Essential Omega-3 Research Articles

Production of docosahexaenoic acid through enzymatic hydrolysis of Omega-3 rich oil

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid, is crucial for the normal development and function of the brain. Its production can be achieved through the partial hydrolysis of DHA-rich triglycerides catalyzed by lipases, particularly from fish oils. In this work, the characterization of anchovy oil capsules revealed that they offer a pure and concentrated source of DHA, with more than 90 % of the oil in the form of triglycerides. Therefore, the hydrolysis reaction was studied with the aim of releasing 100 % of the DHA present in this oil, using different immobilized lipases with maximum enzyme loading on the hydrophobic support Immobeads-C18. The study’s results revealed that our immobilization strategy through hydrophobic adsorption improved the catalytic properties of activity and selectivity of the TLL lipase compared to other biocatalysts described in the literature. Additionally, complete hydrolysis of the oil was achieved in just 24 h with the NS40-C18 derivative, which could be reused up to 6 cycles without loss of activity.

The Impact of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation on Calcium Levels in Third Trimester Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED): A Correlational Study

Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) during pregnancy represents a critical health challenge, especially in developing regions, where it significantly threatens maternal and fetal well-being. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid, plays a pivotal role in fetal neurodevelopment and maternal health. However, the impact of DHA supplementation on maternal calcium levels, particularly among pregnant women affected by CED, has not been extensively studied. This study evaluate the correlation between DHA supplementation and calcium levels in third-trimester pregnant women with CED, with the goal of improving outcomes for this vulnerable population. Method and Results: This research uses experimental cohort study design with a quantitative approach, using non-probability sampling techniques such as quota and purposive sampling, and involving a total of 24 participants. Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in calcium levels following DHA supplementation, with a p-value of 0.007 (<0.05), indicating a notable impact of the intervention. The mean calcium levels post-treatment were higher than pre-treatment, demonstrating the efficacy of DHA supplementation in improving calcium levels. Further analysis showed no significant correlation between pre-supplementation calcium levels and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.622, > 0.05). However, a significant correlation was found between post-supplementation calcium levels and BMI (p = 0.002, < 0.05). These findings indicate a positive correlation between DHA supplementation and calcium levels in pregnant women with CED during the third trimester. However, further investigation is needed to fully understand the relationship between calcium levels and BMI. Conclusion: This study lays the groundwork for future research aimed at optimizing therapeutic interventions or supplementation strategies to improve the nutritional status of underweight pregnant women.

Investigating the Thermal Stability of Omega Fatty Acid-Enriched Vegetable Oils.

This study investigates the thermal stability of omega fatty acid-enriched vegetable oils, focusing on their behavior under high-temperature conditions commonly encountered during frying. This research aims to evaluate changes in fatty acid composition, particularly the degradation of essential omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids, and the formation of harmful compounds such as trans fatty acids (TFAs). Various commercially available vegetable oils labeled as containing omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, including refined sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, rapeseed, and blends, were analyzed under temperatures from 180 °C to 230 °C for varying durations. The fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated a significant degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and an increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and TFAs with prolonged heating. The findings highlight the varying degrees of thermal stability among different oils, with high-oleic sunflower and blended oils exhibiting greater resistance to thermal degradation compared to conventional sunflower oils. This study underscores the importance of selecting oils with favorable fatty acid compositions for high-temperature cooking to minimize adverse health effects associated with degraded oil consumption. Furthermore, it provides insights into optimizing oil blends to enhance thermal stability and maintain nutritional quality, crucial for consumer health and food industry practices.

