution retinal analysis. Parameters assessed included the pecten-foveal distance, foveal width, foveal depth, total retinal thickness (TR), neurosensory retinal thickness (NS), and ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC). Retinal images acquired through OCT were compared with corresponding histological sections to validate the findings and evaluate structural correlations. A single fovea was identified on the superior and temporal side of the pecten. The measured pecten-foveal distance was 5959.7 ± 147.45 μm (mean ± SD), while the foveal width and depth were 656 ± 41.81 μm and 65.3 ± 6.34 μm, respectively. The TR was 299.8 ± 23.08 μm, and the NS averaged 272.9 ± 21.94 μm; the GCC was 87.9 ± 6.24 μm. Histology revealed all retinal layers distinctly, which were well cross-referenced and correlated with OCT images. The morphology and measurement values of the retina in Collared Scops Owls were first established using OCT and histological analysis. These findings, which are fundamental to raptor ophthalmology, offer valuable support for medical care efforts and conservation.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors are increasingly used in cancer therapy but cause ocular side effects, including subretinal fluid (SRF). Baseline vitreomacular traction (VMT) may predispose patients to drug-induced SRF. A 75-year-old man with bladder cancer and VMT developed SRF after initiating erdafitinib therapy. Baseline and follow-up findings were analyzed, including ophthalmic examinations, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FA). One month after starting erdafitinib, the patient's vision decreased, and OCT revealed new bilateral SRF. Erdafitinib was discontinued, leading to gradual SRF resolution and visual acuity improvement. Repeated OCT demonstrated complete SRF resolution and stable VMT at the final follow-up visit. Erdafitinib can induce SRF, particularly in patients with predisposing retinal conditions such as VMT. Awareness of these risks and early intervention can prevent vision loss. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and preventive strategies.

Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive syndromic type of albinism. It is characterized by oculocutaneous hypopigmentation, platelet dysfunction, and variable systemic involvement depending on the specific subtype. To date, eleven distinct HPS types have been identified, with HPS3 being among the milder forms. Clinical and ophthalmic examinations, followed by whole exome sequencing (WES), Sanger sequencing, and segregation analysis, were performed. Here, we report a case of a 26-year-old Lebanese male patient born to consanguineous parents who presented with oculocutaneous albinism without a history of bleeding or other systemic involvement. WES identified a novel homozygous nonsense variant in the HPS3 gene (NM_032383.5): c.998T > A; p.(Leu333Ter) that co-segregated with the phenotype. The platelet function analysis (PFA-100) revealed a prolonged collagen/epinephrine closure time, accompanied by a normal collagen/ADP response. We report one of the very few HPS3 cases in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) and the Arab regions, caused by a novel homozygous nonsense variant associated with platelet dysfunction. In contrast to the founder mutations described in Puerto Rican and Ashkenazi Jewish populations, HPS3 cases in this region appear to result from distinct mutational events, indicating the absence of a common ancestral origin.

This study evaluates the ability of the QuickSee Free (QSF) portable autorefractor (PlenOptika) to detect and measure refractive error compared to subjective clinical refractometry (SCR) in a Brazilian adult population in a low-resource setting in Amazonas. A total of 100 participants aged 18–65 years underwent visual acuity screening and autorefraction with and without cycloplegia using the QSF, alongside a complete ophthalmic examination including SCR. Refractive error measurements included spherical component (SC), cylindrical component (CC), cylindrical axis (CA), spherical equivalent (SE), and vector powers (MV90 and MV135). Accuracy was assessed for hyperopia ≥ +2.00 D, myopia ≤ −0.75 D, astigmatism ≥ 1.00 DC, and anisometropia ≥ 1.00 D using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve for detecting significant refractive errors ranged from 0.538 to 0.930. The mean difference between QSF without cycloplegia and SCR was −1.08 ± 1.17 D for SC and −1.15 ± 1.15 D for SE (p < 0.0001), and with cycloplegia, it was −0.81 ± 1.07 D and −0.83 ± 1.02 D, respectively. The QSF exhibited a moderate negative bias for both SC and SE with and without cycloplegia, underestimating these values, but it showed good predictability for detecting refractive errors in a low-resource setting.

A 77-year-old male presented with a painless, raised, erythematous lesion of the left lower eyelid conjunctival fornix, found incidentally on routine ophthalmic examination. Further evaluation demonstrated a mobile, nontender 5 × 4 mm injected mass without scleral or orbital extension. Excisional biopsy revealed dense infiltration of atypical plasmacytoid cells, strongly positive for CD138, MUM1, and CD56, with kappa light chain restriction and a Ki-67 index of 7% to 8%, consistent with a histopathologic diagnosis of plasmacytoma. Markers for melanoma, carcinoma, histiocytic/dendritic tumors, T-cells, and B-cells were not expressed. Systemic workup, including positron emission tomography/CT, serum and urine protein electrophoresis, and bone marrow biopsy, showed no evidence of systemic plasma cell dyscrasia, confirming a diagnosis of primary conjunctival extramedullary plasmacytoma. At 6-month follow-up, the patient remains free of local recurrence without adjuvant therapy. This case contributes to the limited literature on primary conjunctival extramedullary plasmacytoma and highlights the importance of including it in the differential diagnosis of atypical conjunctival lesions.

