Carrying external loads is a fundamental aspect of military training and operational readiness. Added weight and its distribution on the body significantly alters biomechanics and may increase the risk of physical injury. The vertical jump test, a widely accepted measure of lower-body strength and explosiveness, offers a reliable, low-fatigue method for assessing physical readiness in military populations. Despite its utility, researchers have not examined how varying percentages of body weight carried in the MOLLE 4000, a standard military load carriage system, affects biomechanics and movement patterns. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of various relative external loads on vertical jump height in a cadet sample. This study was conducted utilizing a cross-sectional design at a senior military college in the southeastern United States. Cadets were recruited with convenience sampling (N = 41; female [F]=20). Each participant completed three unloaded jumps (control) and three jumps although holding a rubber rifle. Loaded conditions included weights equivalent to 0.00%, 22.0%, 44.0%, and 66.0% of body weight added to the MOLLE 4000 rucksack. Dependent variables analyzed included jump height, flight time, reactive strength index modified (RSI-mod), concentric duration, and eccentric duration. Male (M) cadets demonstrated significantly greater jump height and flight time compared to F cadets. The most notable decline in performance was observed between the control condition (with and without rifle) and the 22% body weight load condition (control mean: females = 21.60 ± 6.46 cm; males = 34.79 ± 6.80 cm). Findings highlight that increasing external load from 0% to 22% of body weight significantly reduces vertical jump height in both sexes.

Introduction The expansion of inclusive education in secondary schools has increased professional demands on teachers, especially regarding support for students with special educational needs. However, empirically validated models that integrate neurodidactic principles into inclusive teaching remain limited. This study aimed to theoretically substantiate and experimentally validate a neurodidactic support model for inclusive education. Methods A quantitative design was applied, combining diagnostic assessment, teacher surveys, expert evaluation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Standardized questionnaires and rating scales operationalized teachers’ neurodidactic readiness. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (v23) and AMOS. Results An integrative model of neurodidactic support was developed and empirically validated, comprising motivational–value, cognitive, affective, and operational components, with inclusive teaching practice specified as the outcome. Operational readiness played a central mediating role in translating methodological knowledge and inclusive values into effective inclusive practice, while affective readiness showed an indirect effect. Discussion The findings support a comprehensive, empirically tested neurodidactic framework for inclusive education and clarify direct and indirect pathways among readiness components. The model can inform teacher education and professional development programs focused on strengthening neurodidactic competence and sustaining inclusive teaching practice.

Military jet pilots are exposed to extreme +Gz, imposing strain on the cervical musculoskeletal system. Neck pain prevalence is well documented, but the acute effects of real flight on cervical muscles and kinematics remain unclear. This study assessed acute effects in Eurofighter pilots vs. non-pilot controls. It was hypothesized that acute high +Gz exposure during a real flight affects cervical 3D kinematics, muscle mechanical properties, and pilot-reported pain scores compared to a nonexposed control group and effects of acute high +Gz exposure persist 24 h postflight, resulting in altered cervical 3D kinematics, modified muscle mechanical properties, and increased subjective pain compared to the nonexposed control group. A controlled, longitudinal study compared 20 Eurofighter pilots with 20 matched controls. Cervical 3D kinematics, subjective neck pain, and cervical muscle stiffness were assessed preflight, immediately postflight, and 24 h postflight. Pilots executed high +Gz maneuvers during real flight following a scripted mission. Primary outcomes were group-by-time differences. Statistics included repeated-measures of variance. In pilots, cervical extension range of motion decreased postflight from 56.4 ± 6.5° to 52.4 ± 7.8°, and at 24 h to 53.3 ± 6.4°. Subjective neck pain increased postflight and persisted at 24 h [pain 0.0-10.0; medians from 0.0 (0.0)-2.1 (3.0), then 1.8 (2.9)]. Right trapezius muscle stiffness decreased postflight (241.0 ± 20.3-227.8 ± 20.7 N · m-1) and after 24 h at 234.1 ± 20.1 N · m-1. High +Gz exposure and extreme head postures reduce range of motion and increase neck pain in fighter pilots. The stiffness decrease suggests a muscular mechanical overload. Findings support the need for targeted neck conditioning and real-time monitoring to mitigate injury risk to sustain operational readiness. Lingscheid R, Nuesse R, Rein R, Goell F, Albracht K, Braunstein B. High +Gz flight reduces cervical 3D kinematics and increases neck pain in fighter pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):151-159.

