Sydney 2000 Research Articles

Volunteering Legacies from the Olympic Games: Missed Opportunities

This paper examines how far a post-event volunteering legacy is facilitated by event organising committees leveraging existing volunteering infrastructure in host communities. The paper uses the lens of regulatory capitalism to examine how the organising committees of the Sydney 2000 and London 2012 Olympic Games engaged with the third sector, and specifically the volunteering infrastructure of the host nations, in the planning, delivery and post-event phases to create a volunteering legacy for the host community. The two case studies involved 27 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders representing the organising committees and the volunteering infrastructure in the host cities. While the Sydney Olympics had no specific remit for legacy planning, the third sector led legacy efforts in Australia. At the London Olympics, there was a failure to engage with the third sector, which limited government-led legacy planning and implementation. In the latter case, the framework of regulatory capitalism prioritised contracts with the private sector over meaningful engagement with the third sector.

The Integration of Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Sports Analytics on Athletes


 The sports business world has changed in recent times as there is new technology that has changed the marketing platform. Social media has played a big part with athletes marketing themselves to be potential brand ambassadors to promote other brands. With the recent introduction of NIL, college and even high school athletes are able to benefit off of their Name, Image and Likeness. This new concept has had a great impact on the sports world as it has changed the market and its trajectory, athletes are projected to leverage higher profit off of their brand as companies all across the world seek for athletes to help advertise their company. This new growth in the sports world has also subsequently left prominent effects on sports tournaments like the Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Games are projected to have a 6.4 billion dollar impact on the economy. On top of these positive impact on athletes and their sponsors, the emergence of sports teams and tournaments have also led to higher foreign investments, higher ROI and economic development across industries.

A Study of Measures for Sustainable Sport

The purpose of this study is to diagnose the environmental pollution problems caused by sports and analyze the eco-friendly methods applied to international sporting events held in the past to explore approaches and challenges concerning the sustainable development of sports. To this end, we first analyze the environmental pollution problems caused by sports, as categorized into three types through a review of previous studies, and examine the need for an environmental ethical approach to the conflict between sports and the environment. Then, we choose the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, which the IOC considers to be the most environmentally friendly competitions, as well as FIFA’s Green Goal program as case studies and analyze the features and limitations of environmentally friendly methods in terms of planning, operation, marketing, and performance dissemination in each case to draw implications for the sustainable development of sport. This study argues that to find a fundamental solution to conflicts between sports and the environment, it is necessary to change the perception from an anthropocentric paradigm to an ecocentric paradigm and establish a new value system for the natural environment.

Let there be light: Daylight saving time and road traffic collisions

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of daylight saving time (DST) on fatal road crashes in Australia. I exploit within year transitions to and from DST in a regression discontinuity in time framework. To examine the long run effect of the policy, I use trials of DST implemented in various states, and a DST extension due to the Sydney Olympics. Neither the transition to or out of DST, nor the long run effects of DST have an impact on fatalities on the road. However, there is evidence of reallocation of accidents over the day due to ambient light.

The Right to Play: Snakes and Ladders

This case-study will present learnings from the public art project ‘Snakes and Ladders’, a fifty metre, ground plane mural in Sydney Olympic Park, in Sydney’s western suburbs. This was a collaboration between Digby Webster, an artist with Down syndrome, and Nadia Odlum, an artist without disability who specialises in playful, large-scale public art. Snakes and Ladders was commissioned by the Sydney Olympic Parks Authority (SOPA) as a result of a community consultation and co-design process, and was supported by Accessible Arts, the peak body for advancing the rights of New South Wales artists who have disability and/or who are d/Deaf. The result was a public artwork that functions as an inclusive playspace, supporting the right to play for all people who visit or live in Sydney Olympic Park.The key achievements of this project were the meaningful inclusion of an artist with disability in a significant public art project, and the creation of an accessible and inclusive opportunity for play in public space. This case-study focuses on process, including the community consultation process that led to the commission; the role of peak body Accessible Arts in facilitating and guiding the commission; the methods used to ensure accessibility in the artwork design; and the collaborative process between Digby and Nadia, including the steps taken to support Digby’s access requirements and ensure his full participation in the commission from concept to delivery.
 
