Background: The Indonesian Omnibus Law Number 11 of 2020 mandates the transition from analog to digital television through an Analog Switch-Off (ASO) policy, necessitating the provision of set-top boxes (STBs) to facilitate this migration. The effective distribution of STB assistance is a crucial factor for the successful implementation of the ASO policy. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Analog Switch-Off (ASO) policy implementation in Depok City by examining the accuracy, timeliness, adequacy, quality, and appropriateness of set-top box (STB) distribution to eligible low-income households. Methods: This research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach to assess the effectiveness of the ASO policy implementation in Depok City, focusing on several dimensions: (1) target accuracy: ensuring that the STBs are distributed to the correct households; (2) timeliness: punctuality in the distribution process; (3) adequacy: sufficient provision of STBs to meet demand; (4) quality: ensuring the STBs meet the required standards; and (5) appropriateness of utilization: confirming that the STBs are used correctly by the beneficiaries. Results: The study reveals that while the STB distribution program has made significant strides, several issues persist. The results suggest that enhanced coordination and support from all involved parties—including government agencies, local authorities, and distribution teams—are necessary to address these issues and improve the overall effectiveness of the program. Conclusion: Strengthening these areas is essential for ensuring that the ASO policy achieves its intended outcomes and benefits low-income households as planned.

This study examines the role of the state in ensuring sustainable investment through the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles within the Indonesian legal framework. The research aims to analyze how national regulations accommodate the balance between investment protection and the responsibility of the state to safeguard environmental and social interests. Using a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach, this article explores primary sources of law such as the Investment Law, the Omnibus Law on Job Creation, and international investment agreements, supported by secondary sources including scholarly articles and institutional reports. The findings show that while Indonesia has introduced several regulatory instruments related to sustainability, the implementation of ESG principlesremains fragmented and lacks strong enforcement mechanisms. Comparative analysis with other jurisdictions highlights the urgency for Indonesia to harmonize its legal system with global ESG standards to enhance investment attractiveness while maintaining social justice and environmental protection. The study concludes that strengthening ESG-based regulations and monitoring mechanisms is crucial for the state’s responsibility in guaranteeing sustainable investment.

The dynamics of central-regional relations in Indonesia's post-Reform constitutional system continue to fluctuate, particularly with the advent of the Omnibus Law regime (Job Creation Law), which has fundamentally altered the landscape of decentralization. This article examines the structural problems of overlapping authority, which are no longer merely administrative but have created a regulatory vacuum and legal uncertainty at the local level. Using normative legal research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the disharmony between the Regional Government Law as the basis of autonomy and various sectoral laws that tend to be centralistic. The findings indicate that centralization of licensing without adequate central supervisory capacity has weakened environmental control functions and hindered public service effectiveness. As a solution, this article proposes a reconstruction of the authority distribution model through five strategic pillars: (1) regulatory harmonization placing the Regional Government Law as the lex generalis; (2) revitalization of the subsidiarity principle returning execution functions to the regions; (3) institutionalization of non-litigation administrative dispute resolution mechanisms; (4) a shift towards outcome-based accountability; and (5) the implementation of asymmetric decentralization and multi-level governance. This reconstruction aims to build a synergistic, accountable, and responsive central-regional relationship within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

The influence of politics on law also applies to law enforcement, the characteristics of legal products, and the process of their formation. The number of legal products produced is increasing quantitatively, but their legal substance and function do not always improve or align with public aspirations. The asynchronous relationship between legal structure and legal function, as mentioned above, is caused by intervention or disruption from political actions. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the causality between the political and legal subsystems, namely, how the political configuration and the omnibus law influence the process of forming legislation in Indonesia. The research method used is a doctrinal method analyzed using qualitative analysis. The results show that the Omnibus Law is a method or technique in the formation of laws with the aim of simultaneously amending several previously applicable laws. The legal policy direction of the formation of Law No. 13 of 2022 is solely to provide a legal umbrella for Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. The implications of the formation of Law No. 13 of 2022 are principally a follow-up by the Lawmakers to the Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 regarding the need for regulations regarding the omnibus method, clarifying the concept of meaningful public participation.

Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation is the first legal product in Indonesia that uses the omnibus law method. This study aims to analyze the juridical aspects of the formation of the Job Creation Law and the application of the omnibus law concept in the perspective of siyāsah dustūriyyah (Islamic constitutional law). The research method used is normative legal with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. Secondary data was obtained through a literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, then analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical techniques. The results of the study show that, legally, the formation of the Job Creation Law encountered various procedural problems that conflicted with Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation, particularly regarding public participation, clarity of academic texts, and substance harmonization. From a constitutional perspective, the concept of omnibus law is acceptable as long as it is in accordance with the principles of maslahah mursalah (public interest), justice (al-'adalah), deliberation (asy-syura), and does not conflict with maqashid syariah (sharia objectives).

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) serves as a legal instrument to evaluate the major effects of proposed businesses or activities and implement preventive measures to mitigate potential environmental impacts. Beyond being a prerequisite for environmental permits, EIA provides decision-makers with a basis for approval while incorporating the precautionary principle. Following the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2023, which formalizes Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2022 on Job Creation, the precautionary principle is applied only to high-risk activities, limiting its broader role in environmental protection. This study employs a normative juridical approach to assess whether current Indonesian legislation aligns with environmental law principles. Findings indicate that post-Job Creation Law, the precautionary principle is restricted to activities with significant risks and uncertain scientific outcomes, highlighting the need for its wider application across all business activities to support sustainable development that balances economic, ecological, and socio-cultural interests.

The study of autocratic legalism in executive regulations analyses two main aspects. First, the study examines how the president applies autocratic legalism in the issuance of executive regulations related to the National Strategic Projects (PSN). Second, it aims to design an effective system of checks and balances to manage executive regulations. Using a mixed doctrinal and empirical approach within a socio-legal framework, the findings from the PSN case study indicate that the practice of autocratic legalism observed at the legislative level is also evident in executive regulations, where the president plays a dominant role, resulting in the usurpation of some of the legislative functions of the House of Representatives and giving rise to a character of presidential authoritarianism. Additionally, several important points emerge: (a) the hegemony of executive regulations that disregards provisions in sectoral laws; (b) executive hyper-regulation, where the Executive directs approximately 61.22% of the implementing regulations of the Job Creation Law (omnibus law) to supporting the priorities of National Strategic Projects; (c) the emergence of conflicts of interest due to the possibility of private entities proposing National Strategic Projects; and (d) a significant neglect of environmental and social impacts.

Land acquisition for public interest constitutes a fundamental aspect of national development; however, it frequently generates conflicts owing to the tension between development objectives and the protection of community rights. Prior to the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, the legal framework governing land acquisition was regulated by Law Number 2 of 2012, which, despite providing a comprehensive statutory basis, continued to face obstacles, including lengthy procedures, high costs, and dissatisfaction with the compensation determination process. The enactment of the Job Creation Law introduced significant changes through the simplification of procedures, expansion of the definition of public interest, strengthening of institutional mechanisms, digitization of processes, and introduction of the land bank concept. This new regulation aims to accelerate infrastructure development while safeguarding community rights through more flexible compensation mechanisms and effective dispute resolution processes. However, these reforms raise concerns about a potential reduction in protection for vulnerable groups due to procedural acceleration. This study employs a normative and conceptual approach, drawing on statutory analysis and legal doctrine to assess the implications of the new regulatory framework. The findings indicate that although the Job Creation Law enhances the efficiency of land acquisition, the success of its implementation ultimately depends on the quality of on-the-ground execution, strict oversight, and the active participation of affected communities in the decision-making process.

