Open Boat Research Articles

William Robertson's account of Benjamin Leigh Smith's second expedition to Franz Josef Land in Eira

AbstractFollowing his return from participating in Benjamin Leigh Smith's expedition that wintered at Cape Flora, Northbrook Island, Franz Josef Land, in 1881–82, William Robertson, the chief engineer on the barque Eira, wrote a brief account of the expedition. Robertson's manuscript emphasises the hunting of walrus prior to reaching Franz Josef Land, the sinking of the ship, the enforced wintering, and the successful retreat of the party by open boat to Novaya Zemlya. The original of the manuscript reproduced here, which is one of only a few first-person accounts known to exist, is held by Robertson's descendants. It has not previously been published.

An inexpensive, portable, and rugged system for recording the low-frequency sounds of cetaceans

Many studies have been done on the low-frequency sounds of cetaceans. However, few of these studies have involved coincident photoidentification, biopsy, and behavioral observation. In order to make acoustical recordings in conjunction with the regular visual fieldwork done from inflatable boats on the baleen whales of the St. Lawrence, a recording system was designed to meet several requirements. It had to be very inexpensive; light enough to be carried onto the boat each day and deployed by hand; and rugged enough to survive being pounded and soaked when stored on the open boat. The resulting system consisted of two main parts: a recording system made up of DAT recorder, amplifiers, filters, batteries and voltage regulators; and a surface-motion isolation system made up of a spar buoy, omnidirectional hydrophone, cable and damping plate. A mixing circuit allowed for real-time detection of infrasonic signals through a pair of headphones. In addition to the description of the system and its calibration, samples of blue, fin, minke and humpback whale recordings will be presented, and a brief comparison of the system with and without the spar buoy will be shown. [Work supported by a graduate fellowship from NSF.]

Collaborating in Open Boats: Dickens, Collins, Franklin, and Bligh

Collaborating in Open Boats: Dickens, Collins, Franklin, and Bligh Anthea Trodd* (bio) Therefore, as a means of beguiling the time and inspiring hope, I gave them the best summary in my power of Bligh’s voyage of more than three thousand miles, in an open boat, after the Mutiny of the Bounty, and of the wonderful preservation of that boat’s crew. They listened throughout with great interest, and I concluded by telling them, that, in my opinion, the happiest circumstance in the whole narrative was, that Bligh, who was no delicate man either, had solemnly placed it on record therein that he was sure and certain that under no conceivable circumstances whatever, would that emaciated party who had gone through all the pains of famine, have preyed on one another. I cannot describe the visible relief which this spread through the boat, and how the tear stood in every eye. From that time I was as well convinced as Bligh himself that there was no danger, and that this phantom, at any rate, did not haunt us. Now, it was a part of Bligh’s experience that when the people in his boat were most cast down, nothing did them so much good as hearing a story told by one of their number. When I mentioned that, I saw that it struck the general attention as much as it did my own, for I had not thought of it until I came to it in my summary. — Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins, The Wreck of the Golden Mary (143) The Wreck of the Golden Mary (1856) was the seventh of Charles Dickens’s Christmas numbers, the supplements of stories by several contributors, which went out each December from 1850 with an issue of his journal, Household Words. The narrative framing the stories for 1856 tells of how the survivors of a ship wrecked en route to the California Gold Rush of 1849 maintain order and morale by collaborating in storytelling. The overtaxed captain eventually sinks into unconsciousness, yielding both the command of the lifeboat, and the first person narrative, to his inferior but adequate mate. This collapse occurs shortly after the passage above in which he cites the notorious William Bligh as an authority on cannibalism and on storytelling. This was the story Dickens devised for his first published collaboration with Wilkie Collins. Between them, they provided the shipwreck narrative [End Page 201] as a frame, within which the stories of the other four contributors appeared (see Lohrli 236, 256). It was the first time Dickens had yielded to another writer part of the narrative frame by which he directed readers’ responses to the contributions to the Christmas numbers. To validate this new collaborative enterprise, he invoked the collective moral authority of the British seafaring community in a story told by two seamen. “I am the Captain of the Golden Mary: Mr. Collins is the Mate,” he told Angela Burdett-Coutts (Letters 8: 231). At the same time, this was one of several writings in which Dickens rebutted a charge of cannibalism recently brought against an elite group from that community by asserting the incomparable gifts for leadership, fidelity, and self-sacrifice found among British Tars. The link between the two defenses, the rebuttal of cannibalism and the justification of collaboration, is consolidated in the insistence on storytelling as a powerful prevention against cannibalism, with the citation of Bligh as authority: “[T]he example of Bligh and his men, when they were adrift like us, was of unspeakable importance in keeping up our spirits” (151).1 The Wreck of the Golden Mary is thus engaged in a complex double operation, defending the reputation of British Tars by invoking them as the strongest possible example of collective moral authority to justify an adventure in collaboration. I The collaboration of Dickens, at the height of his powers, with Collins, a junior and still relatively unknown writer, is one of the most remarkable instances of literary collaboration. It was a collaboration first imagined in nautical terms, drawing on popular constructions of the British Tar to present him both as a model for collaboration and as an exemplar to civil society. Within the...

