Water Supply Operation Research Articles

Оптимизация параметров систем водоснабжения и водоотведения на основе минимизации затрат их жизненного цикла

Abstract. When designing urban water supply and sewerage systems, the substantiation of pipeline diameters and velocities of the fresh and sewage water should be carried out. The existing approaches and regulatory requirements provided in SP 31.13330.2012 consider economic factors in terms of reduced costs for the construction and operation of water supply and sewerage systems. However, according to GOST R 587885-2019, the design option should be selected on the basis of its life cycle costs (LLC). In this regard, an LLC-based methodology for calculating the optimal values of pipeline diameters and velocities of the fresh and sewage water in pipelines is proposed. The study specifies the LLC of pipeline water supply and sewerage systems in the form of the flow rate and velocity functions of the transported fresh and sewage water. The first LLC derivative in terms of velocity is taken and set equal to zero. Further, the equation is solved relative to the velocity. As a result, formulas for calculating optimal pipeline velocity values for the fresh and sewage water relative to their LLC are obtained. The conducted numerical experiments demonstrate that the optimal values of fresh and sewage water velocities depend on the values of flow rate and electricity cost, as well as the number of years in the life cycle of water supply and sewerage systems. It is proposed to amend Appendix B of SP 31.13330.2012 by adding a substantiation of pipeline diameters based on the LLC of water supply and sewerage systems.

Определение приоритетных направлений по обеспечению надежной и эффективной работы существующих систем подачи и распределения воды

This paper addresses a method for determining priority areas for ensuring and maintaining the suffi-cient reliability and efficiency of existing water supply and distribution systems, based on previously obtained mathematical models of water sampling (cross-section method) and flow distribution. The main task of the organisations, operating water supply and distribution systems, involves a high-quality water supply to consumers. Regardless of the wear of water supply and distribution systems, as well as changes in their structural state, the water having suitable parameters must be supplied to the con-sumer in the required quantity. Given the variety of regimes, modelling the operation of water supply and distribution systems indicates a wide range of their possible behaviour, for example, poor quality of supply to consumers during trouble-free operation or no impact of shutdowns of some sections on the quality of supply. It is necessary to analyse the systems and model their operation regimes using a mathematical tool. Here, probabilistic nodal reliability indices of water supply to consumers were used in mathematical models. They include Kj and Pj, decomposed into components characterising the wear of elements (sections) in the system and the reliability of supply to consumers in each of its structural states. The need to adjust the system parameters to ensure the required level of reliability of its opera-tion was assessed, with various solutions being outlined. The technical and economical comparison of possible measures allows an optimum option to be determined, prioritising the replacement of outdated elements and the construction of additional elements (sections) of the system. All stages of the sug-gested method, which can be widely used by organisations, maintaining water supply and distribution systems, are shown in the example of a system.

Инвестиционный проект создания замкнутых водооборотных циклов на промышленном предприятии

Due to the considerable costs involved in industrial wastewater treatment, the introduction of open (low-discharge) and closed water circulation systems is the most sensible way to prevent environmen-tal pollution at industrial companies. Since the level of circulating water treatment can be much lower than that required for discharge into a water body, the installation of closed water circulation systems can achieve both the economic and total effects of environmental protection. Despite the seemingly obvious advantages of this approach, it requires a serious feasibility analysis. The life cycle costs of a construction project can be estimated according to GOST R 58785-2019 Water Quality. Life Cycle Cost Estimation for Efficient Operation of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems and Facilities. However, at the initial (pre-project) stage, the analysis can be based on benchmarks. Large industrial companies make extensive use of foreign estimation methods. The paper presents the results of a feasibility analysis obtained using different methods to justify investments in the reconstruction of wa-ter treatment facilities at an oil refinery.

«Зелені» та соціальні інвестиції як інструмент забезпечення водної безпеки населених пунктів України.

