Online Form Research Articles

Research on the Problems and Strategies of Live-Streaming E-commerce on the Douyin Platform in China

This paper analyzes the problems and challenges of live-streaming e-commerce on the Douyin platform in China. It focuses on product quality inconsistency, content homogeneity, and live-streaming regulation. It also suggests strategies to address these problems and challenges, such as using AI and QA to improve quality, focusing on innovation and differentiation to enhance experience, and establishing laws and standards to regulate behavior. The research significance of this paper lies in its contribution to the understanding and development of live-streaming e-commerce, a new form of online shopping that combines live video, social media, and e-commerce. Live-streaming e-commerce has become a popular and profitable business model in China, especially on the Douyin platform. By identifying and solving the problems and challenges of live-streaming e-commerce on the Douyin platform, this paper can help the platform, the live streamers, and the customers achieve better outcomes and benefits. However, this paper has some limitations, such as the lack of primary data from the participants. Therefore, future studies can use more direct and interactive methods to collect primary data from the stakeholders of live-streaming e-commerce on the Douyin platform. This can help to obtain more accurate and comprehensive information and insights.

PROMOTING EFL LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH PODCAST: TEACHERS’ BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

The purpose of this study was to investigate a method for integrating English learners' podcasting skill development by teacher beliefs. This research design used an online form basis which contains multiple choices and also open ended questions. Participants involved in this study were 17 participants. The procedure used in this study was the use of forms and there was also an interview session. Data analysis which was known in this study was that 82,4% respondents were familiar with podcast media for learning English. In this research, a qualitative descriptive research method was employed, revealing the efficacy of podcasts as a valuable medium for English language learning, particularly in the domains of listening and speaking skills. Utilizing podcasts to foster English as a Foreign Language (EFL) speaking and listening proficiency emerged as an engaging and fruitful technique, demonstrating its potential as an effective tool for language enhancement. Consequently, the study advocates for the incorporation of podcasts into the EFL curriculum.

E-work self-efficacy, digital competence and work engagement of teachers in public secondary schools from two provinces in the Philippines

This descriptive-correlational research design aimed to
 determine the significant relationships between e-work self-efficacy,
 digital competence and work engagement of teachers in secondary
 schools in the Philippines. The respondents of the study were 244
 teachers from public secondary from two provinces. They were
 selected through Simple Random Sampling. The study was
 conducted via online forms. The gathered data were treated using
 statistical tools such as Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson r, Hayes
 Process and Multiple Linear Regression. The results of the study
 suggest that enhancing e-work self-efficacy and digital competence
 may lead to increased work engagement, which could ultimately lead
 to better job performance and satisfaction in the context of remote
 work. The results of moderation analyses revealed that the
 respondents’ profile age, length of service, and academic rank
 significantly moderated the relationship between e-work selfefficacy and work engagement. Hence, the hypothesis stating that
 the respondents’ profile variables do not significantly moderate
 between e-work self-efficacy and work engagement and also the
 hypothesis stating that the respondents’ profile variables do not
 significantly moderate between digital competence and work
 engagement of the respondents were both partly upheld. The result
 of regression analysis identified the digital competence singly
 predict the Work Engagement of the respondents. Moreover, the
 regression further revealed that digital competence and e-work selfefficacy in combination predict the work engagement of the
 respondents. Hence, the hypothesis stating that the respondents’
 profile, e-work self-efficacy, and digital competence do not
 significantly predict their work engagement was partly upheld.

A Descriptive-Correlational Study on Personality Traits and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Senior High School Learners

Personality traits play a crucial role in shaping theories related to entrepreneurial processes, particularly in terms of entrepreneurial intentions. This study aimed to assess the levels of personality traits and entrepreneurial intentions among Grade 12 students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) senior high school programs, as well as to explore their significant relationships. Employing a descriptive correlational research design, the study involved 211 Grade 12 STEM and HUMSS students selected through stratified random sampling. Conducted via online forms, the results indicated high levels of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, alongside elevated entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, Spearman’s correlation revealed significant relationships between openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness with entrepreneurial intentions. However, no significant relationship was found between neuroticism and entrepreneurial intentions. Importantly, the study identified relationships between personality traits and entrepreneurial intentions among Grade 12 STEM and HUMSS senior high school learners.

