Online Methods Research Articles

Nonce word evidence for the misinterpretation of implausible events

ABSTRACT Good-Enough Processing accounts posit a two-stream mechanism by which an algorithmic, bottom-up parse is simultaneously built alongside a heuristic, top-down parse that is prone, in real-time, to influences from real-world expectations, which sometimes leads to misinterpretations of implausible events. Post-interpretive accounts suggest the offline findings often used as evidence introduce interference due to the memory they require, favouring instead an algorithmic-only account of parsing. The current study uses self-paced reading, question answering, and sentence completions to provide converging evidence for these misinterpretations, using nonce-nouns as a baseline for increased working memory burden against which event plausibility can be compared. The findings reveal a pattern where implausible sentences rarely cause online processing difficulty compared to plausible sentences while at the same time resulting in higher rates of misinterpretation. The data favour a Good-Enough processing account and highlight the issues with relying solely on online methods for psycholinguistic inquiry.

EVALUASI KEPUASAN PEMBELAJARAN DARING SELAMA MASA PANDEMI PADA MAHASISWA KEPERAWATAN UDAYANA

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human life including education. The learning process in schools and universities shifted into online methods to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction level for online learning process during the pandemic among nursing students. This research was a descriptive study, the survey conducted on 170 nursing students of Udayana University in June 2022 selected by the stratified random sampling method. The results showed that respondents were aged 18-22 years old, dominantly female which were 149 students (87,6%), and respondents were majority at the second year with 49 people (28,8%). The results showed that majority students were satisfied, the evaluation of online learning in this study indicated that the level of satisfaction for online learning were on the high level, with total of 109 students (63,8%) respond. There were 89 female students (52,4%) and 40 second-year students (23,5%) responded their evaluation for online learning in the high level of satisfaction. This study concluded the respondents were dominated with female students, in their second year, aged 18-22 years old; the majority of students were satisfied for online learning at Udayana University.

Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task

Attention is a critical outcome to understanding the impacts of tobacco warning labels and is commonly measured using eye tracking. Self-report, online methods may be efficient, scalable alternatives to capture attention. This study assesses warning label attention on cigarette marketing using a heatmapping task. Young adults (n=1,608) aged 18-30 years and registered on Mechanical Turk with a WorkerID verified in the U.S. were included. Data were collected in 2021-2022 and analyzed in 2022. Tobacco advertisement exposure included a 2×3 between-subjects factorial design for varying contexts and warnings. Attention was operationalized with self-reported frequency and timing of warning selection. Outcomes include credibility, willingness to use the advertised cigarettes, and intentions to use cigarettes and low-nicotine cigarettes. Early and more frequent attention to the warning was associated with higher credibility (frequent: β=0.28, 95% CI=0.11, 0.44; early: β=0.14, 95% CI=0.02, 0.25), lower willingness to use the advertised cigarettes (frequent: β= -1.78, 95% CI= -2.24, -1.32; early: β= -1.16, 95% CI= -1.49, -0.84), lower cigarette use intentions in the next week (frequent: β= -0.44, 95% CI= -0.64, -0.25; early: β= -0.21, 95% CI= -0.35, -0.08), and lower low-nicotine cigarette use intentions in the next week (frequent: β= -0.47, 95% CI= -0.66, -0.28; early: β= -0.25, 95% CI= -0.38, -0.12) than no attention at all. Greater attention as measured by a heatmapping task was observed for pictorial warnings and associated with lower intentions to use tobacco. Heatmapping selection patterns were a suitable proxy for attention in this online sample.

Examining the Relationships between Positive Youth Development and Post-Traumatic Growth in Young People Who Have Experienced Earthquakes

Post-traumatic growth is expressed as a positive change in individuals by remaining psychologically durable under extremely stressful conditions. Therefore, variables that can positively affect post-traumatic growth become important. The study aims to examine the relationships between positive youth development and post-traumatic growth levels in young people who have experienced earthquakes. While designing this research, the quantitative research approach was adopted and the relational survey model was used. The study group the research consists of 347 young people, 261 girls, and 86 boys, who have experienced an earthquake. In this study, we used the criterion sampling method, one of the non-probability online methods. "Positive youth development scale", "Post-traumatic growth inventory" and "Personal Information form" were used as data collection tools in the research. According to the results of the study, a moderate and positive correlation value was found between positive youth development and post-traumatic growth (r = .547, p

Tensions in Cultural Identity and Sense of Belonging for Internally Displaced Adolescents in Ukraine