Collaborating in Open Boats: Dickens, Collins, Franklin, and Bligh

Collaborating in Open Boats: Dickens, Collins, Franklin, and Bligh Anthea Trodd* (bio) Therefore, as a means of beguiling the time and inspiring hope, I gave them the best summary in my power of Bligh’s voyage of more than three thousand miles, in an open boat, after the Mutiny of the Bounty, and of the wonderful preservation of that boat’s crew. They listened throughout with great interest, and I concluded by telling them, that, in my opinion, the happiest circumstance in the whole narrative was, that Bligh, who was no delicate man either, had solemnly placed it on record therein that he was sure and certain that under no conceivable circumstances whatever, would that emaciated party who had gone through all the pains of famine, have preyed on one another. I cannot describe the visible relief which this spread through the boat, and how the tear stood in every eye. From that time I was as well convinced as Bligh himself that there was no danger, and that this phantom, at any rate, did not haunt us. Now, it was a part of Bligh’s experience that when the people in his boat were most cast down, nothing did them so much good as hearing a story told by one of their number. When I mentioned that, I saw that it struck the general attention as much as it did my own, for I had not thought of it until I came to it in my summary. — Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins, The Wreck of the Golden Mary (143) The Wreck of the Golden Mary (1856) was the seventh of Charles Dickens’s Christmas numbers, the supplements of stories by several contributors, which went out each December from 1850 with an issue of his journal, Household Words. The narrative framing the stories for 1856 tells of how the survivors of a ship wrecked en route to the California Gold Rush of 1849 maintain order and morale by collaborating in storytelling. The overtaxed captain eventually sinks into unconsciousness, yielding both the command of the lifeboat, and the first person narrative, to his inferior but adequate mate. This collapse occurs shortly after the passage above in which he cites the notorious William Bligh as an authority on cannibalism and on storytelling. This was the story Dickens devised for his first published collaboration with Wilkie Collins. Between them, they provided the shipwreck narrative [End Page 201] as a frame, within which the stories of the other four contributors appeared (see Lohrli 236, 256). It was the first time Dickens had yielded to another writer part of the narrative frame by which he directed readers’ responses to the contributions to the Christmas numbers. To validate this new collaborative enterprise, he invoked the collective moral authority of the British seafaring community in a story told by two seamen. “I am the Captain of the Golden Mary: Mr. Collins is the Mate,” he told Angela Burdett-Coutts (Letters 8: 231). At the same time, this was one of several writings in which Dickens rebutted a charge of cannibalism recently brought against an elite group from that community by asserting the incomparable gifts for leadership, fidelity, and self-sacrifice found among British Tars. The link between the two defenses, the rebuttal of cannibalism and the justification of collaboration, is consolidated in the insistence on storytelling as a powerful prevention against cannibalism, with the citation of Bligh as authority: “[T]he example of Bligh and his men, when they were adrift like us, was of unspeakable importance in keeping up our spirits” (151).1 The Wreck of the Golden Mary is thus engaged in a complex double operation, defending the reputation of British Tars by invoking them as the strongest possible example of collective moral authority to justify an adventure in collaboration. I The collaboration of Dickens, at the height of his powers, with Collins, a junior and still relatively unknown writer, is one of the most remarkable instances of literary collaboration. It was a collaboration first imagined in nautical terms, drawing on popular constructions of the British Tar to present him both as a model for collaboration and as an exemplar to civil society. Within the...

Investigation of Thermal Marangoni Convection in Low- and High-Prandtl-Number Fluids.