Preferences and perceptions of MBBS students towards blended learning in medical education

Introduction: With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic there has been a rapid shift in the mode of delivering education. A swift transition from place-based offline classes to virtual online learning platforms has emerged during the pandemic. The present study explored the acceptance, perceptions and preferences of blended learning among medical undergraduate students. Methods: MBBS undergraduate students of second and final professional (Part I & II) phases from Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, UP were enrolled in the study. We studied acceptance, perception and preferences regarding blended mode of learning of MBBS students using online Google Form. Semi structured questionnaire was drafted by the research team, based on thorough and critical review of pertinent literature and other similar survey tools. Each item was discussed separately and changes were made where required. Then, it was transformed to an online form through Google Forms. Results: Out of a total of 432 students, more than 3/4th of students (78.2%) believed that combined approach would lead to improvement in learning. Around half (53.6%) of the female students were relying predominantly on offline learning compared to 37.0% of male students (p = 0.004). Flexible schedule and personal convenience was reported as the most common benefit of online learning while lack of interaction with peers and connectivity issues were found to be the major disadvantages. Conclusion: Majority of the students echoed a positive attitude towards blended mode of teaching and learning. Medical education is largely demonstration and application based for acquiring skills. Therefore, a combined approach where the theoretical aspect of the curriculum is made online, might offer a more convenient, flexible and effective alternative way of teaching and learning. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.009 *Correspondence: Mohd. Yasir Zubair, Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Email: yasmuhsin@gmail.com

How Do Islamic University Prevent Fraud: Do Leadership Style and E-Procurement Matter

Internal control, and leadership style on fraud prevention at State Islamic Religious Universities in Indonesia. This study used the research subject, namely the Internal Supervisory Unit (SPI) at 58 PTKIN throughout Indonesia. The data used is primary data with a questionnaire technique that is distributed in the form of online, namely by using a google form which is sent via whatsapp to SPI PTKIN throughout Indonesia. The distribution of the questionnaire was carried out in two stages of filling out, namely 1) The First Phase, starting on June 15, 2022 to June 25, 2022, and 2) Phase Two, starting on June 30, 2022 until July 14, 2022. So that 102 respondents were obtained from 52 PTKIN. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis which is processed using the SPSS version 25 program. Hypothesis testing is carried out simultaneously and partially, with the following results: (1) e-procurement implementation, internal control, and leadership style simultaneously affect fraud prevention, (2) e-procurement implementation has an effect on fraud prevention, (3) internal control has an effect on fraud prevention, and (4) leadership style has an effect on fraud prevention.

COMMUNITY ADVISORY COUNCILS: AN ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PATIENT-CENTERED LEARNING

Abstract Advisory councils provide a forum for patients and families to partner with health care systems and share experiences, perspectives, ideas, feedback, and recommendations that can improve both the patient experience and health care outcomes. Research shows that patient partnerships fostered through advisory councils can also positively impact health professions education and training by supporting patient-centered learning. With a goal to promote collaboration among community stakeholders in the delivery of geriatrics education and training, a Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program formed a Community Advisory Council. A project team developed the council goals, structure, application and recruitment processes, and facilitation methods. Over two years, a total of 27 older adults, caregivers and community advocates participated in the advisory council both online and in-person. Council members completed an orientation session and met four times over a twelve-month period. At each meeting, faculty prepared two to four open-ended discussion questions regarding knowledge, skills, and attitudes relevant to the nursing home workforce, student education, continuing education, and community outreach. Responses were collected through paper surveys and online forms. Thematic analysis of qualitative responses identified common themes that were shared with education and clinical leadership to inform and improve learning experiences, health care processes, and council engagement. Presenters will describe the council’s structure and composition as well as recruitment, facilitation, and evaluation methods, and lessons learned. This project demonstrates a replicable model of evaluating education that involves older adults, families and community in co-creating quality learning and patient experiences.