ABSTRACT This article examines the cultural, educational and mental health consequences of large-scale internal displacement for children and adolescents from the Donbas to other parts of Ukraine. The research findings and methodological innovations of the study are discussed in the context of forced migration and displacement caused by the previous (2014) armed conflict in East Ukraine and Donbas with additional challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Our data collection was halted by the military action in Ukraine that started in February 2022 that has caused another wave of forced migration. We reflect on the experience gained from conducting research on sensitive topics of displacement using online methods in the environment of restricted access to schools and adolescents. The adolescents who were interviewed described their experiences of displacement, which for some had taken place nearly eight years before. Trauma from conflict and displacement can have mental health, educational and social consequences for displaced adolescents. These displaced young people and their families face, as internally displaced populations, a double-edged sword in their relationship with their new contexts. They often have numerous challenges in their settling in a new location and public sphere given the existing ethnic, cultural and language diversity of Ukraine and yet have the advantage of being able to adopt and adapt to their new socio-cultural contexts relatively quickly and minimise their pre-migration identities, if they so wish.

Online interactive medical neuroimaging exercise to identify human brain structures

A persisting need remains for developing methods for inspiring and teaching undergraduate medical students to quickly learn to identify the hundreds of human brain structures, tracts and spaces that are clinically relevant (viewed as three-dimensional volumes or two-dimensional neuroimages), and to accomplish this with the option of virtual on-line methods. This notably includes teaching the essentials of recommended diagnostic radiology to allow students to be familiar with patient neuroimages routinely acquired using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). The present article includes a brief example video plus details a clinically oriented interactive neuroimaging exercise for first year medical students (MS1s) in small groups, conducted with instructors either in-person or as an entirely online virtual event. This “find-the-brain-structure” (FBS) event included teaching students to identify brain structures and other regions of interest in the central nervous system (and potentially in head and neck gross anatomy), which are traditionally taught using brain anatomy atlases and anatomical specimens. The interactive, small group exercise can be conducted in person or virtually on-line in as little as 30 min depending on the scope of objectives being covered. The learning exercise involves coordinated interaction between MS1s with one or several non-clinical faculty and may include one or several physicians (clinical faculty and/or qualified residents). It further allows for varying degrees of instructor interaction online and is easy to convey to instructors who do not have expertise in neuroimaging. Anonymous pre-event survey (n = 113, 100% response rate) versus post-event surveys (n = 92, 81% response rate) were attained from a cohort of MS1s in a neurobiology course. Results showed multiple statistically significant group-level shifts in response to several of the questions, showing an increase in MS1 confidence with reading MRI images (12% increase shift in mean, p < 0.001), confidence in their approaching physicians for medical training (9%, p < 0.01), and comfort levels in working online with virtual team-based peers and with team-based faculty (6%, p < 0.05). Qualitative student feedback revealed highly positive comments regarding the experience overall, encouraging this virtual medium as a desirable educational approach.

Identifying Optimal Approaches for Sustainable Maritime Education and Training: Addressing Technological, Environmental, and Epidemiological Challenges

Maritime education and training (MET) for seafarers who operate ships has struggled to flexibly adapt to technological and environmental changes. In particular, as social demand for online MET arose due to COVID-19, the need for sustainable MET beyond traditional teaching methods grew exponentially. In order to identify the most optimal MET methods among face-to-face and online methods, this study reviewed the concepts and applications of existing MET methods, grouped them using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and supplemented this structure through a designed survey. The results showed that the online methods had the greatest weight, and the “XR (extended reality) within the metaverse” teaching method had the highest priority. This study identified which MET methods should be prepared for the post-COVID era through quantitative analysis. We confirmed the need for attention to XR within the metaverse as a field of online methods in the future. Furthermore, our findings reveal that online education platforms via metaverse-based “expansion” and “connection” are needed, and pave the way for future research to expand empirical studies on MET satisfaction regarding existing International Maritime Organization model courses.

VIKING II, a worldwide observational cohort of volunteers with northern isles ancestry.

