This article takes Wang Anshi's reform as its analytical point of entry and examines how Northern Song Neo-Confucian thinkers—represented by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi—constructed a metaphysical foundation of tianli (Heavenly Principle) and, from an ontological perspective, subsumed the pre-Qin Confucian moral psychology of ren (humaneness), yi (righteousness), li (propriety) , zhi (wisdom) and xin (trustworthiness) under a unified cosmic principle. By grounding political legitimacy in tianli, Northern Song scholar-officials reconceptualized themselves as inheritors and transmitters of Confucian orthodoxy, thereby occupying a morally authoritative position independent of imperial power. As bearers of Confucian orthodoxy, they were able to articulate a relatively autonomous moral and normative standpoint beyond the authority of the throne and to participate in politics through remonstrance, consultation, and criticism, thus contributing to the Northern Song ideal of "co-governing the state with scholar-officials."

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Webtoon industry has fundamentally altered the lifecycle of digital comics, from initial ideation to global distribution. This article investigates how AI technologies—specifically Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Large Language Models (LLMs)—influence narrative and visual production. By examining technical advancements alongside ethical implications regarding intellectual property and representation, we illuminate how AI redefines human creativity. Through a comparative case study of Lore Olympus, the hybrid studio model of Solo Levelling and AI-assisted productions such as The Knight of the Frozen Flower, this paper evaluates the tension between artistic "soul" and algorithmic efficiency. The study validates a shift toward a "synergetic ontology," where the creator evolves into an "author-curator". Furthermore, we address the macroeconomic impact of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) and sentiment analysis on digital welfare and global market accessibility. The findings suggest that while AI risks stylistic standardization (H1), its strategic use in hybrid pipelines facilitates a new era of globalized storytelling where readers act as data-driven co-creators (H2).

The aim of this study is to examine the foundations of justice from an ontological and axiological perspective; to this end, a systematic review incorporating legal content analysis was employed, organised into four stages: comprehensive reading, open coding, axial coding and constructive synthesis. The resulting theoretical model distinguishes three interrelated dimensions: the ontological, which examines the foundation of the being of justice in its metaphysical, anthropological and social registers; the axiological, which studies the values that guide the legal system at the philosophical, constitutional and formative levels; and the legal-normative, which translates these foundations into categories applicable to the interpretation and exercise of law. It is concluded that the articulation of both perspectives makes it possible to conceive of justice as a normative horizon that is philosophically grounded, historically situated and legally operative, with particular relevance for Latin American legal systems characterised by structural injustice and fragile institutional frameworks.

In this paper we suggest a divergent design thinking approach inspired by the philosophy of Object-oriented Ontology and Sustainable Interaction Design towards the design of wellbeing-centred sustainable interactions. We introduce Wellbeing-centred Sustainable Interaction Ontology (WeSIO), a design framework that adopts a flat ontological view reframing wellbeing, interactions, technologies, as well as other entities into the design process as autonomous objects within their own ontological existence. Unhinged from user-centeredness, designers are encouraged to unfold hidden qualities of interactions beyond human access. We propose the concept of Affective Ontological Disruption as a critical method that allows designers to disrupt conventional ontologies and engage with the withdrawn qualities of entities within the design practice. Our main purpose is to contribute to the wellbeing of all beings, following a sustainable design perspective in interaction design that honours the equal significance of entities through speculation, disruption and criticism.

ABSTRACT Using a multi-layered approach and an ontological security perspective, this article examines qualitative data from Bundestag plenary sittings and interviews with political elites to identify specific historical narratives and recurring schematic narrative templates. The study argues that Germany’s foreign policy during Russia’s war on Ukraine is shaped not only by strategic or material considerations but also by the organisation of collective memory and the emotional repertoires embedded within it. Each template provides emotional and mnemonic framework that supports or contests policy change while maintaining identity continuity. Collectively remembered events, including the Holocaust, the Holodomor, and the Babyn Yar massacres, as well as binary characterisations serve to anchor emotionally resonant historical narratives. The analysis shows how schematic narrative templates, as carriers of affective memory and connected to culturally sanctioned feeling rules, function as mechanisms of emotional continuity, enabling Germany to maintain ontological security while recalibrating foreign policy. Emotional and mnemonic structures reaffirm Germany’s identity as a morally transformed actor seeking redemption, or as a pacifist, even when supplying heavy weaponry or increasing military spending. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that collective memory and emotions are co- constitutive, guiding Germany in navigating apparent contradictions between identity and foreign policy and sustaining ontological security.