Medium of Instruction and Achievement in Social Studies among the Students of Gogan Secondary School, Pokhara

This conference paper explores factors involved in the achievement of social studies in the basic level students of Pokhara Municipality. The objectives of the paper are to analyze the different factors associated with students’ achievement in learning social studies and to look for associations of mother-tongue education with the students’ achievement. A quantitative and applied research methodology with both primary and secondary sources of information was used. The primary data is collected via an online survey using a structured questionnaire. The data has been collected using researcher-administered online counseling and the distribution of online forms. Similarly, secondary data has been collected from different sources. The survey used a population of 155 students from one of the schools in Pokhara, Shree Gogan Secondary School, conveniently selected. The paper provides a theoretical basis showing that language choices are important for raising interest in the subject matter in students, which further increases the chances of attaining better grades. The students’ achievement is influenced by several factors, including linguistic, educational, social, and economic expediencies. At the time of the survey, it was observed that the students wanted some changes in the uses of the medium of instruction as well as the method of teaching. The study revealed that most respondents do not find English as a medium of instruction comfortable for study. Most respondents prefer their mother tongue as a medium of instruction. The paper concludes that mother-tongue education should be implemented rather than using an imposed medium of instruction (MOI).

Librarians’ professional development needs in the digital age - A case study at the Learning Resource Centre - Can Tho University, Vietnam

Professional development fulfils dual functions in fostering career advancement and enhancing staff retention. For librarians, this development becomes even more crucial to acquire the requisite skills and knowledge in the digital age. This study presents the professional development needs of staff at the Learning Resource Centre, Can Tho University, Vietnam. This study used C.P. Alderfer’s Existence Relatedness Growth (ERG) Theory of Motivation - Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (1969) [1] as a theoretical framework. A mixed-method approach was utilised to determine the professional development requirements of the staff and the associated influencing factors. A survey questionnaire was disseminated to all 28 staff members (a 100% sample) of the Learning Resource Centre via online and in-person forms. Furthermore, fifteen individual interviews were conducted to obtain detailed insights. The research findings underscore that the majority of the staff at the Centre express a keen interest in professional development. Moreover, the research pinpointed three challenges affecting career development: budgeting (both self-financed and state-sponsored), time, and familial obligations. These results aid in formulating strategies to address the professional development necessities of staff at the Learning Resource Centre in the digital age. Additionally, the insights augment the compendium of reference resources for subsequent research in human resource management and devising strategies to retain highly skilled personnel.

Harassment and bullying aboard: Impacts of gender inequality on ocean professionals

Harassment in the workplace and in the academic environment impacts the victim's physical and mental health, which in turn affects the person attacked, the organization, and the progress of science. The present study aimed to analyze situations of sexual harassment and bullying reported by people who work aboard vessels in Brazil, with emphasis on gender, seeking to quantify and characterize inequalities. This was an exploratory study that used a semi-structured form with a total of 33 questions (29 closed-ended and 4 open-ended), aimed at ocean professionals in Brazil. The online form was broadly shared and made available for three months in 2021, yielding 260 responses. The results demonstrate a greater participation of women in the research, who were also the majority of the victims in terms of both sexual harassment and bullying. The most common scenario reported was that of predominantly male coworkers and the most common aggressor profile was that of men in a superior hierarchical position. Only 35 people (18.0%) made formal complaints of harassment, although 195 of them reported experiencing harassment aboard. Results demonstrated that sexual harassment and/or bullying are a social problem in the field of environmental sciences and marine sciences, which mainly affects and harms women. Thus, a broad discussion of this reality is necessary, in addition to preventing and combating harassment on vessels.