The purpose of VIKING II is to create an observational cohort of volunteers with ancestry from the Northern Isles of Scotland, primarily for identifying genetic variants influencing disease. The new online protocol is separate to, but follows on from, earlier genetic epidemiological clinic-based studies in the isolated populations of Orkney and Shetland. These populations are favourable for the study of rarer genetic variants due to genetic drift, the large number of relatives, and availability of pedigree information. They are known to be genetically distinct from mainland British populations. Online methods are being used to recruit ~4,000 people who have Northern Isles ancestry, living anywhere in the world. The option for participants to have actionable genetic results returned is offered. Consent will be taken electronically. Data will be collected at baseline through an online questionnaire and longitudinally through linkage to NHS data in the electronic health record. The questionnaire collects a variety of phenotypes including personal and family health. DNA will be extracted from saliva samples then genome-wide genotyped and exome sequenced. VIKING II aims to capitalise on the special features of the Northern Isles populations to create a research cohort that will facilitate the analysis of genetic variants associated with a broad range of traits and disease endpoints, including otherwise rare variants that have drifted to high frequency in these populations. The South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee gave the study a favourable opinion. VIKING II is sponsored by the University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian. Summary research findings will be disseminated to participants and funding bodies, presented at conferences and reported in peer-reviewed publications. Strengths and limitations of this studyDetailed data and biological sample collection of research volunteers with unique ancestry.Consent for access to routinely collected clinical EHR data and for future re-contact, providing a longitudinal component.Optional consent for return of actionable genetic results.~4,000 participants is a relatively small number for certain types of genetic analyses, so the cohort is underpowered on its own, in some study designs.Resources to maintain the cohort, and to store data and DNA samples, are significant, with sustainability dependent on infrastructure support and funding.

Universities and innovation – the case of hybrid courses

Purpose Hybrid learning, integrating online methods of instruction with face-to-face learning methods, has recently gained increased attention. The literature on pedagogy and course management has focused on hybrid learning as a combination of virtual and physical environments, which can shift learning to a more student-centered model from the teacher-centered model. A gap exists in the literature related to the execution of hybrid learning and challenges faced by internal stakeholders, and the outcomes are achieved. This study aims to examine the implementation of hybrid learning courses and investigate the challenges and outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a qualitative approach. This study presents a case of a management university in India. Ten semistructured interviews were conducted with the university officials, including the vice-chancellor, dean and faculty members. The data collection method also included reviewing university documents and reports. Findings While formalized knowledge transfer through online courses can facilitate knowledge dissemination, it has its own downsides: it needs to be contextualized; it requires additional resources; it is not a one size fits all policy, as its conducive to some and alienates others; and students may not completely adopt it. Originality/value This investigation attempts to examine the shift to hybrid learning in the Indian context.

Accurate online training of dynamical spiking neural networks through Forward Propagation Through Time

With recent advances in learning algorithms, recurrent networks of spiking neurons are achieving performance that is competitive with vanilla recurrent neural networks. However, these algorithms are limited to small networks of simple spiking neurons and modest-length temporal sequences, as they impose high memory requirements, have difficulty training complex neuron models and are incompatible with online learning. Here, we show how the recently developed Forward-Propagation Through Time (FPTT) learning combined with novel liquid time-constant spiking neurons resolves these limitations. Applying FPTT to networks of such complex spiking neurons, we demonstrate online learning of exceedingly long sequences while outperforming current online methods and approaching or outperforming offline methods on temporal classification tasks. The efficiency and robustness of FPTT enable us to directly train a deep and performant spiking neural network for joint object localization and recognition, demonstrating the ability to train large-scale dynamic and complex spiking neural network architectures. Memory efficient online training of recurrent spiking neural networks without compromising accuracy is an open challenge in neuromorphic computing. Yin and colleagues demonstrate that training a recurrent neural network consisting of so-called liquid time-constant spiking neurons using an algorithm called Forward-Propagation Through Time allows for online learning and state-of-the-art performance at a reduced computational cost compared with existing approaches.

Shakespeare as a vehicle for empathy and diagnostic skills training in undergraduate medical students in their psychiatry posting

Psychiatry undergraduate training has been significantly curtailed by the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article examines the use of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, especially via the characters of Hamlet and Ophelia, to impart two core skills in psychiatry, namely diagnostic abilities and empathy. Medical students undergoing the psychiatry posting watched Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet online, focusing on identifying psychopathology, forming diagnoses, identifying countertransferences, and developing empathy through acting out close passages. Students were able to identify the features of bipolar disorder in Hamlet, correlating his behavior with separate depressive and manic episodes. They were also able to appreciate the unique quality of dissociation in Ophelia, especially in Act 4 of Hamlet, and recognize it as a manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorder. Through acting out closed passages, students were also able to feel empathy by putting themselves into the shoes of Hamlet and Ophelia. Such a pedagogical approach has additional unexpected utility in view of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly curtailed face-to-face medical education, leading to alternative online methods such as movies and Shakespearean plays in psychiatry education. In conclusion, though online methods cannot fully supplant face-to-face patient contact, they can be crucial tools in times of necessity and allow students to engage in interdisciplinary education, marrying the arts and the humanities.