This research examines in depth the aspects of legal philosophy related to Pancasila as the ontological and ethical basis in the structure of Indonesian law. From an ontological perspective, Pancasila is determined as the existential essence (causa prima) of national law, which originates from the cultural-religious values of Indonesian society and is manifested in hierarchical-pyramidal principles. In an ethical context, Pancasila serves as a legal ideal (rechtsidee) and basic moral norm that guides the creation, interpretation, and implementation of laws to achieve Social Justice. This type of research is normative-philosophical using conceptual, historical, and legislative methods. The results of the study indicate that the neglect of the ontological and ethical dimensions of Pancasila has led to a crisis of legal legitimacy and disorientation in progressive law enforcement. Thus, a reactualization and recontextualization of the Pancasila Legal Philosophy is needed as a Staats fundamental norm that is the soul of the entire legal system, from the grund norm to the implementing regulations, to ensure moral integrity and substantive justice in the Indonesian legal system.

Beethoven's Piano Sonata in A-flat major, Opus 110, stands as a major piece from his late compositional period. It reflects not only his mature style but also the deep tension between structure and lyricism, between philosophical thought and musical expression. This paper, drawing on both literature review and detailed score analysis, explores the formal innovations and aesthetic characteristics of the sonata. It further examines the dual aesthetic nature of the work from the perspective of musical ontology and performance practice. The study argues that the alternation between recitative, arioso-style melody, and fugue in the third movement creates not only a structural tension within the music but also constructs an emotional progression that moves from collapse to transcendence. This reflects a late-style compositional mindset in which Beethoven seeks to go beyond structural norms, while also mirroring a broader philosophical shift in nineteenth-century musical thought from Enlightenment rationalism toward the inner world of subjective spirituality.

This article examines Vl. Solovyov’s views on the relationship between legal and moral phenomena. Drawing on the philosopher’s fundamental works – “The Justification of Good: Moral Philosophy” and “Critique of Ab-stract Principles” (also known as “Law and Morality”), the author systematizes his ideas on the essence, gene-sis, and functional purpose of law and morality in society, revealing the correlations between them from the perspective of ontology and praxeology. The author demonstrates the influence of the legal positions and theo-ries dominant in social science in the second half of the 19th century on Solovyov’s work, and his debates with these theories determine the specific nature of his views on the relationship between law and morality. The author concludes that Solovyov’s concepts remain relevant in today’s increasingly complex legal reality, amidst a turning point in legal scholarship, and in light of the particularities of the Russian legal mentality. Namely: the systemic nature of legal theory, including religious, moral, theoretical-legal and institutional aspects; the under-standing of law and morality as co-evolving elements, the interpretation of the state as a naturally arising union that creates in society security measures for moral values and norms, a synthetic understanding of law in con-nection with its moral dominants.

This study explores the ontological and metaphysical thought of Imam al-Juwayni, a prominent scholar in the Islamic kalām tradition, focusing on the concepts of existence, God, and created beings. The background of the study lies in the enduring relevance of classical Islamic philosophical and theological discussions on the nature of reality, divine attributes, and the relationship between God and creatures. The purpose of the study is to examine how al-Juwayni conceptualizes the distinction between the absolute existence of God and the contingent existence of creatures, as well as the implications of his thought for ethics, law, and human agency. The research employs a qualitative, descriptive method based on library research, analyzing primary texts of al-Juwayni and relevant secondary literature to uncover his philosophical arguments and theological reasoning. The findings reveal that al-Juwayni emphasizes the independence and necessity of God’s existence, while all created beings are contingent and dependent on divine will, yet retain limited agency. He integrates reason and revelation to understand divine attributes, creating a framework where metaphysics, ethics, and law are interconnected. The study concludes that al-Juwayni’s ontological perspective not only enriches classical Islamic thought but also provides a valuable conceptual foundation for contemporary discussions on theology, philosophy, and moral responsibility. His insights remain relevant for addressing modern social, ethical, and philosophical issues within an Islamic framework.

The study of aesthetics proceeds along many lines, containing both the theory of beauty and the theory of art, and investigating both aesthetic objects and aesthetic experiences, employing description, prescription, analysis, and explanation.