Utilization of Aquatic Plants and Microalgae for Sustainable Aquaculture Production and Potential Biotechnological Applications

Locally available feedstuffs, such as grain seed cakes, oilseeds, and vegetable waste, hold immense potential as alternative feed sources in fish farming. However, these plant-based ingredients have low crude protein content and lack essential fatty acids, which lowers palatability and feed conversion efficiencies, leading to suboptimal fish growth. Traditional feedstuffs like fishmeal and soybean meal face sustainability challenges such as local unavailability, the presence of anti-nutritional factors, and energy-intensive processing. The rising costs of commercial aqua-feeds and feed scarcity necessitate exploring alternative fish feed options. Aquatic plants like Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna minor, and Azolla pinnata, along with green and blue-green microalgae such as Chlorella spp. and Arthrospira spp. (Spirulina), are promising alternatives due to their high protein content, availability of essential omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), and beneficial bioactive compounds. These plants and microalgae, with crude protein content ranging from 25% to 65%, can significantly enhance fish growth, health, and product quality by partially or entirely replacing fishmeal. Their nitrogen-fixing abilities contribute to their high protein levels. Additionally, these organisms have various biotechnological applications, including phytoremediation, Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), aquaponics, biofloc technology, and constructed wetlands. Despite their potential, challenges in scaling up and integrating these alternatives into existing systems remain. Collaborative efforts and advocacy among farmer groups are crucial for knowledge sharing and fostering sustainable biotechnological solutions. Long-term strategies should focus on upscaling local feed production and research and development to achieve self-sufficiency and cost-effective natural feed production systems in fish farming.

Dietary alpha-linolenic acid supplementation enhances semen quality, antioxidant capacity, and sperm survival in aging breeder roosters

Aging in breeder roosters is often accompanied by a decline in semen quality, negatively impacting reproductive performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on semen quality, antioxidant capacity, and sperm survival in aging breeder roosters. Roosters were divided into 4 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% ALA for 6 wk. Results indicated significant improvements in semen volume, sperm viability, and sperm density in ALA-supplemented groups compared to the control (P < 0.05). The 1% ALA group exhibited the most notable enhancements in sperm viability and density. Additionally, ALA supplementation increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ALA improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reduced early and late sperm apoptosis, with the 2% ALA group showing the highest MMP and the lowest ROS-positive rate (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that dietary ALA supplementation enhances semen quality and antioxidant defenses, and mitigates oxidative stress, thus supporting the reproductive health of aging breeder roosters. This study underscores the potential of ALA as a dietary strategy to improve reproductive efficiency in poultry production.

Effect of chitosan coating enriched with orange peel (Citrus sinensis) waste extract on prolonged preservation and chemical and functional properties of frozen beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) fillet

Fish is a crucial component of the diet in both developed and developing countries. It is highly digestible and contains a suitable combination of essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which are essential for good health and nutrition. The health benefits of essential polyunsaturated lipid acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 fats, have stimulated interest in increasing seafood intake. However, fresh fish is one of the most perishable foods due to the potent action of autolytic enzymes and microbial activity. In this study, chitosan biofilms containing different concentrations of the orange-peel extract (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) were prepared and their physical factors including water vapor permeability (WVP), color, and water solubility (WS) were characterized. Enriching the chitosan-based coatings with orange peel extracts improved physical characteristic factors and WVP, color and WS improved for extending preservation of refrigerated beluga sturgeon so that significant difference in these factors were observed between the enriched coatings and control ones (p&lt;0.05). The fish fillets were analyzed for total lipid (3.33 ± 0.41%), crude protein (14.90 ± 1.04%) and total volatile base nitrogen (10.12 ± 1.15 mg N/100 gr) and then subjected to the three treatments as well as blank coatings with 0.0-1.5% levels of orange peel waste extract for 14 days in 4 ⁰C. The results revealed that the biofilm enriched with 1.5% orange peel waste extract was effective on preserving phenolic compounds and maintaining antioxidant properties of fish fillets during preservation period (p&lt;0.05). The findings of this study revealed that chitosan coating enriched with orange peel extract improved physical factors in the coatings and preserved the antioxidant compounds in the fish fillets and maintained their shelf life through two week refrigerated time.