Perceptions Of Indonesian Young Farmers Toward The Ministry Of Agriculture's Milenial Farmers Program And Business Activities (Case Study On Indonesian Millennial Farmer Ambassadors)

The millennial farmer program is an activity for future agricultural regeneration by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. Apart from potential natural resources, business opportunities in the agricultural sector will certainly be an attractive one for young farmers who also receive guidance and training in the millennial farmer program. The perceptions of young farmers will provide a new perspective on the agricultural sector which is considered old-fashioned, dirty and has lower income than other sectors. The research respondents were millennial farmer ambassadors from the Ministry of Agriculture representing each region in Indonesia. Data was collected using an online form and processed using a Likert scale. Presented with qualitative descriptive. The results showed that the factors that most influenced the perception of millennial farmers were the level of education and parental influence. The perception of millennial farmer ambassadors (X) regarding the millennial farmer program (Y) and business studies (Z) is very good. Path analysis with Partial Least Square (PLS) to see the relationship between exogenous and endogenous and intervening variables. Knowledge of the direct relationship between variable X to Y, variable X to Z, variable Y to Z, all three have a significantly positive effect. And the indirect relationship between variables X and Z through Y also has a significant positive effect.

Tranformasi Pendidikan Di Era Digital

Digital transformation has changed the paradigm in the world of education, having a significant impact on learning and teaching methods. This article discusses key aspects of this transformation, such as greater information accessibility, the development of 21st century skills, digital literacy, and various forms of online, distance, personalized and lifelong learning. Digital assessments have also become an important element in measuring student progress. This transformation not only brings opportunities, but also challenges that require collaboration, innovation and interesting learning experiences. The importance of understanding the implications of digital transformation in the world of education is emphasized to face rapid technological changes. The research method used is library research which comes from books and journals, so that the truth can be verified. Technological advances will bring many changes, information will arrive very quickly, learning will be easy to do, making interaction easier.

Examining the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle: A study from Turkey.

Concerns about a possible relationship between vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and menstrual disorders have been raised in the media. In addition, different studies have shown that the COVID-19 vaccine may be associated with menstrual changes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle in women. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between August 16 and September 17, 2021. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire via an online form sent to the participants through social media. Data of 586 women were included in this study. A total of 82.4% (n = 483) of the participants were aged between 31 and 50 years. The BioNTech vaccine (2 doses) was administered to 75.8% (n = 444), Sinovac (3 doses) to 9.0% (n = 53) of the participants. 53.1% (n = 311) of the women experienced changes in their menstrual cycles. The most common menstrual changes after vaccination were delayed menstruation (n = 176; 30.0%) and prolonged menstrual duration (n = 132; 22.5%). Menstrual delay, prolonged menstrual duration, heavy bleeding, and early menstruation were more common in women than prior to receiving the vaccine (P < .05). More than half of the women experienced menstrual cycle changes after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Women experienced significantly higher rates of menstruation delay, prolonged menstrual duration, heavy bleeding, and early bleeding compared to before vaccination.

The metacognitive awareness of reading strategy among pre-service primary teachers and the possibility of rating improvement using Rasch analysis

This study investigated pre-service primary teachers' reading strategies using the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategy Inventory (MARSI) in the Indonesian version. The participants were 4377 pre-service primary teachers in Indonesia. The data were collected via an online form, and the invitations were sent out randomly. The participants were divided into two studies: 2912 participants were in study 1, which used a 5-point Likert scale, and 1465 participants were in study 2, using a 4-point Likert scale. The Rasch measurement approach was used in investigating the validity and reliability, rating improvement analysis, checking item difficulty functioning based on gender, and classifying pre-service primary teacher reading strategies. The adapted questionnaire satisfied all psychometric requirements based on Rasch modeling. The questionnaire with a 4-point scale showed better function than the 5-point one based on the observed measure average and curve probability category. The teachers' abilities ranged from − 6 logit to 6.45 logit.