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Exploring Methods for Sharing Wetland Knowledge and Identifying Future Needs and Solutions

Successful management of wetlands is increasingly making more use of traditional and contemporary community knowledge of wetlands in addition to the knowledge obtained from scientific investigations (Ens et al. 2012; Pyke et al. 2018). For this to happen, wetland managers need ways to tap into such knowledge, including respecting protocols around ownership of and access to such knowledge, and appreciating its value. However, at the same time the rapid advancement of science and technology and changes in societal values has led to the loss of valuable traditional knowledge, or such knowledge being ignored in favor of an over-reliance on modern scientific techniques. Mechanisms available through wetland centres (Finlayson 2018; Gevers et al. 2018), education outreach initiatives (Finlayson et al. 2013) and engagement with schools (M. Bartlett 2019, pers. comm.) go some way towards tapping into the value of these knowledge sources. However, much more is needed if the mutual benefits that can come from sharing knowledge are to be realized. This is more the case with the intensification of the threats to wetlands from climate change and sea level rise, invasive non-native species, and pollution. Given the difficulties associated with managing wetlands and ensuring there are sufficient funds to both collect and make use of contemporary scientific information, having access to knowledge provided by local communities may prove invaluable when addressing the harmful outcomes from these phenomena, in addition to assisting with efforts to ensure local communities are effectively engaged in wetland management. There have been many successful cases where traditional and community knowledge have been used alongside contemporary scientific practices for managing wetlands (Carbonell et al. 2001; Ens et al. 2012: Pyke et al 2018), but unless these are extended and expanded in time and space we fear that current high rates of wetland loss and degradation (Darrah et al. 2019; McInnes et al. 2020; Simpson et al. 2021) will continue. One way of contributing to the effort to ensure that these approaches are extended and expanded is to explore and develop effective methods for sharing knowledge between local communities, wetland researchers, and managers. This could start with the increasing sources of knowledge about the values and benefits derived from wetlands as well as that about management responses to the pressing problems for wetland management. The latter are well known, and yet, continue, with steps to stop and reverse wetland loss and degradation being acknowledged as insufficient (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 2018). As part of ongoing programs run through organizations such as the Sydney Olympic Park Authority in Australia and the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust in the United Kingdom (UK) a symposium on Methods for Sharing Wetland Knowledge and Exploring Future Needs and Solutions was held at the INTECOL International Wetland Conference in Christchurch, New Zealand in October 2021. The symposium had three objectives, namely to: 1) explore the wealth and usefulness of traditional and community knowledge about wetlands; 2) identify gaps in knowledge-sharing tools, techniques and mechanism; and 3) explore ways forward. The symposium was intended to revisit the effectiveness of current approaches and programs in wetland awareness, education and training, and suggest measures for future improvements. It was further expected that in the future there would also be an emphasis on newer communication approaches, such as webinars and twitter conferences, alongside traditional and local community knowledge, which in themselves are based on having participatory approaches to ensure knowledge is shared in an open way. Provided below is an overview of the key issues that were included in the presentations in the symposium.

Evaluating Olympic Pictograms Using Fuzzy TOPSIS-Focus on Judo, Taekwondo, Boxing, and Wrestling.

It is necessary to evaluate whether Olympic pictograms are designed accurately and are easy to understand, so that they fulfill their intended functions and roles. Olympic pictograms are used to facilitate smooth communication at this large sporting event. However, viewers often find it challenging to understand the actual sport represented by the pictogram. This study evaluates the ranking of comprehensibility of the pictograms for judo, taekwondo, boxing, and wrestling used in six games, from the 27th Sydney Olympics in 2000 to the 32nd Tokyo Olympics in 2021. The evaluation was done using the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, a multi-criteria decision-making methodology commonly used in economics and other fields. Data collection was conducted from 10 May to 30 June 2021 for 44 general public and seven experts. The results are as follows. First, the pictograms from the 2008 Beijing Olympics ranked first in three sports: taekwondo, boxing, and wrestling, but there were no pictograms that consistently ranked first or sixth in all sports. Second, the sensitivity analysis result shows the possibility that the ranking would be reversed if the weight of the evaluation factors were changed. This study is expected to contribute to developing pictograms that can adequately convey the appropriate information regarding Olympic sports in the future.