The Role of Alpha Linolenic Acid on Neuroinflammation: A Systemic Review

Neuroinflammation, an inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), plays a critical role in various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, has shown promising health benefits due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This article aims to thoroughly examine the potential effects of ALA in reducing neuroinflammation, emphasizing its roles as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. The review focuses on studies published between 2018 and 2023, sourced from reputable academic databases such as PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, with nine key papers selected. The findings indicate that ALA significantly mitigates neuroinflammation by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Nrf-2/HO-1/JNK signaling pathway. Additionally, ALA reduces inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting p-JNK activation, disrupting lipid rafts, blocking the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and altering cell membrane phospholipid composition. The review concludes that ALA may have potential therapeutic effects in reducing neuroinflammation through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, offering possible benefits for various neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

Omega-3 fatty acids-critical for the marine food web and for seabird productivity

Abstract Seabird reproductive success in northern latitudes is often linked with prey abundance, availability, size, or species. Causes are often broadly explained as changes in ocean currents/temperatures, or diets. Few studies trace diets down the food web to primary producers, thus missing what I propose as an underlying cause of seabird colony failure, dietary abundance of essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA differ from other nutrients because they are, in part, ligands—critical for reproduction and other physiological processes for the entire marine food web, not just for seabirds. Diatoms are one of the few life forms that can produce PUFA de novo, and a lack of PUFA in zooplankton and fish reduces their abundance and productivity, with consequences up the food web. Since the mid-1980s, historical prey of breeding seabirds has decreased, and frequency of colony failures has increased. In years of failure, prey often had less fat than historically preferred species. Likewise, proportions of alternate species’ PUFA, from published papers, show lower values than in historical prey. Production of PUFA by diatoms is depressed in warmer and more acidic environments, and I hypothesize that these warmer and more acidic seas have affected production of PUFA over the past 3–4 decades. Assuming this is true, I propose that these lower amounts of PUFA have negatively impacted the breeding success of all members of the marine food web, not just seabirds.

Microalgae as a New Source of Oxylipins: A Comprehensive LC-MS-Based Analysis Using Conventional and Green Extraction Methods.

Microalgae are promising sources of essential lipids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFA) and novel lipid metabolites like oxylipins. However, limited data exist on the oxylipin profile, its characterization, and the potential impact of the extraction process on these metabolites in microalgae. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the fatty acid and oxylipin profile of four microalgal species of interest (Microchloropsis gaditana, Tisochrysis lutea, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Porphyridium cruentum) while also examining the impact of the extraction method, with a focus on developing a greener process using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ethanol. The UAE method showed similar oxylipin profiles, generally yielding concentrations comparable to those of the conventional Folch method. In total, 68 oxylipins derived from n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected, with the highest concentrations of n-3 oxylipins found in P. tricornutum and T. lutea and of n-6 oxylipins in P. cruentum. This study provides the most extensive oxylipin characterization of these microalgae species to date, offering insights into alternative extraction methods and opening new avenues for further investigation of the significance of oxylipins in microalgae.

Flaxseed Oil Alleviates Trimethyltin-Induced Cell Injury and Inhibits the Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes in the Hippocampus of Female Rats.

Exposure to the neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) selectively induces hippocampal neuronal injury and astrocyte activation accompanied with resultant neuroinflammation, which causes severe behavioral, cognitive, and memory impairment. A large body of evidence suggests that flaxseed oil (FSO), as one of the richest sources of essential omega-3 fatty acids, i.e., α-linolenic acids (ALA), displays neuroprotective properties. Here, we report the preventive effects of dietary FSO treatment in a rat model of TMT intoxication. The administration of FSO (1 mL/kg, orally) before and over the course of TMT intoxication (a single dose, 8 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced hippocampal cell death, prevented the activation of astrocytes, and inhibited their polarization toward a pro-inflammatory/neurotoxic phenotype. The underlying protective mechanism was delineated through the selective upregulation of BDNF and PI3K/Akt and the suppression of ERK activation in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with FSO reduced cell death and efficiently suppressed the expression of inflammatory molecules. These beneficial effects were accompanied by an increased intrahippocampal content of n-3 fatty acids. In vitro, ALA pretreatment prevented the TMT-induced polarization of cultured astrocytes towards the pro-inflammatory spectrum. Together, these findings support the beneficial neuroprotective properties of FSO/ALA against TMT-induced neurodegeneration and accompanied inflammation and hint at a promising preventive use of FSO in hippocampal degeneration and dysfunction.