Using self-paced reading in research with heritage speakers: a role for reading skill in the online processing of Spanish verb argument specifications.

Relatively little is known about how heritage speakers process language in real time, despite recent calls for the use of online methods such as self-paced reading, eyetracking, and ERPs (event-related potentials) in research on this early bilingual population. The present study addressed this gap with an empirical study of the online processing of heritage speakers of Spanish in the U.S. using self-paced reading, which is the online method that is most accessible to a wide body of researchers because it does not require specialized equipment. The processing target was related to the online integration of verb argument specifications, which was chosen because it does not involve ungrammatical sentences and therefore may be less likely to involve metalinguistic knowledge and less likely to put heritage speakers at a disadvantage than measures that rely on the recognition of grammatical errors. More specifically, this study examined an effect that occurs when a noun phrase appears after an intransitive verb, which can cause processing difficulty relative to a comparison condition in which the verb is transitive. The participants were 58 heritage speakers of Spanish and a comparison group of 16 first-generation immigrants raised in Spanish-speaking countries. Both groups showed the expected transitivity effect on the post-verbal noun phrase during self-paced reading, but the heritage speaker group also showed a spillover effect on the post-critical region. Among the heritage speakers, these effects were associated with lower self-ratings for reading skill in Spanish and with slower average reading speed during the experiment. Three theoretical accounts of the apparent susceptibility to spillover effects among heritage speakers are proposed: that it is a characteristic of shallow processing, that it is due to underdeveloped reading skill, and that it is an artifact of the self-paced reading method. The latter two possibilities are especially consistent with a role for reading skill in these results.

Preface

On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to welcome all of you to the 2nd International Conference on Mining and Environmental Technology (ICMET) that will be held from 18th to 19th of August 2022. We also have the post conference activities on 20th of August.The mining issues emerge and influence not only the human life but also the environment, on the other side technology plays a significant role to minimize the impacts of mining activities. The synergizing between those aspects would lead to social license to operate and good mining practices application. These two main goals have motivated the researchers and relevant actors to engage themselves with continuous discussion on mining, environment and technology. This is timely placed with the theme of our conference ‘Good Mining Practices and Its Application’. It is hoped that the conference will lead to cross fertilization of ideas and act as a catalyst for collaborations at both the national and international levels.I am pleased to inform you that there will be 33 papers presented across plenary session and three parallel sessions using offline and online methods. Paper presenters are from Australia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, and Indonesia. We have very diverse presenter from Indonesia represents Consultant, Universities and Mining Companies. I would like to convey my deepest gratitude to the keynote speakers: Professor Irwandy Arif from Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia, A/Prof. Kathryn Sturnman from The University of Queensland Australia, A/Prof. Lim Jeng Shiun from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, A/Prof. Phung Kim Le from Ho Chi Minh University of Technology Vietnam, and Mr. Hazqil Arafi from PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara. I also take this opportunity to thank our sponsors namely Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia, PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara, PT Major Drilling Indonesia, PT Dahana, and PT Semen Padang for their great support. In addition, my special appreciation goes to government of west nusa tenggara that providing us with the Welcoming Dinner tonight.Lastly, I hope the conference will bring a new exciting experience, provide a good platform to make friends, networks and learn from each other. I hope your stay in Lombok will be enjoyable and a memorable one. Thank you.With best wishes, Joni Safaat Adiansyah, Ph.D Organizing Committee ChairmanList of Conference Committees are available in this Pdf.