Impact of increasing age on high-performance Olympic triathletes in male and female: a case report

Aim: Increasing age is associated with significant changes in athletes' performance; however, it is not yet known how increasing age could influence the performance of triathletes. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate how the performance of two elite triathletes (HCK and AD), who participated and finished the Olympic Games in Sydney, Athens, Beijing, and London, could change over the years. Methods: This study reports two cases (male and female) with cross-sectional and retrospective characteristics that describe how the increasing age changes the performance of two elite triathletes who participated in four consecutive Olympics (2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012). Pearson correlation test was used to verify the correlation between the performance and age of the triathletes. A value of p < 0.05 was assumed to show statistical significance. Results: The results suggest that both triathletes showed impaired performance at the Summer Games in Athens in 2004. When the two athletes were analyzed together, positive correlations were observed between age and transition 1 (T1; swim-to-cycle) and transition 2 (T2; cycle-to-run). Also, a high correlation was found between T2 and age for HCK but not for AD. The results showed a significant correlation between increasing age and a reduction in running performance for HCK. Conclusion: Although the two triathletes improved overall time throughout the Olympic Games, this improvement did not correlate with age. Thus, the increasing age does not seem to impact these two athletes during the four Olympic events.

Cathy Freeman, reconciliation and the burden of history

ABSTRACT On 25 September 2020, the ABC released a documentary film to mark the twentieth anniversary of Cathy Freeman’s gold medal victory in the women’s 400 metres at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Media interest in Freeman’s victory still erupts periodically, most recently, to commemorate the twentieth anniversary. This article revisits Cathy Freeman’s historic gold-medal-winning performance in order to ponder the lost promise of reconciliation. At the time, and still today, Freeman’s victory is overwhelmingly celebrated as more than just an athletic feat; it is also lauded as a victory for reconciliation. Rather than trying to determine the extent to which Freeman’s race did bolster reconciliation, or even whether it contributed to reconciliation at all, this article instead analyses the metaphors, rhetoric and images through which Freeman’s victory was represented as an act of reconciliation, and what this tells us about how reconciliation plays out in the Australian context. In particular, it argues that the complex ways in which Freeman’s victory were represented, and continue to be understood, reveal a widespread desire to be free from the burdens of history by projecting the work of reconciliation onto Freeman herself.

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SOME DOCTORAL THESIS STUDIES CARRIED OUT IN TURKEY ON THE BRANCH OF TAEKWONDO IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS SCIENCES