Essential Omega-3 (n-3PUFA) Nutritional Content of Ptilinopus melanosphila and Chalcophaps indicia Meat

Ptilinopus melanosphila and Chalcophaps indica, known as Puna birds among local people of the Sula Islands, North Maluku, Indonesia, while Treron aromaticus, known as Puna Giu, belong to the Columbidae family. These birds are frequently hunted for consumption due to the delectable taste of their meat. This study aims to examine the essential Omega-3 (n-3PUFA) nutritional content, utilizing these two avian species (Ptilinopus melanosphila and Chalcophaps indicia) as samples. Local perceptions consider these birds as identical, hence this study also provides insights into the disparities between the two species based on meat quality analysis. The analysis encompasses proximate analysis, fatty acids, and amino acids, conducted on 6 samples, each encompassing 3 breast meats. These samples were mixed and blended, followed by chemical analysis at the integrated laboratory of Universitas IPB Baranangsiang, with proximate analysis executed at PAU IPB. The results reveal that Ptilinopus melanosphila meat contains crucial nutrients for human consumption, specifically long-chain omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA), which are more abundant compared to Chalcophaps indica and several other meat products. The myriad of significant benefits offered by this avian species underscores the importance of recommending its preservation to parties engaged in ex-situ conservation efforts. Furthermore, it is advocated to stimulate the establishment of regional culinary businesses specializing in nutrient-rich Black-Naped Fruit Dove meat.

Marine Microalgal Products with Activities against Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases.

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and it is estimated that 17.9 million people die of it each year. The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are attributable to an unhealthy and sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, stress, genetic predisposition, diabetes, obesity, and aging. Marine microalgae have been the subject of numerous studies for their potential activity against several human diseases. They produce a plethora of primary and secondary metabolites such as essential nutrients, vitamins, pigments, and omega-3 fatty acid. Many of these molecules have antioxidant properties and have been shown to play a role in the prevention of heart diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize recent studies on the discovery of marine microalgal compounds and bioactivities for cardiovascular diseases, including in vitro and in vivo studies, showing and discussing recent discoveries and trends. The most promising results were found for microalgal polysaccharides, peptides and carotenoids. In conclusion, the overall data summarized here show that microalgae-based supplementation has the potential to improve age-related cardiovascular diseases and we expect more clinical studies in the future.

Correlation of meniscus tear type with synovial inflammation and the therapeutic potential of docosapentaenoic acid

BackgroundSynovitis, characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane, is commonly induced by meniscus tears. However, significant differences in inflammatory responses and the key inflammatory mediators of synovium induced by different types of meniscal tears remain unclear.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to identify the type of meniscus tear, and the quantification of synovial inflammation was assessed through H&E staining assay. Transcription and expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were evaluated using bioinformatics, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and IHC of CD68 staining assays. The therapeutic potential of Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) was determined through network pharmacology, ELISA, and RT-qPCR assays. The safety of DPA was assessed using colony formation and EdU staining assays.ResultsThe results indicate that both IL-1β and IL-6 play pivotal roles in synovitis pathogenesis, with distinct expression levels across various subtypes. Among tested meniscus tears, oblique tear and bucket handle tear induced the most severe inflammation, followed by radial tear and longitudinal tear, while horizontal tear resulted in the least inflammation. Furthermore, in synovial inflammation induced by specific meniscus tears, the anterior medial tissues exhibited significantly higher local inflammation than the anterior lateral and suprapatellar regions, highlighting the clinical relevance and practical guidance of anterior medial tissues’ inflammatory levels. Additionally, we identified the essential omega-3 fatty acid DPA as a potential therapeutic agent for synovitis, demonstrating efficacy in blocking the transcription and expression of IL-1β and IL-6 with minimal side effects.ConclusionThese findings provide valuable insights into the nuanced nature of synovial inflammation induced by various meniscal tear classifications and contribute to the development of new adjunctive therapeutic agents in the management of synovitis.