Environmental law enforcement in Indonesia faces significant challenges in implementing the principle of Polluter Pays due to the overlap of sanction authority between Environmental Supervisory Officials (PPLH) and judges. This study aims to analyze the synchronization of the norms of coercive sanction authority for recovery after the Job Creation Law and identify factors that hinder the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement. The research method used is normative juridical with a content analysis approach to relevant laws and regulations. The results of the study show that the overlap of sanction authority between PPLH and judges is caused by the absence of a clear hierarchy between administrative and criminal sanctions, as well as changes in regulations after the Job Creation Law that have not been followed by adequate adjustments in legal substance. This study recommends a limited revision of the PPLH Law and PP No. 22 of 2021 to create a clear hierarchy between PPLH administrative sanctions and additional penalties for judges, as well as strengthening legal structures and legal culture to increase the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement.

The implementation of the Omnibus Law method in Indonesia represents a significant innovation in the formation of legislation aimed at ensuring legal quality, coherence, and efficiency. As noted by Jimly Asshiddiqie, the Omnibus Law can serve as a corrective mechanism to overcome hyper-regulation and legal fragmentation that have long undermined legal certainty and governance. However, its application raises questions about democratic legitimacy, public participation, and the balance of power among state institutions. From Hans Kelsen’s perspective, the Omnibus Law must still adhere to the principle of a hierarchical legal order (Stufenbau theory), ensuring that every regulation derives its validity from higher norms, ultimately grounded in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945). Thus, while the Omnibus Law offers potential to enhance the quality of legislation in Indonesia, its success depends on maintaining constitutional conformity, participatory inclusiveness, and alignment with both theoretical and practical demands of a democratic legal state.

Telemedicine has become a fundamental part of modern healthcare delivery, transforming the contractual and liability relationships between healthcare providers and consumers. In Indonesia, the growing use of telemedicine raises complex issues in civil law, particularly concerning consumer protection, data privacy, and accountability for malpractice. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of telemedicine consumers under Indonesian law specifically Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, the Civil Code, and sectoral health regulations and to evaluate the civil liability of telemedicine providers when harm or loss occurs. Using a normative juridical (doctrinal) approach, this research employs statutory, conceptual, and comparative methods. The study reviews current laws such as the Health Omnibus Law (Law No. 17 of 2023), the Personal Data Protection Law (Law No. 27 of 2022), the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 20 of 2019 on Telemedicine, and Government Regulation No. 28 of 2024 as its implementing regulation. Findings indicate that Indonesia’s legal framework remains fragmented, with unclear boundaries between consumer law and health regulations. Comparative analysis with international standards reveals the need for a harmonized civil law framework to ensure accountability, guarantee patient rights, and strengthen consumer protection in digital health services.

This research critically analyzes the influence of the omnibus law technique on the quality of criminal law formulation in Indonesia, particularly following the enactment of Law No. 13 of 2022 regarding Amendments to Law No. 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Legislation. Although the omnibus law method formally recognizes the integration of multiple legal substances within a single statute to enhance legislative efficiency and regulatory synchronization, empirical evidence demonstrates that its application in the criminal law domain creates serious substantive and procedural challenges. The research employs a normative legal approach supplemented by conceptual analysis to examine the alignment between omnibus law practices and the principles of good legislation (good legislation principles) as stipulated in Article 5 of Law No. 13 of 2022. The findings reveal that while omnibus law offers administrative efficiency, its implementation in criminal legislation generates significant problems regarding norm clarity, public participation, and legal legitimacy. Specifically, the technique tends to obscure the principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege), reduce deliberative quality in legislative processes due to executive dominance, and weaken public participation in legislative procedures. Furthermore, the rapid processing of omnibus bills with limited public consultation compromises the substantive legitimacy of resulting criminal law provisions. This research concludes that implementing omnibus law techniques in criminal legislation must be accompanied by reinforced mechanisms for meaningful public participation, enhanced transparency in legislative discussions, and rigorous norm quality testing prior to enactment. Without such safeguards, the legislative innovation intended to simplify legal frameworks risks creating new legal uncertainty within Indonesia's national criminal justice system. The research advocates for either restricting omnibus law application to non-criminal legislation or fundamentally restructuring its procedural framework to comply with constitutional standards of democratic lawmaking.