The article suggests a scientific base for using «green» and social bonds to solve environmental problems in water supply systems; numerous facts that encourage using social investment tools in the high-yield water sector are revealed. In particular, preconditions for intensifying economic activity in the construction field are appearing, as it is obvious that a constant threat of shelling faced by our country changes the requirements for all living conditions, and water supply systems as well. Emphasis is placed on the assumption that if the green bond market in Ukraine is implemented and developed, it will help to create a multiplier for attracting funds to implement various environmental projects and to increase guarantees for investors injecting funds in such projects. Both negative and positive factors of using social investment to modernize water supply systems in Ukraine are identified. It is concluded that it is necessary to intensify the development of the regulatory framework for «green» and social investment in order to offset the trend of debt accumulation among enterprises operating water supply systems in Ukrainian settlements, so that such enterprises could become monopolists in the market.

Study on the streamflow compensation characteristics of reservoirs in Luanhe River Basin based on Copula function

Abstract With the rapid development of economy and society, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is increasing. Efficient utilization and allocation of limited water resources are one of the main means to solve the above contradictions. In this paper, the multidimensional joint distribution of natural streamflow series in reservoirs is constructed by introducing the mixed Copula function, and the probability of wet and dry encounters between natural streamflow is analyzed. Luan River is located in the northeastern part of Hebei Province, China, taking the group of Panjiakou Reservoir, Douhe Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir in the downstream of Luan River Basin as an example, the probabilities of synchronous and asynchronous abundance and depletion of inflow from the reservoirs are calculated. The results show that the probability of natural streamflow series between reservoirs is 61.14% for asynchronous wetness and dryness, which has certain mutual compensation ability. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the risk of water supply security in Tianjin, Tangshan and other cities, and strengthen the optimal joint water supply scheduling of reservoirs. The research results are reasonable and reliable, which can provide reference for water supply operation of other basins.

Контроль ОГПУ-НКВД: иностранные специалисты и представители нетитульных народов в тресте «Водоканализация» (1918 – первая половина 1930-х гг.)

Introduction. This article deals with foreign workers and specialists in the ‘Vodokanalizatsiya’ trust in Leningrad. The trust was involved in the design, construction and operation of water supply and sewerage – the most important systems for the modernization of urban space. Obviously, the attitude towards foreigners could have its own specifics in relation to other enterprises, since the trust did not belong to the most important industrial branches. So, in particular, the so-called Secret Section with a number of secret departments or the Special Bureau, a kind of branch of the OGPU-NKVD, are gradually beginning to play an increasingly important role in the management of this enterprise. Methods and materials. The article is based on materials from the Central State Archives of St. Petersburg, ‘Vodokanalizatsiya’ trust, and one of the secret departments. Analysis. Through the Special Bureau in the late 1920s – 1930s new principles of interaction with employees were introduced. The Special Bureau paid special attention to the so-called “former people”, representatives of non-titular peoples of the USSR and, of course, foreigners. All this took place under conditions of an acute shortage of skilled labour in Leningrad. Results. Thus, the interests of the economic development of the state came into conflict with other interests, which in literature are designated to be “ideological” and are rarely analysed in detail. In the course of this analysis, it was possible to establish that the foreigners were not too closely associated with ideology. On the contrary, education of labour discipline and counteraction to sabotage, as well as domestic and foreign political events, came to the fore. The secret branch of the trust did exercise control over the work of its employees and, if necessary, could directly contact the police or the OGPU-NKVD. Apparently, there were no obvious problems with foreigners at the enterprise, however, there was noticeable observation of a preventive nature. Thus, the role of the OGPU-NKVD in the development of Soviet industry in the 1930s is studied using the example of the ‘Vodokanalizatsiya’ trust.