The role of active pedagogies in architectural design studios: post-pandemic adaptation

Background: Architectural design studio courses are the core of architecture education where learners collaborate, brainstorm, and share their ideas to obtain the most beneficial outcome in a shared creative environment. The COVID-19 crisis has brought a variety of amendments in the architecture education world which therefore introduced a vast number of challenges to both architecture students and tutors. Since the beginning of 2020, all architecture universities from all over the world started to depend thoroughly on remote learning and according to previous studies, the majority of the students were highly satisfied with online learning when it came to architectural theoretical courses; however, the most challenging part was the architecture studio courses. Such interference lead to an educational shift from a physical interactive studio environment to a remote learning environment which caused a heated debate among the researchers. Hence, the study aims to test the architecture studio pedagogies in order to obtain an efficient and interactive studio environment leading to more satisfactory outcomes regarding the studio courses. Methods: Two questionnaire surveys were distributed online on google docs to both the studio courses staff members and students at the AAST Campus in Alexandria, Egypt at the end of the 15th week of the course and collected three weeks later. A comparative analysis of the individual and the collaborative phase for both surveys was anonymously achieved through the online forms for an unbiased active learning and pedagogical approaches assessment. Results: The survey results of 73 students and 13 staff participants emphasized the most beneficial active learning criteria and architecture pedagogies to be used for architectural studio courses. Conclusion: According to the results, the study will propose updated active learning guidelines for architectural design studio courses adapting to any emergency.

Pedagogical education as an area to form teacher inclusive dispositions

Introduction. In recent decades, pedagogical education as a special branch of vocational education has been called upon to solve a qualitatively new task related to satisfying the personnel demand for an intensively expanding inclusive educational practice.Aim. The present research aims to reveal the essential characteristics of the teacher inclusive dispositions formation in the context of her/his professional and personal formation in the process of university education in the system of pedagogical education.Methodology and research methods The research was based on a competency-based approach to the university training of an inclusive school teacher as a professional teacher of a new type within the framework of inclusive educational philosophy. In its empirical part, it was built on the basis of quantitative methodology with the use of correlation design.The final sample of the respondents consisted of 1122 master’s and senior bachelor’s degree students from 33 cities of Russia, mastering different educational programmes in pedagogy. On the basis of informed consent, the students filled out online forms (Yandex Form), which included a set of 4 authored and adapted questionnaires and tests.The empirical data obtained were processed by frequency, comparative and multivariate analysis, using the median test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The analysis of the structure of professional dispositions and the internal consistency of the constructed scales was carried out using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. For statistical calculations, the program IBM SPSS Statistics ver.23 and the AMOS module were employed.Results. The structure of relations between the components of inclusive dispositions and the indicators of the teacher professional dispositions is revealed. It is established that inclusive dispositions cannot be considered outside the context of the common teacher professional dispositions, being their integral component, which determines the significance of inclusive dispositions as a resource of professional and personal formation of a teacher.The asynchrony of the formation of inclusive dispositions of future teachers in the process of their university training is revealed, which is found in the status of future school psychologists and teachers of physical culture and life safety more preferable in contrast to future subject teachers.The authors revealed the heterogeneity of inclusive dispositions of future teachers in their correlation with different nosological groups of children with disabilities as potential subjects of school inclusion, which is manifested in the reduction of these dispositions in relation to children with behavioural disorders in comparison with similar dispositions concerning children with sensory, motor and communicative disorders.The conclusion is made that the framework of traditionally organised university training of pre-service teachers has an insufficient effectiveness to solve the problem of inclusive disposition formation among future teachers.Scientific novelty. The research findings are considered theoretically significant as they promote an understanding of the underlying patterns of the formation of inclusive readiness of the teacher, taking into account its dispositional predictors.Practical significance. The empirical materials obtained can be used as a basis for the modernisation of pedagogical education in terms of improving the personality-oriented university training for future teachers’ ability to work in the conditions of inclusion.