Thermal Marangoni convection in fluids with various Prandtl numbers (o[10–3]∼o[103]) inside a rectangular open boat is investigated experimentally and numerically. In particular, for low-Prandtl-number fluids, e.g., liquid metal, the observation of Marangoni convection is very difficult, because the existence of metal oxides on the free surface disturbs the generation of Marangoni convection. However, development of a double crucible system and control of the atmosphere around the liquid metal have made such experiments possible. In the present experiments, the velocity at the center of the free surface under various conditions is measured. Using the experimental and numerical results, correlation equations are derived using dimensionless numbers, Re, Ma, Pr and A (aspect ratio). These equations are applicable for estimating Re, and for judging which of either Marangoni or buoyancy convections is dominant in the fluid.

David Mura's Poetics of Identity

In 1989 interview, David Mura said that everything I write, except for certain pieces of criticism, reflects outlook which is conditioned by my being Japanese-American ... (265). But for Mura, being Japanese-American used to be a source of shame or inferiority, and he sought to minimize his attachment to any minority group, for fear that he would be labelled minority poet, whose poetry, as seen from much of American literary establishment, was crude, unschooled, and untalented, filled understandable but regrettable cliches of oppression. He felt that to be taken seriously writer, he must associate himself canonized White male poets, rather than unskilled, anonymous minority (Intellectual Biography 37, 40). However, he came to find that none of those poets' works reflected his own life he recognized conflict in his position poet who denies his own ethnic and experience.(1) When he eventually began to confront and accept his ethnic identity, Mura realized that his identification poets such Robert Lowell and John Berryman was similar to his parents' identification the middle class whites of America. We come to so identify ourselves, says Mura, with Victors, rulers, that we denied our own (Intellectual Biography 41-42). In confronting his ethnic and Japanese-American Mura opens up new areas of inquiry and new artistic challenges and possibilities for his poetry. Evoking James Baldwin's remark that No true account really of black life can be held, can be contained in American vocabulary,(2) Mura argues in essay on diversity of Asian American poetry that Any poet who wants to describe [minority Americans'] experience must somehow violate accepted practice of language, must bring into language alien vocabulary and syntax, rhythms that disrupt, images which jar, ideas which require totally new relationship to language and reality it contains. (Asian American Poetry 171-72) However, Mura finds that critical readings of Asian American poetry have not adequately dealt Asian American poets' experimental poetics. In same essay, Mura raises questions about critics' tendency to read Asian American poetry solely from social/historical model, and to insist that it delineate representative reality or experience. As example, he cites from Mayumi Tsutakawa, co-editor of The Forbidden Stitch: An Asian American Women's Anthology (1989), who writes that in process of selecting manuscripts for anthology, they had to bypass some manuscripts reflecting experimental forms, and some which did not carry recognizable Asian voice.(3) Mura notes that such critical models reduce complexity of language and our experience, therefore, he stresses need to fight against urges to simplify field of Asian American poetry (Asian-American Poetry 172-73). Garrett Hongo has made similar critical remarks about reductive models of reading Asian American poetry. In his introduction to The Open Boat: Poems from Asian America (1993), Hongo contends that critics' categorical dismissal for literary qualities in Asian American poetry results from an unconscious assumption that what was essentially Asian American was given work's overt political stance and conformity to sociological models of Asian American (xxxv). He suggests that it is such rigid constructions of ethnic identity that have led to reductive interpretations of Asian American poetry and to exclusively materialist models of our experiences (xxxvi-xxxvii). Such models may help reinforce kind of bias toward minority poetry Mura referred to, and may even inadvertently help perpetuate reductive treatment of ethnic literature ethnography rather than art, Bonnie TuSmith has pointed out in her provocative essay, Opening Up Theory (69). …

EFFECT OF DIETARY SATURATED FAT ON THE PRODUCTION OF CHYLOMICRA ENRICHED IN SATURATED FAT 737

Abstract : Digested fat is absorbed in the small intestine, where cells produce lipoprotein particles (chylomicra) that contain 300,000 to 500,000 triglyceride molecules. The composition of fatty acids consumed is reflected in the composition of fatty acids in the chylomicra. In some mammals (e.g., rats, monkeys, and cattle), dietary saturated fats lead to the production of plasma chylomicra enriched in saturated triglycerides (TG). When these chylomicra are cooled to 45 deg C). Temperatures < 20 deg C have been documented in human extremities (e.g., fingers and toes) during occupational and recreational activities (e.g., scuba diving and open boat operation). Production of such chylomicra could have detrimental physiological consequences for humans during prolonged cold exposure. Such solidified core chylomicra (0.5-2.0 u in diameter) would be expected to persist, and could aggregate and impede blood flow through arterioles (20-50 um in diameter) and capillaries (2-8 um in diameter) to the fingers, toes, and essential organs (e.g lungs, heart, and brain). Thus, personnel conducting operations in cold environments after consuming a meal high in saturated fats could be at increased risk of impaired blood flow and non-freezing cold injury.