Optimum eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid levels for farmed Atlantic salmon: closing the gap between science and commercial practice

The shift from fish oil to vegetable oil (VO) sources has lowered eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in salmon aquafeeds. VOs are high in omega-6 and low in omega-3 essential fatty acids like EPA and DHA, crucial for fish metabolism and immunity. Algal oil (AO), with high EPA + DHA and lower omega-6 levels supports fish health and growth, but transferring lab-controlled conditions to real-world commercial farming remains a challenge. This study explored the benefits of high dietary EPA + DHA levels through a commercial farm (CF) study in Chile and a Big Data (BD) study in Norway. The CF study, involving 625,000 Atlantic salmon, compared standard feed with AO-supplemented feed. The latter resulted in improved health responses and better fillet quality. The BD study analyzed real data from 232.6 million fish, revealing that EPA + DHA levels &amp;gt; 8% reduce mortality variability by 21%, improve economic feed conversion ratio by 11%, and increase the likelihood of superior harvests by 27%, demonstrating productivity benefits. Both studies emphasize the advantages of feeds with EPA + DHA levels above typical industry practices, enhancing growth, health, and nutritional quality. Importantly, the BD study complements the CF study, bridging the gap between science and aquafarms, and providing evidence that diets with EPA + DHA &amp;gt; 8% offer biological performance benefits for farmers, regardless of farming environments.

The Association between Post-Partum Depression and Nutrition and Dietary Patterns: Systematic Review.

Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a common illness with long-term effects on mother and child. Nutrition is a crucial factor in mental health, but research findings on its connection to PPD are inconsistent. This review aims to explore the correlation between PPD and dietary patterns. We conducted a comprehensive search of several databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, ISI and ISI/Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Iranian databases such as Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and IRANDOC from 2003 to 2020. Our search was based on the keywords "postpartum depression" and "nutrition, vitamin D, Folic acid, iron, zinc, and vitamins." We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist to select articles based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of the 100 articles identified, only 24 articles met our criteria and were selected for further analysis. Research suggests that low levels of vitamin D, iron, folate, and carbohydrates, and an unhealthy diet lacking in vegetables are potential causes of PPD. However, the impact of zinc, omega-3 essential fatty acids, and other nutrients such as antioxidants, vitamin E, and vitamin C on PPD is unclear due to conflicting information. Additionally, limited research has been conducted on the association between group B vitamins and PPD. In conclusion, we can lower the risk of PPD by providing dietary guidance and working with healthcare providers. It is important to pay attention to our diet and make sure we are consuming enough vitamins and nutrients to support our mental health.

Non-Pharmacological Strategies for Managing Sarcopenia in Chronic Diseases.