Adapting Patient and Public Involvement processes in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought rapid and major changes to research, and those wishing to carry out Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) activities faced challenges, such as restrictions on movement and contact, illness, bereavement and risks to potential participants. Some researchers moved PPI to online settings during this time but remote consultations raise, as well as address, a number of challenges. It is important to learn from PPI undertaken in this period as face-to-face consultation may no longer be the dominant method for PPI. UK stay-at-home measures announced in March 2020 necessitated immediate revisions to the intended face-to-face methods of PPI consultation for the ESORT Study, which evaluated emergency surgery for patients with common acute conditions. PPI plans and methods were modified to all components being online. We describe and reflect on: initial plans and adaptation; recruitment; training and preparation; implementation, contextualisation and interpretation. Through first-hand accounts we show how the PPI processes were developed, experienced and viewed by different partners in the process. While concerns have been expressed about the possible limiting effects of forgoing face-to-face contact with PPI partners, we found important benefits from the altered dynamic of the online PPI environment. There were increased opportunities for participation which might encourage the involvement of a broader demographic, and unexpected benefits in that the online platform seemed to have a 'democratising' effect on the meetings, to the benefit of the PPI processes and outcomes. Other studies may however find that their particular research context raises particular challenges for the use of online methods, especially in relation to representation and inclusion, as new barriers to participation may be raised. It is important that methodological challenges are addressed, and researchers provide detailed examples of novel methods for discussion and empirical study. We report a process which involved people with lived experience of emergency conditions and members of the public. A patient member was involved in the design and implementation, and two patients with lived experience contributed to the manuscript.

Blended Learning: Pembelajaran Abad 21 sebagai ‘Jalan-Tengah’ Menjaga Kualitas Pendidikan Di Era Pandemi Covid-19

COVID-19 has transformed the holistic learning process into an online platform. Unfortunately, these changes are only “EMERGENCY” responses because they occur under conditions of unpreparedness. This unpreparedness is experienced at all levels, both educational institutions, teachers, students and parents. As a result, online learning is considered less effective and there is strong pressure from various parties for schools to reopen offline education methods even though the pandemic has not passed. This study aims to show the existential problems experienced by students, teachers, and parents in transforming the educational paradigm. This research is qualitative, using primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through Google forms and in-depth interviews via WhatsApp. Respondents consisted of students, parents and teachers in the primary education stage in the DKI Jakarta area. Each group of respondents consists of fifteen people. The data is analyzed through the restatement, description and interpretation stages. This research shows that online learning has not been an effective solution to learning during the pandemic, because the response given is simply about technological change, not seen as a change in tradition towards 21st-century learning. In the current pandemic conditions and the urge to reopen the school, blended learning is a wise choice as a resolution, so that the quality learning process can be maintained. Increasing the digital literacy skills of teachers and conducting socialization to increase public awareness of the importance of transforming educational culture from offline-based learning to IT-based learning both Online and blended learning methods.

Impact of COVID-19 in Education Sector

Abstract: Since March 2020, the ups and downs seen in the whole world have rarely been seen. Covid-19 has made many changes in the way the world lives, eats, sleeps, studies and does all other activities. Its different effects are being seen in different areas. Its different effects are being seen in different areas, in which education is such an area where radical changes have taken place. Lock down forced people to change their traditional methods of teaching and adopt new ways for that. There have been many changes from giving education to taking education. Online methods of studies have brought a revolution in the education world. Today there is no need to go to school to study; new models of education are capable of imparting knowledge sitting at home. After Covid, there were many ups and downs in the education world. In the early days, teaching was a challenge in itself, but gradually efforts were made to make it easier with the help of technology. Through research, the effects of Covid-19 on education have been studied. Online survey was conducted for evaluating the impact of covid-19 on the education sector. For that primary data has been collected from the public of Indore district.

The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Beauty Clinic Brand Equity: the Case of Zap Manado

Purpose: Setting the context of exploration in beauty clinic industry, the present study aims to examine the influence of SMM on the four dimensions of brand equity: brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. Theoretical framework: The scholarly community is witnessing a marked increase in interest regarding the impact of social media marketing (SMM) on brands. However, despite this trend, the literature concerning the effects of SMM on beauty clinic brands remains scant. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional survey, facilitated through self-administered online methods, was executed among a sample of customers who had availed themselves of the beauty treatment services provided by the Zap beauty clinic within the past annum. The data gathered was subjected to analysis via the utilization of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques, utilizing the software platforms SPSS and SmartPLS. Findings: The results indicate that SMM exerts a positive and significant impact on brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: The findings of this investigation are anticipated to provide valuable understandings into the effectiveness of SMM on brand equity within the beauty industry which can improve marketing and branding strategies and building competitive advantage. Originality/value: This study is an original attempt to propose and test a theoretical framework, explaining the relationships among SMM on the four dimensions of brand equity: brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty in the beauty clinic context.

On- and off-line analysis by ICP-MS to measure the bioaccessible concentration of elements in PM10 using dynamic versions of the simplified bioaccessibility extraction test.