Objective This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate changes in lifestyle behaviors and mental health status among rescue workers before and after a major public health emergency, and to identify key modifiable risk factors associated with psychological distress in this critical population. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between February 23 and March 9, 2020, among rescue workers from a designated unit in China. Using a retrospective design, 1,052 valid responses were collected. Participants reported lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, mobile phone use, physical activity, work hours, sleep quality) for both pre- and post-outbreak periods. Mental health was assessed using the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales. Statistical analyses included paired comparisons, correlation analysis, stratification by living status and age group, and multivariable regression models. Results Significant adverse lifestyle changes occurred post-outbreak: increases in smoking (13.98% of smokers), alcohol consumption (6.02% of drinkers), mobile phone use (median rise from 2 to 3 h/day), and nocturnal awakenings, alongside declines in physical activity (inactivity rose from 6.56 to 17.68%) and work hours. Mild-to-severe anxiety and depression prevalence were 9.98% and 10.17%. Conclusion Public health emergencies trigger unhealthy lifestyle shifts and significant mental health deterioration among rescue workers, with restrictive environments amplifying these risks. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated biosecurity strategies combining psychological support, health behavior promotion, and organizational modifications to protect frontline responders and sustain operational readiness during prolonged crises.

Indonesia's National Data Center (PDN) was targeted by a ransomware attack on June 20, 2024, paralyzing 210 government agencies, causing manual immigration procedures, and exposing significant weaknesses in Indonesia's cyber governance system. The National Cyber ​​and Crypto Agency (BSSN) was mandated under Presidential Regulation 47/2023 to coordinate the response, but the response operation remained disorganized due to various agencies working independently without a unified leadership system, including the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) operating independently despite possessing a Cyber ​​Unit (Satsiber) with adequate cyber warfare capabilities. The attack on the PDN ultimately revealed three governance weaknesses: a lack of a unified command system for conducting national-scale response operations, the separation of military resources from the protection of civilian infrastructure, and a systemic failure to maintain adequate operational readiness. Through a comparative analysis of cyber command models in the United States, Singapore, South Korea, and Australia, combined with an institutional assessment using the McKinsey 7S and NIST frameworks, we propose an integrated defense architecture. The establishment of a Joint Cyber ​​Defense Task Force (JCDTF) operating under a proposed civilian-military organization, the National Cyber ​​Security Coordination Center (NCCC), would create a single command system for crisis response and maintain democratic civilian control through established legal authority, mandatory parliamentary oversight, and limitations on operational areas. This framework would address existing governance weaknesses through democratic cyber governance principles that can also be used by ASEAN countries to address their civil-military integration challenges in handling national-scale cyber incidents.

Financial and insider fraud increasingly intersect with broader cybercrime ecosystems, creating attack vectors that undermine national cyber resilience and the integrity of digital financial infrastructures. As organizations turn to machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models for automated fraud and insider-threat detection, the opacity of these systems presents strategic risks for cyber defense: unexplainable alerts weaken analyst trust, complicate incident response, and challenge regulatory and forensic accountability. This study presents a systematic review of 107 empirically validated works (2015–2025) examining how Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques enhance transparency, trustworthiness, and operational readiness in AI-driven fraud detection systems. Using a mixed bibliometric–thematic methodology, the review maps the evolution of ML/DL architectures, XAI adoption patterns, evaluation practices, and dataset limitations within security-critical environments. The findings highlight a sector-wide dependence on post-hoc feature attribution and reveal emerging shifts toward intrinsic interpretability through attention mechanisms and hybrid temporal models. Despite progress, gaps persist: limited use of sequential behavioral models, narrow evaluation metrics, and overreliance on structured datasets weaken real-world resilience against adaptive adversaries. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a Three-Pillar Framework: Algorithmic Transparency, Evaluation Accountability, and Data Traceability that positions explainability as a foundational architectural property for cyber defense systems. By aligning model interpretability with security operations, regulatory requirements, and analyst cognition, the framework strengthens organizational readiness against insider threats, financial fraud, and AI-targeted adversarial manipulation, key considerations in modern cyber warfare and security operations.