This study examines cremation graves in Västra Götaland, focusing on the chaîne opératoire of actions that both preceded and followed the deposition of burnt human remains, and on how these practices were materialized through ritual performance over time. A substantial number of graves with well-preserved contexts have been analysed, and their chronology established through 14C dating of bones, cereals, or charcoal. The burial record has been divided into two analytical categories: graves in which cremated remains have been deposited together with pyre debris, and graves lacking said debris. This distinction, when considered alongside the quantity of bone recovered, is crucial for understanding post-cremation practices and transformations in mortuary ritual strategies. In contrast to comparable material from Funen, Denmark, the West Swedish evidence does not indicate abrupt shifts between these burial categories. Instead, the Pre- Roman Iron Age emerges as the period of greatest variability in funerary traditions, pointing towards a more permissive and less hierarchical configuration of ritual norms. Such variation can be approached through ritual performance theory, where funerary practice is seen as a dynamic negotiation of meaning, identity, and authority. The evidence suggests that cremation rites functioned as arenas of ritual agency in which participants enacted and reconfigured social memory, cosmological order, and relational identities. The analysis further highlights the significance of the size of bone assemblages, the spatial and symbolic role of the pyre site, and the dramaturgy of cremation. These elements are discussed in relation to the ritualization of mortuary practice. From the perspective of materiality and relational ontology, the cremation process is understood as an entanglement of human and non-human actors – bodies, fire, substances, and places – that co-produced meaning within mortuary practice.

Our study focuses on the issue of sociocultural projections of social cohesion in society. The methodology involved a comprehensive application of theoretical methods, including analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy, and theoretical modeling, as well as ontological and epistemological perspectives to identify sociocultural projections of social cohesion. Key principles underpinning the architecture of social cohesion during wartime were identified, including sociocultural integrity, homogeneity and heterogeneity, systemicity, the sociocultural orientation of social processes, the influence of natural and artificial sociocultural factors, and the intersubjectivity of sociocultural reality. A model of social cohesion in society has been constructed. The results of the study demonstrate that a sociocultural approach to social cohesion allows it to be defined as a state of dynamic unification of society to address pressing issues. It is shown that social cohesion, as a guiding idea for preserving statehood, unfolds amid profound transformations of the sociocultural foundations of societal life – both social and cultural. It is determined that social cohesion emerges as a result of actions within the sociocultural environment, as interactions and mutual influences among societal actors, both horizontally and vertically, are mediated by the sociocultural environment, while societal actors, in turn, influence the content of the sociocultural environment.

This research aims to analyze Ki Hajar Dewantara's educational philosophy from the perspectives of ontology, epistemology and axiology and examine its relevance for the development of Indonesian education in the digital era. The research uses a qualitative approach based on library research on the works of Ki Hajar Dewantara and relevant scientific literature. The data collection technique is a documentation method using written sources, both primary and secondary. There are several stages including data tracking, reading, recording and grouping data to facilitate the analysis process. Data analysis uses content analysis techniques to examine Ki Hajar Dewantara's educational paradigm and its implications in contemporary education. The results of the research show that ontologically Ki Hajar Dewantara views humans as virtuous creatures with the potential for creativity, taste and initiative which must be developed in a balanced way through education that guides the nature of nature and the nature of the times. Epistemologically, knowledge is understood as the result of students' experiences, interactions and reflections so that learning places students as active subjects and teachers as guides. Axiologically, education is directed at the formation of humans who are independent, characterized and cultured by emphasizing human values, freedom, example and social responsibility.

The development of 21st-century education demands critical, creative, collaborative, and communicative thinking skills that can be developed through a STEAM approach that integrates science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics in an interdisciplinary manner. This research aims to examine STEAM learning in a philosophical framework through ontological, epistemological, and axiological perspectives. This research uses a qualitative approach with a type of literature study through content analysis techniques. The results of the study show that from an ontological perspective, the essence of STEAM is a contextual and adaptive interdisciplinary approach in learning. In an epistemological perspective, STEAM knowledge is built through experimentation, collaborative projects, inquiry, and engineering design, thus gaining understanding through experience and reflection. Meanwhile, from an axiological perspective, STEAM improves problem-solving skills, innovation, responsibility, and awareness of the real world in the 21st century. This study has implications for the development of learning design and STEAM curriculum that emphasizes authentic problem-solving, cross-disciplinary integration, and contextual and meaningful construction of mathematical knowledge.

Theology has historically drawn upon various analogies to articulate the mystery of the Triune God. This study continues along that path, proposing new analogies inspired by contemporary developments in science. It specifically explores the role of the Divine Persons in the constitution of reality, in light of the profound interrelation between matter, energy, and information as foundational structures of the cosmos. Building on this framework, the article establishes a correspondence between each Person of the Trinity and one of the Aristotelian causes, thereby offering an integrated ontological perspective on divine action. Finally, it examines how each Person contributes uniquely to the ultimate purpose of all creation, revealing the teleological orientation of the universe toward full communion with the God who is Love.