This article focuses on a range of non-pharmacological strategies for managing sarcopenia in chronic diseases, including exercise, dietary supplements, traditional Chinese exercise, intestinal microecology, and rehabilitation therapies for individuals with limited limb movement. By analyzing multiple studies, the article aims to summarize the available evidence to manage sarcopenia in individuals with chronic diseases. The results strongly emphasize the role of resistance training in addressing chronic diseases and secondary sarcopenia. Maintaining the appropriate frequency and intensity of resistance training can help prevent muscle atrophy and effectively reduce inflammation. Although aerobic exercise has limited ability to improve skeletal muscle mass, it does have some positive effects on physical function. Building upon this, the article explores the potential benefits of combined training approaches, highlighting their helpfulness for overall quality of life. Additionally, the article also highlights the importance of dietary supplements in combating muscle atrophy in chronic diseases. It focuses on the importance of protein intake, supplements rich in essential amino acids and omega-3, as well as sufficient vitamin D to prevent muscle atrophy. Combining exercise with dietary supplements appears to be an effective strategy for preventing sarcopenia, although the optimal dosage and type of supplement remain unclear. Furthermore, the article explores the potential benefits of intestinal microecology in sarcopenia. Probiotics, prebiotics, and bacterial products are suggested as new treatment options for sarcopenia. Additionally, emerging therapies such as whole body vibration training, blood flow restriction, and electrical stimulation show promise in treating sarcopenia with limited limb movement. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into non-pharmacological strategies for managing sarcopenia in individuals with chronic diseases. It emphasizes the importance of a holistic and integrated approach that incorporates exercise, nutrition, and multidisciplinary interventions, which have the potential to promote health in the elderly population. Future research should prioritize high-quality randomized controlled trials and utilize wearable devices, smartphone applications, and other advanced surveillance methods to investigate the most effective intervention strategies for sarcopenia associated with different chronic diseases.

Looking into the lipid profile of avocado and byproducts: Using lipidomics to explore value-added compounds.

Consumer priorities in healthy diets and lifestyle boosted the demand for nutritious and functional foods as well as plant-based ingredients. Avocado has become a food trend due to its nutritional and functional values, which in turn is increasing its consumption and production worldwide. Avocado edible portion has a high content of lipids, with the pulp and its oil being rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and essential omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These fatty acids are mainly esterified in triacylglycerides, the major lipids in pulp, but also in minor components such as polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids). Polar lipids of avocado have been overlooked despite being recently highlighted with functional properties as well. The growth in the industry of avocado products is generating an increased amount of their byproducts, such as seed and peels (nonedible portions), still undervalued. The few studies on avocado byproducts pointed out that they also contain interesting lipids, with seeds particularly rich in polar lipids bearing PUFA, and thus can be reused as a source of add-value phytochemical. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches appear as an essential tool to unveil the complex lipid signature of avocado and its byproducts, contributing to the recognition of value-added lipids and opening new avenues for their use in novel biotechnological applications. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipid signature from avocado pulp, peel, seed, and its oils.

Investigation of the interaction between genetic risk score (GRS) and fatty acid quality indices on metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese women

Background and aimMetabolic syndrome is one of the major public-health challenges, affecting one-quarter of the world population. Fatty acid quality indices are novel determinants of this disease and their interactions with genetic factors may have an impact on metabolic syndrome risk. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the interaction between genetic risk score (GRS) and fatty acid quality indices with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among overweight and obese women.MethodsIn the present cross-sectional study, 279 overweight and obese women (18–48 years old) were included. Several anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percent (BF%) were measured. Also, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured. Biochemical determination was performed for fasting blood glucose (FBS), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). MetS was determined according to National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III) criteria. Dietary intake was evaluated by a validated and reliable 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Cholesterol-saturated fat index (CSI) and the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (ω-6/ω-3) essential fatty acids were considered as fat quality indices. The salting-out method was used to extract the total DNA. The unweighted GRS was calculated using the risk alleles of the three single nucleotide polymorphisms. The total average GRS value was 2 and the sum of the risk alleles of the 3 polymorphisms was 6.ResultThe results of our analysis showed that after controlling for age, energy intake, BMI, and physical activity, there was a positive interaction between T2 of GRS and T2 of N6/N3 ratio on WC (β = 7.95, 95%CI = 0.83,15.08, P = 0.029), T3 of GRS and T2 of N6/N3 ratio on DBP (β = 5.93, 95%CI= -0.76,12.63, P = 0.083), and FBS (β = 6.47, 95%CI = 0.59,13.53, P = 0.073), T3 of GRS and T3 of N6/N3 ratio on TG (β = 54.42, 95%CI = 1.76,107.08, P = 0.043), and T3 of GRS and T3 of CSI on BF% (β = 3.55, 95%CI= -0.35,7.45, P = 0.075). Also T2 of GRS in the interaction with T3 of CSI leads to an decrease − 8.35 mg/dl in HDL level after adjustment in (β= -8.35, 95%CI= -17.34,0.62, P = 0.068).ConclusionIt seems the interaction of GRS and fatty acid quality indices is positively associated with several components of metabolic syndrome such as WC, TG and BF%. Our findings are of importance to public health, considering the high consumption of foods that are high on fatty acids. Conflicting evidence of many previous studies regarding the effect of fat intake and obesity and cardiovascular diseases could be because of the gene-diet interactions and genetic heterogeneity across various ethnic groups. Hence, the synergism effect of genetic and dietay intakes should be considered in future studies.