Two dynamic versions of the simplified bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) were developed-an off-line procedure and an on-line procedure coupled directly to ICP-MS. Batch, on-line, and off-line procedures were applied to simulated PM10 samples prepared by loading NIST SRM 2711A Montana II Soil and BGS RM 102 Ironstone Soil onto 45-mm TX40 filters widely used in air quality monitoring. Three real PM10 samples were also extracted. A polycarbonate filter holder was used as an extraction unit for the dynamic procedures. Arsenic, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined in the extracts using an Agilent 7700 × ICP-MS instrument. The residual simulated PM10 samples following application of the SBET were subjected to microwave-assisted aqua regia digestion and a mass balancecalculation performed with respect to digestion of a separate test portion of the SRM. Leachates were collected as subfractions for the off-line analysis or continuously introduced to the nebuliser of the ICP-MS for the on-line analysis. The mass balance was generally acceptable for all versions of the SBET. Recoveries obtained with the dynamic methods were closer to pseudototal values than those obtained in batch mode. Off-line analysis performed better than on-line analysis, except for Pb. Recoveries of bioaccessible Pb relative to the certified value in NIST SRM 2711A Montana II Soil (1110 ± 49mgkg-1) were 99, 106, and 105% for the batch, off-line, and on-line methods, respectively. The study demonstrates that dynamic SBET can be used to measure bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in PM10 samples.

Improving optometry student interpersonal skills through online patient, clinician and student evaluation and feedback

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Interpersonal skills are crucial for successful clinician-patient interactions. To prepare future optometrists for clinical practice, pedagogical evaluation is important to support the implementation of new strategies for teaching and evaluating interpersonal skills. Background Optometry students largely develop their interpersonal skills through in-person patient interactions. Telehealth is increasing, yet strategies to develop the interpersonal skills of students for teleconsulting have not been explored. This study aimed to assess the feasibility, effectiveness and perceived usefulness of an online, multisource (patients, clinicians and students) evaluation and feedback program for developing interpersonal skills. Methods Via an online teleconferencing platform, optometry students (n = 40) interacted with a volunteer patient, observed by a teaching clinician. Patients and clinicians evaluated the interpersonal skills of the student in two ways: (1) qualitative written feedback, and (2) quantitative rating (Doctors’ Interpersonal Skills Questionnaire). All students received written patient and clinician feedback after the session, but not their quantitative ratings. A subset of students (n = 19) completed two sessions, self-ratings, and were provided with their written feedback and an audiovisual recording from their first interaction before completing the second session. All participants were invited to complete an anonymous survey at program completion. Results Patient and clinician overall interpersonal skills ratings were positively correlated (Spearman’s r = 0.35, p = 0.03) and showed moderate agreement (Lin’s concordance coefficient = 0.34). Student self-ratings did not match patient ratings (r = 0.01, p = 0.98), whereas there was moderate agreement between clinician and student ratings (Lin’s concordance coefficient = 0.30). Ratings improved at the second visit (p = 0.01). Patient ratings were higher than clinicians (p = 0.01) and students (p = 0.03). All participants agreed that the program was feasible, useful and effective at fostering good interpersonal skills. Conclusion Multisource feedback about interpersonal skills contributes to improvement in student performance. Patients and clinicians can evaluate and provide useful feedback to optometry students about their interpersonal skills using online methods.

Exploring local public support for protected areas: What social factors influence stated and active support among local people?

This paper explores local public support for nature protected areas (PAs) to identify primary social factors explaining support. The model was built and tested using survey data collected from approximately 2300 individuals living inside or near six Protected Areas in five different European countries using both face-to-face and online methods. Results show that perceived social impacts are a key and consistent predictor of the level of stated support, despite the wide range of potential impacts. Also important is the strength of a person’s sense of place attachment to the PA landscapes or area, as well as institutional trust. Other factors were only significant at some sites indicating the importance of local context. Results indicated that stated support is linked with pro-environmental behaviour when using the protected area, indicating the importance of supportive public attitudes for behaviour that is supportive of ecological effectiveness. The link between stated support and volunteering was less clear indicating that this is also influenced by other factors. The model is intended to inform theoretical understanding of the factors affecting public support, but also as a step towards developing a predictive tool for practitioners taking into consideration a broader range of factors in assessing public support and highlighting problem areas for action. As new ambitious biodiversity conservation targets are set internationally, our study will be useful for practitioners and researchers regarding what future management approaches and policies need to focus on in order to maximise public support, minimize conflicts in PAs and increase pro-environmental behaviour.