Pedestrian extraordinary

Robert L. Richards, Dr John Rae . Caedmon of Whitby, Publishers, 1994. Pp. 231, £10.50 (Paperback). ISBN 0 905355 29 6. John Rae (1813-1893) was more typically a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, which awarded him its Founders’ Gold Medal in 1852, than of the Royal Society, which elected him in 1880. An Orkneyman of exceptional health and strength, his prowess was the ability to cover astonishing distances over rugged Arctic and sub-Arctic terrain on foot or by canoe. By his own reckoning, during his most active period as an explorer Rae covered a total of 6555 miles on foot and 6700 miles by open boat, including 1765 miles of unknown territory from 1844 to 1854 (at a cost, he added, of only £2 15s per mile.) After qualifying in Edinburgh as a surgeon - his Doctorate was a later honorary award by McGill University - Rae entered the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and spent 23 years based in that Company’s remote outposts. His energy, intelligence, ability to survive harsh winters in icy wilderness, and general bonhomie , attracted Governor Sir George Simpson to appoint Rae to lead expeditions to explore the complex northern coastal regions, with an eye to the Victorian dream of a Northwest Passage. As a preliminary trip, Rae travelled 1200 miles (in snowshoes!) to Sault Ste. Marie, in order to receive rudimentary but sound tuition in astronomy and surveying

An investigation of the applicability of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy for measurement of solubility and supersaturation of aqueous citric acid solutions

Currently applied methods for measurement of solubility and supersaturation based on viscometry, refractometry, interferometry and density require the separation of phases prior to measurement. ATR (attenuated total reflection) infrared spectroscopy provides a unique configuration in which the infrared spectrum of a liquid phase can be obtained in a slurry without phase separation. The applicability of the technique was investigated using a micro Circle ® open boat cell equipped with a ZnSe (zinc selenide) ATR rod. Experiments conducted with aqueous citric acid proved that ATR infrared spectroscopy can be successfully employed to determine solubility and supersaturation.

A Letter to Garrett Hongo upon the publication of The Open Boat

"A Letter to Garrett Hongo upon the publication of The Open Boat." Amerasia Journal, 20(3), pp. 25–26

VARIOUS COMPUTATIONAL CONDITIONS OF OSCILLATORY NATURAL CONVECTION OF ZERO PRANDTL NUMBER FLUID IN AN OPEN BOAT HEATED AND COOLED FROM OPPOSING VERTICAL WALLS

The finite-difference computational scheme is developed for two-dimensional oscillatory natural convection of zero Prandtl number fluid in an open boat heated and cooled from opposing vertical wall...

The effect of aspect ratio on the critical Grashof number for oscillatory natural convection of zero Prandtl number fluid; numerical approach

Finite difference numerical analyses were carried out for the Pr = 0 fluid in an open boat heated from the left-hand side wall and cooled from the opposite vertical wall. The computations were carried out for an open boat with an aspect ratio (horizontal length of the boat/vertical height) of 2 to 5. The critical Grashof number for the oscillatory natural convection was determined for each value of the aspect ratio. The computed values agreed well with previous experimental results by Skafel and theoretical results by Winters.

Consuming Drama: Everett Shinn and the Spectacular City

Previous articleNext article No AccessConsuming Drama: Everett Shinn and the Spectacular CitySylvia L. YountSylvia L. Yount Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Art Volume 6, Number 4Autumn 1992 Sponsored by the Smithsonian American Art Museum Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/424171 Views: 13Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1992 Smithsonian InstitutionPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Michael Devine The Whole Thing (and Other Things): From Panorama to Attraction in Stephen Crane’s “The Open Boat,” Ashcan Painting, and Early Cinema, (Nov 2016): 217–238.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56148-0_10Alexis L. Boylan Neither Tramp Nor Hobo: Images of Unemployment in the Art of the Ashcan School, Prospects 30 (Jul 2009): 433–450.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0361233300002118

Telescience with MARCO/HOLOP on board the spacelab D2-mission as a preparation for Columbus