Purpose: To describe a case of retinal vasculitis as a presenting sign of atypical neurosarcoidosis with occult central nervous system involvement. Methods: A case report and literature review are presented, highlighting the role of the ophthalmic examination and the importance of early neurologic workup for diagnosis and treatment. Results: A 27-year-old woman presented with monocular blurry vision, central scotoma, and headache. Ophthalmic examination demonstrated retinal vasculitis bilaterally, and systemic steroid treatment was initiated. Further neurologic workup with brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple enhancing foci, consistent with features of inflammation. The neurologic disease was recalcitrant, showing no response to multiple steroid-sparing therapies over 2 years. Further workup was pursued, including a brain biopsy showing noncaseating granulomas with small-vessel vasculitis. The ophthalmic and neurologic presentation was consistent with a diagnosis of atypical neurosarcoidosis. Clinical resolution was ultimately achieved after treatment with infliximab. Conclusions: Retinal vasculitis should have a low threshold for initiating early neurologic workup to assess central nervous system involvement.

Background: Ocular B-mode ultrasonography (USG) acts as a valuable adjuvant for assessing the posterior segment of the eye in mature cataract, especially when fundus visualization is obscured by media opacities such as vitreous hemorrhage, asteroid hyalosis, and tumors. Aims and Objectives: To study the accuracy of ultrasound to evaluate posterior segment pathologies in mature cataract patients, which would help in planning surgical intervention, and to assess post-operative visual prognosis. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study among 112 patients who visited the ophthalmology outpatient department of SRM Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre with mature cataract whose fundus could not be visualized and who fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed history, ophthalmic examination, and pre-operative B-Scan Ultrasound Examination were done. Pre-operative ultrasound findings were compared with post-operative fundus examination to assess the sensitivity of ultrasound in detecting posterior segment pathology. Results: Asteroid hyalosis, choroidal coloboma, inferior retinal detachment, posterior staphyloma, posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and vitreous opacity were diagnosed equally both in pre-operative B scan findings and in post-operative fundus findings. The pre-operative B scan findings had a sensitivity of 59.62%, specificity of 95.59%, positive predictive value of 91.18%, negative predictive value of 75.58%, and diagnostic accuracy of 80%. Conclusion: Pre-operative B scan USG is an effective diagnostic tool for evaluating posterior segment pathology in mature cataract, allowing better surgical planning and prognosis assessment. Its accuracy can be further improved when correlated with clinical findings and tailored to specific clinical conditions.

Burden and Predictors of Undetected Eye Disease in Adult African Americans: African American Eye Disease Study (AFEDS).

Truncating mutations in BBS10 and BBS12 impair proteostasis and ciliary architecture in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.

The effect of glycemic control on diabetic cataract progression rate in dogs: A preliminary study.

The aim of this study was to analyse retinal microvascular abnormalities in patients with various degrees of severity of the course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), with a focus on patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or mechanical ventilation (MV). We subclassified the patients after COVID-19 into 3 groups based on the severity of the disease and then performed standard ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), macular OCT angiography (OCT-A) and retinal oximetry (RO). A total of 32 patients (21 men and 11 women; mean age of 51years) were included in the study. Group 1 (mild COVID-19 course) included 11 patients, group 2 (moderate course) included 8 patients, and group 3 (severe course) included 13 patients which is particularly noteworthy. The median time after COVID-19 recovery was 22months. No statistically significant difference between the groups was detected in any of the parameters of interest, suggesting resilience of retinal vasculature post-COVID-19. Patients after full recovery from severe COVID-19 do not show any significant decrease in oxygen saturation of retinal vessels 1.5years (median) after the episode. Our data show that even a severe course of COVID-19 with ECMO or MV does not cause chronic microvascular changes in the retina.

PurposeTo investigate the impact of myopia on the Brillouin biomechanics and morphology of crystalline lenses in Chinese adults.MethodsPatients with myopia were enrolled and divided into low-medium (spherical equivalent [SE] ≥ −5.75 D, N = 66) and high (SE ≤ –6.0 D, N = 72) myopia groups. All patients underwent routine ophthalmic examinations, including SE, axial length, and anterior chamber metrics (Pentacam) measurements. The Brillouin-related metrics of the crystalline lenses were measured using a Brillouin microscopy. The morphological parameters included the Width of Top Plateau (WTP), Width of Bottom Plateau (WBP), Bottom-Top (B-T), Slope of Anterior Cortex (SAC), and Slope of Posterior Cortex (SPC). The height of Plateau was a biomechanical parameter.ResultsThe study included 138 eyes (138 patients); the mean age was 28.43 ± 8.31 years. WBP, B-T, SAC, and SPC significantly differed between the high and low-medium myopia groups (all P<0.05). WBP, B-T, and SPC significantly correlated with SE in the high myopia group (Pearson’s r = 0.365, 0.287, and 0.294, respectively; all P<0.05) but not in the low-medium group. The SPC significantly decreased for all participants based on the SE values (P<0.05). The biomechanics and thickness of the nucleus displayed no discrepancies with SE in all participants (all P >0.05).ConclusionAn increase in the degree of myopia could be associated with posterior cortex thickening while maintaining stable biomechanics and morphology of the crystalline lens nucleus. Brillouin microscopy can serve as an effective technique for multidisciplinary lens biomechanical and morphological imaging.