This study is entitled Nahwu and Shorof as Sciences in the Ontological Perspective within the Realm of Philosophy. The purpose of this research is to examine the essence of nahwu and shorof not merely as technical tools for understanding the Arabic language, but also as scientific entities that possess ontological dimensions in philosophy. Nahwu is understood as the science that regulates the arrangement of words within sentences, while shorof functions to form and transform words according to specific patterns. From an ontological perspective, both are not simply linguistic instruments, but rather representations of the structure and form of linguistic reality that reflect the orderliness of human thought. The analysis demonstrates that nahwu and shorof play a fundamental role in preserving the integrity of meaning in Arabic texts, while also serving as a means to comprehend the essence of language as a living and dynamic entity. Thus, nahwu and shorof can be regarded not only as practical sciences in language learning, but also as philosophical disciplines within the ontology of knowledge, revealing the essence of form and structure of language in relation to human and societal reality.

The integration of livestock-food crops and horticulture is a strategic approach in realizing a sustainable agricultural system, especially in irrigated areas such as the Batu Bulan irrigation in Sumbawa Regency. This system not only increases resource efficiency through the utilization of crop waste as animal feed, the use of organic fertilizer from feces, and the planting of legumes to improve soil fertility, but also has the potential to be developed into agro-edutourism that can increase farmers' income. This study aims to analyze the potential of integration from the perspective of ontology, epistemology, and axiology, and assess its relevance as a basis for developing sustainable agro-edutourism. The method used is a systematic narrative review of international literature (2015-2024) covering the themes of agriculture-livestock integration, agro-edutourism, sustainability, and the philosophy of science. The results of the study indicate that livestock-crop integration has an ontological basis as an integrated agroecological system, an epistemological basis through scientific and local knowledge, and an axiological basis as a source of economic, educational, and ecological value. The development of integrated agro-educational tourism in the Batu Bulan irrigation system has the potential to increase farmer incomes, improve soil health, and strengthen local food security. With institutional support, technology, and multi-stakeholder collaboration, this model can become a viable and valuable strategy for sustainable agricultural development.

The research note advocates for researchers to deeply engage with (qualitative) research paradigms intellectually underpinning entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) thinking and research designs. We critically examine the status quo of the EE research landscape and contest dominant (critical) realist perspectives that permeate the field. The contribution emphasizes the importance of explicating the ontological and epistemological foundations of qualitative inquiry in EE scholarship. Drawing on other social science disciplines, we sensitize for and propose the application of social constructionism by outlining its epistemological pedigree, and its upside for diversifying, sophisticating and advancing (qualitative) EE theorization and methodologies. In doing so, we answer calls for diversity, innovation and pluralism in EE research.

This paper explores the laity’s perceptions regarding evangelism in Indonesia. Utilizing in-depth interviews with 26 churchgoers from various denominations, three primary themes emerge. From an ontological perspective, evangelism is understood as a duty, with salvation as its goal and love as the fundamental action. The methodological perspective highlights evangelism as the integration of deeds and words. The axiological perspective focuses on non-conversion evangelism while subtly maintaining hope for conversion. This paper argues that it reflects a strategic adaptation to the socio-religious complexities of their environment, aiming to balance the imperative of evangelistic duty with the practicalities of interfaith coexistence.

The object of the presented research is tropes as lexical means of artistic expressiveness, which appear as modes of the subject's existential creativity. The subject of the research is the philosophical foundations of these language means. The research objective is to identify, substantiate and reveal the philosophical basis of language means of artistic expressiveness from an ontological, epistemological, anthropological, ethical and aesthetic perspective. This research is not limited to a linguistic analysis of speech patterns, but rather seeks to detection and structurally represent the philosophical meaning of traditional language means that reflect the implicit correlations between being and cognition and serve as ways of self-creation and life-making for the subject. The research explores how various language means reveal ideas about the hierarchical organization of being, determine the ways in which reality is perceived, illustrate the relationship between human and the world, represent moral principles, serve as means of artistic representation of reality and, in general, reflect the creative essence of language and the language forms of the subject's existential creativity. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the attempt to identify the ultimate foundations of linguistic means of artistic expression, which are revealed not only as techniques for aestheticizing the text and enriching the language semantically, but also as ways of representing and structuring reality in the context of the subject's existential creativity. The main result of the research is the development of specific philosophical foundations for the most important tropes, such as metaphor (ontological, epistemological, anthropological and aesthetic), personification (ontological and epistemological), allegory (ontological, epistemological and ethical), periphrasis (ontological), irony (epistemological), hyperbole and litotes (ontological and epistemological), oxymoron (ontological), synecdoche (ontological) and euphemism (ethical). These foundations reveal the specifics of the existential, cognitive, individual-personal, moral and artistic relations between human and the world.