USE OF INNOVATIVE FORMS OF LEARNING IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF PUBLIC SERVANTS

The article examines the possibility of applying innovative forms of education for professional training of public servants in view of the need for their effective work in the conditions of European integration, the formation of a democratic state, and the development of civil society in Ukraine. It was determined that the sphere of human activity is constantly expanding, and until recently the universal concept of "state service" was supplemented by the concept of "public service" in the national legislative practice. Today, public service in the broadest sense is carried out by employees of all state power organizations, state enterprises and institutions, local self-government bodies, communal enterprises, in a narrow sense - it is the activity of officials of state authorities and local self-government bodies. It was found that in order to ensure the provision of quality services to citizens and the effective performance of their duties, public servants must constantly update their knowledge and skills, as well as constantly develop professional competences. It was determined that the processes of training and development of competencies of public service specialists are affected by the use of various forms of training, among which it is worth highlighting mixed training that combines traditional training methods with online resources. The peculiarities of the implementation of online, dual and mixed forms of education are considered. It was found that the network form of education is a way of organizing the education of education seekers with the participation of various subjects of educational activity interacting with each other on a contractual basis, the dual form of education involves combining the training of individuals in educational institutions with training at workplaces, the mixed form requires flexibility and taking into account the peculiarities of work in the field of public administration. It was concluded that innovative forms of education are important for the development of the modern educational system of training and professional development of public servants, and it is expedient to use such forms of education as online, dual and their combination - mixed education. These forms can be effective options for obtaining education for public servants, provide accessibility, flexibility and individualization of education, help increase the level of qualification and training of public servants for better performance of their duties.

Exploring ESP Students’ Perception toward the Potential of Artificial Intelligence to Promote Students’ Self-Efficacy in English Writing Skill

This study aimed to explain ESP (English for Specific Purposes) students’ perception toward the potential of AI to promote their self-efficacy in their English writing skill by examining its impact on students’ learning experiences and perceptions. The present investigation employed a qualitative case study. The data collected by open-ended questionnaire in online form distributed to forty students in accounting major. The findings showed that the students positively perceived toward the potential of AI to promote students’ self-efficacy in their English writing skill, they believed that AI play important role and impact their self-efficacy, enhance their motivation, reduce their anxiety, give easy access to the students to get feedback quickly with better recommendation of writing and provide interactive learning in achieving consistency in student’ English writing skill.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Dentistry: A Study of the Knowledge and Attitudes of Parents in Jordan

Aims: This study aimed to assess parental knowledge of COVID-19, particularly in the dental setting, and to evaluate the attitudes of parents in Jordan with regard to prevention of COVID-19 transmission especially to children attending dental clinics.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among parents of pediatric dental patients in Jordan. A questionnaire composed of 37 questions divided into three sections was used. The first covered socio-demographic characteristics of the sample, the second assessed parental knowledge; and the third evaluated the attitudes of parents towards COVID-19, particularly with regard to children visiting the dentist. An online form of the questionnaire was published on social media platforms. Parents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were asked to complete the questionnaire and share it with acquaintances in a form of snowball sampling. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.&#x0D; Results: The number of questionnaires included in the study was 671. Only 44% of the study sample reported that they had accompanied a child to a dental clinic during the COVID-19 outbreak and 60.3% reported that the visit was for emergency reasons. Almost all the parents (94.5%) talked about COVID-19 with their children.&#x0D; Conclusions: Parents had good knowledge, positive attitude, and appropriate practices towards COVID-19.

The contact hypothesis and the virtual revolution: Does face-to-face interaction remain central to improving intergroup relations?

Research on the contact hypothesis has traditionally prioritized the role of positive, direct, face-to-face interactions in shaping intergroup prejudices, but it has recently expanded to study indirect vicarious, negative, and online contact experiences. In the majority of studies though, there has been little direct comparison of the relationship between these different forms of contact and prejudice. The present research set out to compare the amount and effects of negative, online, and vicarious contact in the context of positive, face-to-face and direct contact in two studies. Study 1 comprised a national cross-sectional survey of relations between White and Black UK residents (n = 1014), and Study 2 comprised a national longitudinal survey of relations between Catholic and Protestant residents of Northern Ireland (n = 1030). The results of both studies indicated that positive face-to-face contact occurred more frequently and had a comparatively stronger relationship with prejudice than other forms of contact. However, they also indicated the effects of online, negative and vicarious forms of contact existed independently of those of direct, positive face-to-face contact. Moreover, online negative contact generally had a stronger relationship to prejudice than negative contact experienced face-to-face. Exploratory mediation analyses suggested the affective pathways from contact to prejudice may vary for different forms of contact.