ABSTRACT Timely maintenance of ships and craft is critical for ensuring operational readiness, safety, and economic sustainability in the maritime sector. However, scheduled docking delays remain a persistent challenge globally, incurring significant financial losses and reducing fleet availability. This study presents a systematic, quantitative approach to identify and prioritize 22 critical factors causing delays in scheduled docking. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the study evaluates the relative importance of these factors to support informed decision-making. A case study of the Sri Lanka Navy (SLN) demonstrates the application of the proposed framework, revealing that 97% of docking delays occur before vessels enter the dock, with 31.8% of these delays attributable to deficiencies in the procurement of materials and spare parts. While the findings are based on a single case study of the SLN shipyard, they offer context-specific insights into the unique challenges faced by naval maintenance operations in developing regions.

ABSTRACT The integration of digital–physical educational toys offers new opportunities to support young children’s exploratory learning through hands-on STEM-related play. This study examined how cooperative and self-directed learning arrangements were associated with preschoolers’ engagement and task performance when using the PLUGO interactive kit. Participants were 100 children aged 4–6 years from four preschools in northern Taiwan, who completed the Wash the Cow task either cooperatively (in pairs) or individually. Data were collected through behavioral observations and a developmentally adapted simplified flow questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics. Results indicated that cooperative learning was associated with higher observed operational engagement and greater material use. Children in cooperative settings demonstrated significantly higher operational behavior scores and used more magnetic blocks than those in self-directed settings, suggesting more active coordination and exploration during the digital–physical STEM task. No significant differences were found between learning arrangements in task completion time or overall flow experience. Descriptive patterns further suggested that children with prior PLUGO experience engaged more fluently, while self-directed learners reported slightly higher immersion. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of aligning instructional arrangements with children’s operational readiness in early childhood digital–physical STEM learning.

Indonesia’s participation in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) demonstrates its strong commitment to international peacekeeping while functioning as a key instrument of defense diplomacy. Nevertheless, an evolving security environment and the requirements of implementing the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKO) New Model demand a high degree of operational preparedness from the Garuda Contingent. This study seeks to examine the operational readiness of Satgas Garuda, evaluate the application of UN PKO New Model principles, and analyze their strategic implications for Indonesia’s defense diplomacy. A qualitative descriptive approach is employed, utilizing in-depth interviews, document review, and a SWOT analysis supported by IFAS–EFAS matrices. The results indicate that Satgas Garuda’s operational readiness is classified as high, driven by professionalism, discipline, and well-structured pre-deployment training, although challenges persist in logistical support and communication interoperability. The UN PKO New Model has been effectively implemented through CIMIC initiatives, compliance with international legal frameworks, and adaptive engagement with local contexts. From a strategic perspective, the achievements of Satgas Garuda contribute to enhancing Indonesia’s global standing and reinforcing its role in international defense diplomacy

The increasingly complex and dynamic security environment has intensified the demand for professionalism among military personnel, including those of the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU). While military professionalism has traditionally been associated with technical competence and operational readiness, recent developments indicate that interpersonal capabilities play a critical role in shaping professional conduct. This study aims to examine the role of interpersonal capital as a foundational element of professionalism among TNI AU personnel. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach to explore how interpersonal capital—comprising leadership, trust, integrity (amanah), teamwork, and interpersonal communication—contributes to the development of military professionalism. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with personnel and officials involved in education, training, and human resource development within the TNI AU, complemented by document analysis of relevant policies, training guidelines, and institutional reports. The data were analyzed using qualitative techniques involving data reduction, thematic presentation, and inductive conclusion drawing, with source triangulation applied to ensure data credibility. The findings reveal that interpersonal capital plays a significant role in shaping professionalism among TNI AU personnel. Leadership emerges as the most influential element, functioning as a primary channel for transmitting professional values and norms. Trust and integrity foster responsibility, internal discipline, and commitment beyond formal supervision, while effective teamwork and interpersonal communication enhance coordination, cohesion, and operational effectiveness. The study also finds that interpersonal values have been implicitly embedded in the education and training system of the TNI AU, although their effectiveness remains highly dependent on leadership example and organizational culture. This study concludes that interpersonal capital constitutes a fundamental pillar of military professionalism. Strengthening interpersonal capital through more structured and systematic integration into education and training programs is therefore essential for fostering sustainable professionalism and enhancing organizational effectiveness within the Indonesian Air Force.