Haws syndrome (HS) in cats is characterized by bilateral protrusion of the third eyelid and ptosis, often accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as diarrhea. Emerging evidence suggests disruption of the gut-brain axis, linked to GI microbiota dysbiosis, may play a role in HS development. To describe the clinical features and outcomes of five cats with HS managed with a gastrointestinal diet targeting presumed dysbiosis. This study included five cats diagnosed with spontaneous HS. Each cat underwent thorough ophthalmic and physical examinations, as well as fecal Giardia testing and pharmacological testing with 1% phenylephrine. All cats were managed with Hill's Gastrointestinal Biome diet for 3 months. Ocular signs transiently resolved following topical administration of 1% phenylephrine, indicating sympathetic neuropathy. Physical examinations were unremarkable, except for diarrhea in 3/5 cats. Fecal tests for Giardia were initially positive in 4/5 cats and became negative in 3 upon recheck. GI symptoms resolved within 4 to 14 days in 2/3 cats with diarrhea, although only partial improvement was noted in one. Ocular signs resolved in all cats within 11 to 39 days and did not recur during the follow-up period of 327 to 438 days. The improvement in ocular and GI signs following dietary management with a prebiotic-enriched gastrointestinal diet suggests that this approach may be beneficial for cats with HS, potentially by addressing underlying GI microbiota dysbiosis. However, it may be insufficient in refractory cases or when GI symptoms do not fully resolve.

Abstract Background: Binocular single vision is the ability to maintain visual focus on an object with both eyes, resulting in a single visual image. Anomalies in this system can cause various visual symptoms and impact daily activities such as reading, driving, and using a computer. Despite the abundance of available data, there is a significant lack of clarity regarding precise definitional criteria, standardized methods for testing and diagnosis, and global prevalence studies. Aim: To report the frequency of binocular vision (BV) anomalies in symptomatic patients (e.g., blurring, headache, or eyestrain) and to evaluate the effectiveness of vision therapy (VT) Methodology: This was a retrospective observational study conducted at the B B Eye Foundation, Kolkata, India. The analysis included 45 healthy subjects, both male and female, aged 5 to 25 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including visual acuity, subjective/objective refraction, and assessment of accommodative and vergence facilities. A comprehensive eye examination with binocular vision (BV) evaluation was performed, followed by the application of vision therapy (VT). Statistical analysis was conducted on pre- and post-vision therapy (VT) parameters. Results: Among 45 patients’ binocular vision (BV) anomalies were found in 44 (97.7%). 35 (77.4%) had convergence insufficiency followed by fusional vergence dysfunction in 3 (6.7%), convergence excess in 3 (6.7%), divergence insufficiency in 1 (2.3%), accommodation insufficiency with convergence insufficiency in 1 (2.3%) and accommodative infacility in 1 (2.3%). Statistical analysis and data comparison were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test with SPSS v.25 statistical software. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the results. Statistically significant differences were found in binocular vision (BV) parameters between pre- and post-vision therapy measurements Conclusion: Following vision therapy, the symptoms associated with binocular vision (BV) anomalies improved. In particular, significant improvements were noted in: accommodation insufficiency, near point of convergence, positive fusional vergence, and negative fusional vergence.

PurposeTo estimate the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) in a nationally representative sample of older adults from Malta, evaluate associations with established risk factors, and compare rates with those reported in other European populations, where substantial variation has been observed.Patients and MethodsA population-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1794 participants aged 50–80 years from Malta (1% of the represented population), recruited as part of The Malta Eye Study. Standardized ophthalmic examinations were performed, including retinal imaging graded for ARMD according to Age-Related Eye Disease Study criteria and optical coherence tomography scans. Data on demographics, medical history, behavioural risk factors, and ocular characteristics were collected via structured questionnaires. Associations were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. DNA samples were also collected for future genetic analyses.ResultsThe overall prevalence of ARMD was 6.5% (95% CI 5.4–7.8%), with early ARMD accounting for 5.6% (95% CI 4.6–6.7%) and late ARMD for 0.4% (95% CI 0.2–0.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that ARMD prevalence increased significantly with age (OR per year 1.08; 95% CI 1.05–1.11, p<0.001) and in the male sex (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.01–2.44, p=0.043). The other traditional ARMD risk factors did not show significant associations in this cohort. Compared to other European populations, ARMD prevalence was notably lower.ConclusionThis study reports a relatively low prevalence of ARMD compared to other European settings, with age and male sex emerging as the only significant risk factors. The absence of association with other traditional risk factors may reflect underlying genetic differences or distinct gene–environment interactions. As DNA samples were collected, further investigation incorporating genetic data is warranted to better understand ARMD susceptibility in this population.