RACHNA CANOLA (RBN-13016): A HIGH-YIELDING RAPESEED CULTIVAR ENRICHED WITH OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-9 FATTY ACIDS

Rapeseed oil is the prime source of two essential fatty acids, Omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid), and Omega-6 (linoleic acid). Oleic acid is a mono-unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that is also available in rapeseed oil in good ratio. To improve quality of edible oil and seed yield in rapeseed, comprehensive research was conducted at Oilseeds Research Institute Faisalabad (Pakistan) to evolve rapeseed cultivars requiring qualitative and quantitative characteristics with broader adaptability. The pedigree method of selection was used after hybridization (Legend x RBN-03052) during 2006-07, and homozygous progenies of 6016-B from F6 were bulked during 2012-13 for seed yield evaluation in different agroclimatic regions. Its performance was evaluated in the station and sixteen outstation seed yield trials from 2014 to 2020. Additive main effect and multiplication interaction analysis (AMMI) was performed to investigate the performance of promising line RBN-13016 along with checking Super Canola and both parents RBN-03052 (female parent) and Legend-1 (male parent) at sixteen ecological environments of Pakistan. Additive main effect and multiplication interaction analysis was done to estimate the responses of genotype, environment, and genotype x environment interactions based on seed yield. It has proved its worth in seed yield trials, and its performance was significantly better than the check variety and its parents. Rachna Canola (RBN-13016) was specifically bred for high Omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) and Omega-9 (Oleic acid), which were found to be significantly higher than the check variety as well as its parents. Other quantitative traits included medium maturing period, bold seed, long silique, lodging tolerance, Alternaria blight resistance, white rust resistance, high seed yield potential, good oil protein content, and broader adaptability. Based on high seed yield, high Omega-3 (9.14%) and Omega-9 (72.17%), the Punjab Seed Council (Pakistan) approved RBN-13016 as the variety “Rachna Canola” for general cultivation. Due to versatility in characteristics, this rapeseed cultivar can be effectively grown in different regions and countries with the same prevailing climatic conditions as in Pakistan.

Microwave pretreatment of hemp seeds changes the flavor and quality of hemp seed oil

Hemp seed is becoming increasingly popular around the world. Hemp seed oil is nutritious and rich in essential fatty acids, including omega-6 and omega-3. Microwave heating is considered a relatively new and effective technology for the preparation of high-quality oils, which is receiving more and more attention. When heated for 2 min at a microwave temperature of 40 °C and a microwave power of 850 W, the oil yield of hemp seed became higher, the acid value increased, and the OSI value also increased. In this study, a metabolomics approach based on the combination of GC TOF-MS technology and chemometrics was established to identify the quality changes of hemp seed oil before and after microwaving. A total of 390 metabolites were detected in the hemp seed oil, from which 91 differential metabolites were screened to evaluate the effect of microwave on the oil quality, and a total of 105 Vocs were detected, and the analysis of Vocs was beneficial to identify the characteristics of hemp seed oil. The results showed that microwave pretreatment improved the quality characteristics of hemp seed oil and affected the flavour of hemp seed oil, while metabolomics approaches have great potential for the authentication of hemp seed oil.