Fluvial suspended sediment transfer and lacustrine sedimentation of recent flood turbidites in proglacial Eklutna Lake, western Chugach Mountains, Alaska

AbstractSuspended sediment delivery and deposition in proglacial lakes is generally sensitive to a wide range of hydrometeorologic and geomorphic controls. High discharge conditions are of particular importance in many glaciolacustrine records, with individual floods potentially recorded as distinctive turbidites. We used an extensive network of surface sediment cores and hydroclimatic monitoring data to analyse recent flood turbidites and associated sediment transfer controls over instrumental periods at Eklutna Lake, western Chugach Mountains, Alaska. Close to a decade of fluvial data from primary catchment tributaries show a dominating influence of discharge on sediment delivery, with various interconnections with other related hydroclimatic controls. Multivariate fluvial models highlight and help quantify some complexities in sediment transfer, including intra‐annual variations, meteorological controls, and the influence of subcatchment glacierization. Sediments deposited in Eklutna Lake during the last half century are discontinuously varved and contain multiple distinctive turbidites. Over a 30‐year period of stratigraphic calibration, we correlate the four thickest flood turbidites (1989, 1995, 2006, and 2012) to specific regional storms. The studied turbidites correlate with late‐summer and early‐autumn rainstorms with a magnitude of relatively instantaneous sedimentation 3–15 times greater than annual background accumulation. Our network of sediment core data captured the broad extent and sediment variability among the study turbidites and background sediment yield. Within‐lake spatial modelling of deposition quantifies variable rates of downlake thinning and sediment focusing effects, and highlights especially large differences between the thickest flood turbidites and background sedimentation. This we primarily relate to strongly contrasting dispersion processes controlled by inflow current strength and turbidity. Sediment delivery is of interest for this catchment because of reservoir and water supply operations. Furthermore, although smaller floods may not be consistently represented, the lake likely contains a valuable proxy record of regional flooding proximal to major population centers of south‐central Alaska including Anchorage.

Технико-экономическое обоснование стоимости транспортировки сточных вод для ирригационных целей в административном округе Кербела (Ирак)

Introduction. The study presents an assessment of the economic feasibility of different pipe materials used to transport treated wastewater. The choice was made between pipes made of ductile iron, glass-fiber reinforced polyester (GRP), concrete, and plastic. Hydraulic calculations of operation of an irrigation water supply and distribution system were made using WaterCAD V8i software. Two options of the system operation, that entail different flow rates and diameters, are considered: if the flow rate is equal to 1.16 m3/s and pipe diameters vary from 800 mm to 1,200 mm, and if the flow rate is equal to 4.63 m3/s, and pipe diameters vary from 1,600 to 2,000 mm. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the legal and regulatory documentation on design and construction, urban planning solutions for residential areas, architectural and structural solutions for apartment buildings, statistical and analytical reports on housing construction in Russia, presented on the Internet. Results. Irrigation water represents treated wastewater fed by the wastewater treatment facilities in the city of Karbala, Iraq. Two hydraulic models were designed with account for the above-mentioned costs. Head losses were estimated for each model with regard for all studied materials and pipe diameters using the WaterCAD V8i software and a mathematical model for the purpose of selecting the optimal pipe diameter. Conclusions. A mathematical model was developed to calculate the cost of transporting wastewater in pipes having different diameters and made of four different materials. The ratio of costs to the diameter of pipes, made of four different materials, was identified by developing an empirical equation. The co-authors used the Darcy – Weisbach technique and the Hazen – Williams method to calculate the operating costs with regard for variable diameters, flow rates for the two models, head losses due to friction, annual operation time, annual cost of electric energy, and the energy efficiency of the unit. Thus, a mathematical model was obtained, that can be applied to select the most optimal pipe diameter.

Quality Control in the Construction of Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline of Municipal Engineering

Taking the water supply and drainage pipeline of municipal engineering as the research target,this article analyzes and describes how to control construction quality of water supply and drainage pipeline of municipal engineering in detail,and discusses he significant role and meaning of optimizing construction quality of water supply and drainage pipeline of municipal engineering for ensuring the security,stability,and high-efficient operation of water supply and drainage system of overall municipal engineering.