This study compares the environmental policy and implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) during the administrations of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and President Joko Widodo (Jokowi). Under SBY, environmental protection was emphasized through strict regulations such as Law No. 32 of 2009 and the forest moratorium policy, aiming to balance development with ecological preservation. However, weak law enforcement and limited public participation reduced its effectiveness. In contrast, Jokowi’s administration introduced the Omnibus Law (Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation), reforming environmental licensing through a risk-based approach to accelerate investment, though raising concerns about weakened environmental oversight. Using a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this study analyzed 25 academic journals and policy documents published between 2004 and 2024. The results show that while both administrations sought sustainable development, they faced similar challenges, namely weak implementation, low transparency, and limited community involvement. The study concludes that strengthening institutional monitoring and enhancing public participation are essential to ensure AMDAL’s effectiveness as a tool for sustainable development.

Law Number 11 of 2021 on Job Creation changes the regulations related to business competition law as regulated in Law Number 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. This amendment aims to improve the business competition climate to generate a positive impact on business actors and the community. Various issues and the development of changes to this law are presented in the form of seminars and scientific studies that carry topics on changes in business competition that need to be corrected immediately. After the enactment of the Omnibus Law, which changes the five articles of business competition, it needs to be studied with the main objective of business competition itself. This study will start by looking at the background and discussing the impact after the enactment of the new law for business actors, the community, and all related parties such as regarding the change in filing an objection to the Commercial Court. The method used in this paper is normative juridical by analyzing the applicable law and the impact that occurs. And the research approach used is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The result of this paper is that this change does not completely solve the problems that occur in the realm of business competition.

The introduction of the Omnibus Law with Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation marked a significant change in Indonesia’s approach to legislation, as this method was previously unfamiliar in the country. Consequently, the law faced legal challenges and was brought before the Constitutional Court (MK) for review. The Court ruled that the legislative process was flawed, highlighting a lack of public involvement and transparency, and found that the omnibus law method did not have a solid legal foundation within Indonesia’s existing legal framework. In response to these concerns, the House of Representatives and the President passed Law Number 13 of 2022, which included guidelines for using the omnibus law method in future legislation. This method is widely used in common law countries, while Indonesia operates under a civil law system rooted in democratic principles. This study focused on examining implications of the omnibus law method through a normative juridical approach, utilizing secondary data and qualitative analysis. The findings show that while this method can streamline the drafting and discussion of laws—saving time and effort—it also has significant downsides. This include a tendency to prioritize practicality over thorough research and limited public engagement, which undermines its democratic nature. Therefore, if Indonesia chooses to continue using the omnibus law method, it is crucial to address these limitations. Specifically, there must be genuine opportunities for public participation that go beyond just empty formalities. Careful and accurate implementation is needed to ensure that the resulting legislation is effective, high quality, and ultimately regarded as beneficial by the community.

This study investigates the impact of the implementation of Indonesia’s Taxation Omnibus Law on corporate dividend policy, with a particular focus on the moderating role of institutional ownership. Utilizing panel data regression with a Random Effects Model approach, the analysis is conducted on 37 companies listed in the LQ-45 index over the period 2017–2024. The empirical findings reveal that the tax reform positively influences dividend yield, yet has no significant effect on dividend per share (DPS). Moreover, the interaction between institutional ownership and tax reform weakens the impact of the reform on DPS. Theoretically, these results highlight that the effectiveness of tax policy reforms is contingent upon a firm’s ownership structure. From a policy perspective, the findings underscore the need for targeted tax incentives that align with corporate governance characteristics to effectively influence dividend distribution decisions. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the Taxation Omnibus Law and its implications for dividend payout behavior, while incorporating institutional ownership as a moderating variable—an area that has received limited attention in prior studies on tax reform and corporate financial policy.