The evolution of Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) systems represents a shift in transportation, potentially achieving benefits in efficiency, sustainability, and safety. Large-scale deployments of CCAM systems are, however, still constrained by fragmented Operational Design Domain (ODD) and limited infrastructure readiness. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding operational, infrastructural, and technological enablers for predictive and extendable ODDs. First, a literature review of existing definitions and ongoing standardization work is presented, focusing on gaps in the formalization and validation of ODD boundaries. Second, the influence of physical infrastructure elements on vehicle performance and safety is analyzed. Third, technological and organizational enablers, which include digital twins, data-driven simulation models, and governance frameworks, are discussed in depth as essential in adaptive and resilient CCAM operations. The review concludes that predictive and extendable ODDs require a data-driven and interoperable mobility ecosystem linking vehicles, infrastructure, and governance. Future research should focus on developing measurable indicators for infrastructure readiness, advancing simulation tools for dynamic ODD monitoring, and integrating human-in-the-loop systems for safe mixed traffic. Aligning these advances with Safe System Design and AI governance frameworks will enable scalable and trustworthy automated mobility.

Police Operational Readiness in Border Management: Insights from Northern Police District Mobile Force Battalion

This study is motivated by the technological gap in the development of the Elang Hitam Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), which has yet to fully comply with the military certification standard STANAG-4671. The objective of this research is to formulate a strategy to accelerate the national UAV development process through the integration of autonomous subsystems and military airworthiness certification. Employing a library research method, this study applies content analysis to recent scholarly literature, technical reports, and official documentation of the Elang Hitam program. Data were systematically examined to identify patterns of system integration and conformity with international standards. The findings reveal that synergy among industry, research institutions, and regulators serves as the primary factor driving the acceleration of national UAV certification and the foundation for advancing Indonesia's technological independence in aerospace defense. In conclusion, achieving operational readiness for Elang Hitam requires a harmonized approach that concurrently advances technological innovation and institutional certification frameworks. The study underscores that the establishment of a coordinated national airworthiness governance system is essential for aligning UAV development with global standards, thereby enhancing Indonesia’s strategic autonomy and interoperability in the global defense landscape.

Abstract The effective translation of Earth observation (EO) measurements into actionable information for agriculture and land monitoring is critical to support policy implementation on climate, environment, and sustainable development. However, this translation remains challenging, as EO evolves from an awareness-raising instrument into an operational tool for evidence-based policymaking. To address this gap, we systematically link, for the first time, European Union (EU) land-related agricultural and environmental policies to EO-derived variables that can be generated from enhanced optical satellites expected in the next decade. We present a comprehensive framework for assessing the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of EO variables used to map, monitor, and manage crop, forest, soil, mineral, and water resources, thereby facilitating policy implementation and compliance. Upcoming Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME), and the Sentinel-2 Next Generation (S2NG) missions, both developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), will deliver substantial technological advancements for high-level EO-based products, enabling applications such as plant nitrogen and soil organic carbon content (SOC) estimation, species identification, and water quality characterization. Realizing the full potential of CHIME and S2NG for agricultural and environmental policy implementation will require advancing current products from prototype stages (TRL 4–6) to full operational readiness (TRL 9) through robust science-policy interfaces. Within such interfaces, we recommend exploiting existing (hyperspectral) EO data and time series, strengthening in-situ observations for robust model development and validation, and testing synergies between systems. Co-design of tailored products with policymakers is then essential to refine algorithms and align EO outputs with regulatory needs and scales. Upcoming spaceborne imaging spectroscopy and enhanced multispectral data streams thus have the potential to become game-changers and indispensable tools for EU policy implementation, providing greater traceability of key environmental and agricultural processes.

ABSTRACTAimTo explore the role of nursing in the planning and establishment of a new public hospital, from initial design to full operational capacity.BackgroundBuilding new public hospitals requires comprehensive planning and collaboration to address population growth and aging demographics. Nurses offer invaluable insights into patient care and workflow, which are crucial for effective hospital design.MethodsA qualitative descriptive study was conducted using focus groups and interviews with 36 participants, including nurses, administrative staff, physicians, and laboratory directors involved in the design and operation of a new public hospital. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsThree themes emerged. The first involved challenges such as recruiting qualified staff, creating standardized regulations, and mismatches between infrastructure and system requirements. The second described coping strategies, including salary adjustments, policy development, and equipment acquisition. The third offered recommendations for future projects, emphasizing comprehensive planning, collaboration, and nursing involvement in decision‐making.DiscussionNurses’ knowledge of patient care and workflows bridges the gap between architectural design and clinical function. Their early and sustained involvement supports operational readiness and interdisciplinary collaboration.ConclusionsNurses play a vital role in hospital planning and operation, improving teamwork, recruitment, and standardization.Implications for NursingNursing involvement in hospital planning ensures alignment with patient care and workflow needs. Leaders should advocate for participation and develop competencies in design and construction to enhance collaboration and patient safety.Implications for Nursing PolicyEvidence‐based nursing input should be integrated into hospital design, and nursing leaders should promote expertise in planning and architectural considerations.