The legality of the “share” in the billing of the public water supply and sewage service

The public water supply and sewerage service includes the totality of activities of public utility and general economic and social interest carried out for the purpose of the collection, treatment, transportation, storage and distribution of drinking water on the territory of the administrative-territorial unit, as well as for the purpose of the collection and purification of wastewater. This service is regulated, in particular, by the Law on public water supply and sewerage service No. 303/2013. The object of the law represents the creation of the legal framework for the establishment, organization, operation, regulation and monitoring of the public drinking water supply and sewerage service in the conditions of accessibility, availability, reliability, continuity, competitiveness, transparency, respecting quality, safety and environmental protection. Everything that exceeds these activities is not subject to the regulation of the Law No. 303/2013. And the application of the “share” is an illegal activity that is punishable in accordance with the legislation in force.

Assessment and sensitive analysis of biological water risks in water resources with application of classical mass transfer computations

Due to the urgent need for water in all parts of industrial or developing societies, water supply, and transmission facilities are suitable targets for biological risks. Given that even a short interruption in water supply and water supply operations has a great impact on daily activities in the community, the deliberate contamination of urban water resources has irreparable consequences in the field of public health, and the economy of society will follow. Unfortunately, most officials in the public health control departments in our country have received limited training in detecting accidental or intentional contamination of water resources and dealing with the spread of waterborne diseases both naturally and intentionally. For this reason, there is low preparedness in the responsible agencies to deal with waterborne diseases during biological risks. In the first step of this research, a review study has been conducted on water biological risks and operational strategies to deal with them. In the following, it has studied how Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria spread in aqueous media. In this regard, the kinetic model of the studied microorganism was analyzed based on the implementation of (Fick Law) in polar coordinates and the combination of (Dirac Distribution) with (Legendre polynomial) distribution. Finally, after studying the factors affecting the microbial pollutant emission coefficient, the effects of all three factors of linear velocity, linear motion time period, and angle of motion on the pollutant emission flux and biofilm diffusion time in the water supply network environment were investigated. Studies have shown that the linear velocity parameter of Escherichia coli with a nonlinear relationship has the greatest effects on the release of microbial contaminants.

Stakeholder Expectation of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Case Study of PWiK Rybnik, Poland

Practices of corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially in organizations providing key services, related to the supply of fuel, water and energy, are extremely important from the point of view of identifying stakeholders with the functioning of enterprises in line with the principles of a closed loop economy. The article discusses the origins and evolution of the concept of corporate social responsibility, with particular emphasis on the water supply and sewage industry. The research problem was the perception and expectations of stakeholders toward prosocial activities of PWiK Rybnik (Sewage and Water Supply Ltd. Rybnik). The hypothesis assumed in the study was that the external stakeholders of PWIK Rybnik positively assess the company’s involvement in the tasks carried out as part of corporate social responsibility, they notice the involvement in educational activities and additional initiatives of PWIK that improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative method was used. For the purpose of the survey, the authors’ questionnaire “Survey of customers’ opinions on the activities undertaken by PWiK Rybnik” was created. The surveys conducted confirmed the hypothesis that the external stakeholders of PWIK Rybnik positively assess the company’s involvement in the tasks performed as part of corporate social responsibility; they notice the involvement in educational activities and additional initiatives of PWIK that improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. The results of the research made it possible to formulate guidelines for the operation of water supply and sewage companies in accordance with corporate social responsibility in the light of the opinions of their stakeholders.

Analysis and comparison of the water supply adjustment guide and a hedging rule of reservoir operation derived from mixed-integer programming for water supply operation of a multi-purpose reservoir

Analysis and comparison of the water supply adjustment guide and a hedging rule of reservoir operation derived from mixed-integer programming for water supply operation of a multi-purpose reservoir

Augmenting geophysical interpretation of data-driven operational water supply forecast modeling for a western US river using a hybrid machine learning approach