The licensing of clinics and hospitals is crucial for achieving quality and equitable healthcare in Indonesia. The legal framework, including the 2009 Health Law and the 2020 Omnibus Law, has introduced a risk-based approach via the Online Single Submission (OSS) system to streamline the process. However, significant challenges remain. These include bureaucratic complexity, inconsistent regional regulations due to autonomy, lack of data integration between institutions, and high accreditation costs. These barriers particularly hinder small investors and limit the distribution of healthcare facilities in remote areas. Recent reforms, such as the National Digital Public Service Mall (MPP Digital), aim to address these issues by reducing licensing time to under one hour, thereby boosting transparency and efficiency. Despite this progress, unresolved issues concerning patient data privacy, the uneven distribution of medical personnel, and conflicting environmental regulations still need harmonization. To foster inclusive investment and support the 2030 Universal Health Coverage (UHC) goals, this research proposes key solutions: implementing fiscal incentives, adopting AI technology for verification, and strengthening public-private partnerships. With these targeted reforms, the licensing system can become a powerful driver for better healthcare access and sectoral growth.

The stages of the procedure for the formation of laws and regulations in Indonesia have been regulated in Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Laws and Regulations. In Indonesia there are three methods in the preparation or regulation of regulations in Indonesia, namely codification, unification, and modification. Modification of the labour cluster in the Job Creation Law has attracted public attention. This study critically evaluates how partial revisions are applied to Law Number 13 of 2003 on Labour through the omnibus law method in the Job Creation Law. The research method is normative legal research and prescriptive research with data source taken from primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The result shows that there are quite a lot of forms of changes related to the Labour Law. It can be concluded that overall there are 72 articles from 7 chapters and 4 sections of changes to Law Number 13 of 2003 in Law Number 11 of 2020. The partial revision modifies the legal politics of labour law which was originally for the protection of workers into legal politics that benefit employers or investors.

This article examines the transformation of Indonesian land law from the paradigm of fundamental justice embodied in the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) to a market-oriented framework shaped by the Omnibus Law on Job Creation and decentralization policies. This shift generates tensions between constitutional mandates, Pancasila values, customary law, and politico-economic interests that often marginalize structural justice. The study aims to analyze how these foundational values interact with Islamic legal philosophy through the maqāṣid approach to construct a more equitable and sustainable agrarian system. Employing a qualitative normative legal method combined with interpretive and comparative analysis, the research finds that a dialogical integration of UUPA principles, maqāṣid, and the social function of land can generate an alternative paradigm of land governance. The novelty lies in proposing a model emphasizing tawāzun (balance), ecological protection, and social equality. Theoretically, the article enriches global law-and-development discourse, while practically providing normative grounds for reconstructing agrarian policy toward justice and sustainability.

Abstract The debate over the authority of Sharia fatwas in the financial sector across various Muslim-majority countries often revolves around three key issues: independence, legality, and institutional competence. The 2023 Financial Sector Omnibus Law offers a resolution to these challenges and ensures the implementation of Sustainable Finance as an ecosystem that aligns economic, environmental, and social interests. This normative legal research, using statutory, historical, conceptual, and comparative approaches, aims to explore how the 2023 Omnibus Law solves the problems of independence, legality, and the competence of Sharia authority, and formulates the synergy of its roles in supporting an environmentally friendly Sustainable Finance ecosystem. In the future, implementing regulations are needed to ensure aspects of competence and good governance, particularly in fostering synergy in support of the sustainable finance ecosystem. Also in 2023, MUI issued its most comprehensive environmentally friendly fatwa since 2006, namely the fatwa on Global Climate Change Mitigation. This strengthens the momentum for consolidating support for the acceleration of Sharia-compliant financial services within the Sustainable Finance ecosystem. In the future, Sharia compliance in the financial services sector must go beyond traditional principles—such as the prohibition of riba (usury), maysir (gambling), and gharar (uncertainty)—to also align with environmentally friendly financing principles.