The implementation of the telescience concept and its test in precursor missions is mandatory for experiment operations in the Columbus era with respect to enhancements in science quality and quantity. During the German D2 Spacelab mission, scheduled for spring 1993, a fluid physics experiment (MARCO, MARangoni COnvection in an open boat) will be performed in the telescience mode, using the HOLOP-D2 (HOLographic OPtics laboratory) experiment facility. MARCO will be remotely operated by the experimenter from a USOC (User Support and Operations Center). DLR/MUSC (Microgravity User Support Center, located at Cologne, Germany) will play the role of this USOC, being connected to DLR/GSOC (German Space Operations Center, located in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany) via remote data, voice and video lines. Telescience with MARCO/HOLOP is a joint effort between DARA GmbH (Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrt-Angelegenheiten), DLR (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.) and ESA (European Space Agency).

Magnetic Field Effects on Marangoni and Natural Convections in a Rectangular Open Boat

Effects of magnetic fields on natural and Marangoni convections in a two-dimensional rectangular open boat were studied numerically. Convective velocities in magnetic fields depend on the Marangoni number, the Grashof number, physical properties, direction of the applied magnetic field and strength of magnetic field. For suppression of natural convection, either a horizontal (perpendicular to gravity) or a vertical (parallel to gravity) magnetic fields is effective. For suppression of Marangoni convection, the vertical magnetic field is more effective than the horizontal magnetic field.

Navigators

This paper formed the 1990 Anderson Memorial Lecture and was presented to the Bristol Channel Branch on 22 February. In developing his theme, George King concentrated very much on the characters of the navigators concerned with six extraordinary exploits, but without losing sight of the navigation itself. The following version is necessarily much abridged and the editor has reluctantly omitted the detail of fascinating accounts of the expedition commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore the American West, the epic open boat voyage by Ernest Shackleton in the Antarctic in 1916, the first solo air crossing of the Atlantic by Charles Lindbergh in 1927, and the spectacularly successful Apollo 11 mission in 1969. The full text of George King's meticulously researched and brilliantly written paper is available to members from the Institute, price £3.

Interlude: The Agony of Play in "The Open Boat"

Interlude: The Agony of Play in "The Open Boat"

Sea-brothers: the tradition of American sea fiction from Moby-Dick to the present

Preface: Sea, and the Blue Water of It Acknowledgments Note on Texts Chapter 1. Voyage in American Sea Fiction after the Pilgrim, the Acushnet, and the Beagle Chapter 2. Meditation and the Life-Waters Chapter 3. Shipwrecked Soul -The Encantadas: Abased Sea Stories -Israel Potter -Benito Cereno Chapter 4. Jonah Feeling -John Marr and Other Sailors -Billy Budd, Sailor Chapter 5. Experience of Brotherhood in The Open Boat Chapter 6. Jack London in the Tradition of American Sea Fiction Chapter 7. From Sail to Steam: Sailor-Writers of the 1860s and 1870s -Morgan Robertson -Thornton Jenkins Hains -James Brendan Connolly -Arthur Mason -Felix Riesenberg -Bill Adams Chapter 8. From Sail to Steam: Sailor-Writers of the 1880s and 1890s -William McFee -Lincoln Ross Colcord -Richard Matthews Hallet -Archie Binns Chapter 9. Hemingway: Coming to the Stream Chapter 10. Hemingway's Sea Men -Harry Morgan -Thomas Hudson and the Sea -Santiago Chapter 11. Peter Matthiessen and the Tradition in Modern Time Chapter 12. Far Tortuga Photographs Notes Bibliography Chronology Index

Vapor deposited polyaniline

We have prepared thin films of polyaniline (emeraldine base) by an open boat evaporation process. These vapor-deposited films have a higher molecular weight than expected from a vapor deposition process, indicating a post deposition chemical process. The films have optical properties very similar to, but not identical to, these of “conventional” emeraldine. After treatment with protonic acid, the films exhibit an electrical conductivity of up to about 10% of that of conventional emeraldine salt.

Natural and Marangoni convections in a two-dimensional rectangular open boat.

The natural and Marangoni convections formed spontaneously in the melt inside a two-dimensional rectangular open boat were investigated by means of an order-of-magnitude evaluation and a numerical analysis according to the finite difference method. A quantitative evaluation was made of the Grashof number, Marangoni number, Prandtl number and melt depth, all of which affect the interfacial velocity and the velocity distribution of the melt convection. It was concluded that Marangoni convection as well as natural convection is important when the melt is shallow.