In the largely dry and increasingly heavily populated western US, operational modeling systems for seasonal river runoff volume forecasting are key elements of the practical water and hydropower management infrastructure. Explainability of model results in terms of known hydroclimatic processes and conditions is a core requirement for these systems. To improve geophysical interpretability of a standard statistical modeling approach to operational water supply forecasting (WSF), we introduce a hybrid statistical-artificial intelligence method. The procedure involves using a recently developed unsupervised machine learning algorithm designed for improved explainability (non-negative matrix factorization with k-means clustering, NMFk) to extract a compact basin-scale hydroclimatic index from available precipitation and snowpack data; that index is then used as the predictor variate in a largely conventional probabilistic regression on seasonal water supply. The resulting method, dominant-signal NMFk regression, is applied to a challenging forecast site, the Owyhee River, drawn from the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service WSF system. Outcomes demonstrate that improved interpretability and plausibility relative to conventional statistical methods are achieved through physical consistency of NMFk results with nonnegativity of the environmental data being analyzed. In particular, the nonnegativity property facilitates identifying potential geophysical relationships to input variable type (snow water equivalent vs. accumulated precipitation), location, and underlying hydrologic processes; and it encourages nonnegative river runoff predictions, improving physical realism of WSFs over conventional statistical approaches in certain cases. The method also offers straightforward interpretation of relationships to known forms of climate variability. However, testing suggests that with these capabilities come limitations. Its primary anticipated role, at present, is to augment geophysical interpretation when needed, by serving as a complement alongside other methods in a next-generation US West-wide operational forecasting system.

계류형 수경시설의 지속가능한 운영·관리를 위한 설치방안† - 전주·완주 혁신도시 실개천 용량과 설비계통을 중심으로 -

Although planning techniques linking parks, green areas, and waterways have become common, there are frequent disruptions in the operation and management of landscape-use artificial channels (LuAC). Therefore, this study examined a design to promote the sustainable management and operation of a LuAC using rainwater for the streamlets of the Jeonju-Wanju Innovative City. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, scenarios were set up by dividing the design into waterhead and waterway portions. First, the scenario regarding the waterhead was analyzed to calculate the water supply and storage required for the waterway and waterhead. The analysis showed that the waterway requires a water supply of 676.8 tons/months, 3,018 tons to 5,512 tons of storage space, and a water depth of 0.75 m to 1.37 m considering the ecological and landscape aspects. The second scenario is to select an effective system of facilities for the operation and management of the LuAC. To accomplish this, a single-circulation system (SCS), which transports water to a highland location was compared to a multi-circulation system (MCS), which supplied water separately to each water space and operated independently. The results showed that the MCS, which was operated independently by small power units, was more effective owing to the vast difference in water supply operation times.

Multi-objective optimal operation of reservoir group in Jialing River based on DREAM algorithm

Abstract With the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system and the advancement of the construction process of reservoir terrace basins, the research and application of the theory and method of joint operation of reservoir groups are becoming more and more important. The Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm is a sampling algorithm based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method proposed in recent years. The algorithm satisfies ergodicity and is good at handling problems with multivariate nonlinearity, high dimensionality, and multi-peaks, and as such the algorithm is a new global optimization solution. This paper elaborated the solution mechanism of the standard DREAM algorithm, and the algorithm was applied to the optimal operation model of the reservoir group in Jialing River. First, we optimized and analyzed the multi-objective supply operation model of the reservoir group water in Jialing River. Then the multi-attribute decision-making and evaluation index system of water supply operation rules for the reservoir group to assess the optimization of the operation model was adopted. Finally based on the results of the evaluation, the best water supply operation scheme for the reservoir group of Jialing River was selected. The results show that the Baozhusi Reservoir can fully meet the planned water supply requirements in dry years, while the two reservoirs, Shengzhong and Tingzikou, need to be weighed against the evaluation indexes of water supply operation. The research provides a theoretical basis for the DREAM algorithm in the optimal operation of the reservoir group and the actual operation scheme for the reservoir group of Jialing River.

Systems analysis–complex interactions of factors that influence the sustainability of access to improved water services in a rural municipality in South Africa

AbstractLimited understanding of the complex interactions of factors that influence the sustainability of access to improved water services poses a threat to rural livelihoods. The study assessed the complex interactions of the factors using a network approach. The assessment was to understand the complex interaction of the factors resulting from their cause-effect relationship that influence the sustainability of access to improved water services in a rural municipality of South Africa. The results highlighted that limited budget, limited or no water supply and improper operation and maintenance were critical factors resulting from the cause-effect relationship of other factors that influenced the sustainability of access to improved water services in the study area. We conclude that critical factors with a cause-effect relationship can influence the sustainability of access to improved water services. As a result, this deprives rural communities of the benefits derived from accessing improved water services. We recommend the use of the findings by the relevant authorities responsible for water services provision to inform planning, management policies to address challenges identified to contribute to sustainability of access to improved water services.