IntroductionThe ongoing conflict between the Somali National Army and non-state armed actors has led to an increase in mass casualty incidents (MCIs) which burden the fragile Somali healthcare system. Hospitals often become overwhelmed during MCIs, which can lead to increased mortality. To address this gap in mass casualty management (MCM), the WHO developed the MCM course to help hospitals address MCIs through the creation of individualized MCM plans. This study evaluated the effect of the WHO MCM course on participants’ knowledge of MCM concepts and self-reported confidence in managing MCIs in trauma hospitals in Somalia.MethodsA prospective pre-post educational study was conducted with healthcare teams from trauma hospitals across Somalia in October 2023. The four-day MCM course utilized lectures and interactive tabletop exercises to introduce MCM concepts, simulate MCI scenarios, and help participants develop MCM plans. Participants’ knowledge was assessed using multiple choice pre- and post-tests. Confidence was evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale surveys, feedback forms were used to assess course acceptability. Paired t-tests and Cohen’s d were used to analyze pre-post changes.ResultsThe MCM course was completed by 23 participants from 3 regions across Somalia. They had an average of 8.5 years of clinical experience and 3 years of MCM experience. The mean post-course test scores (78.9%) showed a significant improvement (p<0.001; Cohen's d=1.82) compared to pre-course test scores 47.9% (28%-72%). There was also an improvement in self-reported confidence in the implementation and activation of MCM plans (d=0.49), understanding of MCM roles and responsibilities (d=0.55). The largest gains were in operational readiness (d=1.42), including clearing the emergency unit, documentation, and triage planning.ConclusionThe MCM course improved participant’s knowledge of key MCM concepts and self-reported confidence in managing MCIs. Although limited by small sample size and reliance on self-reported outcomes, findings suggest the course may support improved MCM readiness in conflict-affected settings.

The rapid growth of the digital economy has transformed Indonesia’s modest fashion retail landscape. While e-commerce provides convenience and market access, it creates a sensory gap—consumers’ inability to touch, feel, or try products before purchase. For SMEs like Aldiva, this heightens perceived risk, causing purchase hesitation and cart abandonment. Despite dual physical and digital channels, Aldiva’s operations remain siloed, failing to support customer webrooming (online search, offline purchase) due to inventory disconnections and misalignment. This study identifies internal/external drivers of Aldiva’s performance, assesses readiness, and formulates an integrated O2O strategy to bridge the sensory gap: a case study of Aldiva. Using a qualitative explanatory sequential single case study design grounded in the stimulus–organism–response (S–O–R) framework, data came from semi-structured interviews with management and digitally active consumers, revealing operational silos and manual inventory as key hindrances amid rising webrooming opportunities. Aldiva holds high asset value via physical stores but low operational readiness. The proposed integrated online-to-offline (O2O) commerce strategy features real-time inventory integration, incentive alignment, and a secure click-and-collect (pick-up and fit) model. This positions stores as experience hubs, reduces risk, and builds sustainable competitive advantage.

Transforming ECMO Retrieval: A Collaborative Education and Simulation Model to Enhance Operational Readiness

Cell and gene therapies (CGTs) represent a paradigm shift in modern medicine, offering targeted and potentially curative options for complex and rare diseases. Their integration into health-system pharmacy practice requires alignment with the medication-use process to ensure safety, efficacy, and compliance. To propose a practical framework for integrating CGTs into health-system pharmacy workflows, while addressing clinical, operational, and financial considerations. The framework encompasses four domains: (1) evaluation-strategic assessment of pipeline therapies, including clinical, operational, and financial readiness; (2) clinical integration-formulary review, electronic medical record configuration, clinical pathways, and standard operating procedures development; (3) operational pharmacy integration-establishing infrastructure for receipt, storage, handling, and dispensing, supported by training and process improvement; and (4) financial integration-implementing reimbursement strategies, payment workflows, and budgeting to mitigate financial risk. These recommendations draw on the institutional experience of the authors and emerging standards from professional organizations. Proactive planning and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for successful CGT implementation. Health-system pharmacists are uniquely positioned to lead these efforts, ensuring patient safety, operational efficiency, and financial sustainability as advanced therapeutics reshape the healthcare landscape.

Transitioning From Fire-Based EMS to Critical Care Flight Medicine.