Use of Pumping Stations and Reservoirs for Water Supply in Rural Areas of Central Yakutia

The peculiarity of the design, construction and operation of water supply and sanitation systems in the Far North is directly related to the permafrost-climatic and economic factors. This should take into account factors such as the high cost and shortage of electricity, types and nature of production, natural conditions and conditions of water disposal, capacity and features of the regime of water sources. In the early 1990s, the construction of the main water supply system, which consisted of pumping stations, pipelines, reservoirs and canals, began in rural areas of Central Yakutia in order to provide the population with drinking and technical water. This system consists of three branches of main water pipelines: 1 – Lena-Tuora Kuel-Tatta, 2 – Bedeme-Tungulu and 3 – Lena-Muru. The object of study is the main conduit Lena – the Muru. The article presents the results of the study of the main water pipeline «Lena – Muru» for 2014 – 2016 years, compiled schedules of water supply pumping stations in the reservoir, power consumption of electricity and financial costs for it. In addition, the mode of operation of pumping stations of the main water pipeline for the period 2014 – 2017 is analyzed and the ratio of the volume of water supply, electricity consumption and financial costs are shown.

Leveraging thewater‐energynexus to derive benefits for the electric grid throughdemand‐sidemanagement in the water supply and wastewater sectors

AbstractLeveraging the potential flexibility of large electrical loads has become an attractive option for maintaining grid reliability, especially in electric grids with high penetrations of variable renewable energy. The water sector is a particularly attractive option for demand‐side flexibility due to its vast water storage infrastructure, large interruptible pumping loads, and energy generation opportunities. Shifting the timing of water supply and wastewater utility operations can reduce peak load and temporally align energy‐consuming activities with periods of cheap electricity prices and/or high renewable energy generation. This paper presents a general overview of demand‐side management strategies in water and wastewater systems, focusing primarily on demand‐response measures. We find that while there is consensus in the literature about the potential for water systems to provide flexible demand‐side management services, there is a need for developing comprehensive water‐energy models to examine the value of load management as a source of revenue for water utilities and as a source of flexibility for the electric grid. More experimental studies and simulation efforts are also needed to address the technical complexities and water quality concerns associated with interrupting water and wastewater utility operations.This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of WaterEngineering Water > Planning Water

Exploring the Effectiveness of Clustering Algorithms for Capturing Water Consumption Behavior at Household Level

As water scarcity becomes more prevalent, the analysis of urban water consumption patterns at the consumer level and the estimation of the corresponding water demand for water utility are expected to be among the top priorities of water companies in the near future. This study proposes a comprehensive methodology for water managers to achieve an efficient operation of urban water networks, by successfully detecting residential water consumption patterns corresponding to different household needs and behaviors. The methodology uses Self Organizing Maps as the main clustering algorithm in combination with K-means and Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering. The objective is to create clusters in a literature dataset that includes water consumption from 21 customers located in Milford, Ohio, USA, for a 7-month period. Originally, water consumption data was recorded for every water use incident in the household, while for this analysis, the information is converted to half-hourly water consumption. Individual customers with similar consumption behavior are clustered and water-consumption curves are calculated for each cluster; these curves can be used by the water utility to obtain estimates of the spatio-temporal distribution of demand, thus giving insight into peak demands at different locations. Statistical indices of agreement are used to confirm a good agreement between the estimated and observed water use, when clustering is employed. The resulting curves show a clear improvement in capturing water consumption behavior at household level, when compared to corresponding curves obtained without clustering. This analysis offers water utilities an innovative solution that relies on real time data and uses data science principles for optimizing water supply and network operation and provides tools for the efficient use of water resources.