&lt;p&gt;Taekwondo is an old martial art with a Korean origin that is performed with hands and feet, where several combined techniques are used together, and nerve-muscle use levels are high (Mark, 1984; Kim et al., 2011). The history of taekwondo may be traced back to centuries ago. Initially, this branch used to be taught for the person to defend themselves. Afterwards, throughout the centuries, it has been spread around the world as an artistic form. In addition to having an artistic form, the branch of taekwondo also requires high competitive strength. Taekwondo is a competitive sport that requires the displacement of the body parts of the opponent. As words, ‘tae’ means foot strike, ‘kwon’ means hand strike, and ‘do’ means philosophy (Kazemi et al., 2006). Taekwondo competitions are divided into two categories as sparring and poomsae. Sparring is performed against an opponent, while poomsae (imaginary sparring) is a branch where a single person performs. Taekwondo that is known as a demonstration sport showed itself for the first time in the 1988 Seoul and 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Its inclusion in official competitions occurred in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games (Kazemi et al., 2004; Gupta, 2011). Taekwondo as an Olympic sport is a branch performed by 75-120 million individuals in more than 140 countries (Razi, 2016). Innovations made in equipment in time, changes in rules, safety measures, organization of competitions, and its prominent media- and education-related aspects have increasingly raised the interest in this branch and helped it gain its popularity today. With the increase in the popularity of the branch and the prominence it has gained in the Olympics, World Taekwondo has recently made some changes in the rules. Some changes may be listed as changes in the scoring system (increase in the point score of techniques applied on the head region), smaller game dimensions, enaction of the 10-sec rule and changes in penalty points (Moenig, 2015). Competitions are held in the form of 3 rounds of 1.5 minutes each for the Juniors and Teens categories and 3 rounds of 2 minutes each for the Youths and Adults categories, with 1 minute of rest between the rounds (Birrer, 1996; Toskovic et al. 2004; Heller ve ark., 1998). Competitions consist of various techniques applied on the head and torso regions. These techniques may be applied in the form of attack, counterattack and combined techniques. Athletes are scored based on the region on which they apply the techniques and the degree of difficulty. For athletes to receive points, they need to have multiple physical qualities. For competitive performance, taekwondo requires various factors including physical (Heller ve ark., 1998; Gao, 2001; Melhim, 2001; Ball et al.,2011; Estevan et al., 2011), psychological (de Prado, 2012), technical (Bridge et al., 2011; Cular et al., 2011) and tactical (Falcó et al., 2009; González et al., 2011) factors. This is why taekwondo training has been structured in a way to target these specific performance mediators (Heller et al., 1998; Gao, 2001). From this perspective, the purpose of taekwondo training is to prepare athletes in terms of both their physical activities and meeting of the physiological demands of competition (Marković et al., 2005; Pieter, 1991; Casoline et al., 2012). As strikes are important in taekwondo, athletes need to have explosive leg strength, aerobic resilience, balance and flexibility (Heller et al., 1998; Marković et al., 2005). Taekwondo athletes must have the capacity to rapidly produce muscle strength through kicks, because 80% of taekwondo skills are related to kicking (Shirley, 1992). Although these characteristics are not the only determinants of performance, they are among helpful pieces of information for trainers. There are studies in the literature on the physical and physiological characteristics of athletes. Nevertheless, it is important to increase the number of these studies and select the suitable training method for this group of athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0985/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Assessment of accelerometer-derived data in the context of seat height changes in cycling and the impact on running in triathlon

Triathlon has been an Olympic sport since the 2000 Sydney Olympics and has developed rapidly, leading to variations in race categories. Although running after cycling necessitates a postural change from a non-weight-bearing activity to a weight bearing one, no study has quantified the magnitude of trunk acceleration during cycling in different seat positions and the consequential effect on running. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a triaxial accelerometer to determine acceleration magnitudes of the trunk in a 20 km outdoor cycling event in two seat positions that were immediately followed by a 5 km overground run. Interpretation of data was evaluated based on cadence changes while triathletes cycled in an aerodynamic position in two seat positions. Running data was evaluated based on sinusoidal curves and foot strike peaks. The evaluation of accelerometer derived data within a characteristic overground setting suggests that cycling in an adjusted seat position significantly reduced trunk acceleration in both longitudinal and mediolateral directions with large effects ( p &lt; 0.0001, d &gt; 0.9). A significant and large effect was found in both longitudinal and anteroposterior trunk acceleration in post-cycle running between seat positions ( d &gt; 0.9, p &lt; 0.0001). In the longitudinal direction, a significant reduction in trunk acceleration occurred when running after the seat was adjusted with participants completing the 5 km run faster (21:55 ± 3:17 min compared to 22:05 ± 2:53 min). The results suggest that when the seat position is adjusted based on individual anthropometrics, overall trunk acceleration magnitude is reduced in both cycling and running. Accessible and practical sensor technology could be beneficial for postural considerations in triathlons.

Climate Change is Threatening Mangroves

Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) in Sydney Olympic Park and nearby areas in eastern Australia appears to have been struggling to cope with climate change, particularly from extreme temperature events. This claim is based on the results of a 10-year study on the phenology of the Grey Mangrove, which was prompted by some prior observations that these mangroves had been flowering heavily, but had not been fruiting as successfully as they had in previous years.

The Membership Composition of the Athletes’ Commission of the International Olympic Committee: Between Appointments and Elections, 1981–2000

The International Olympic Committee (IOC)’s Athletes’ Commission (AC) was founded in 1981 following discussions at the XIth Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden. According to protocols, the IOC President decided on the composition of each commission. As to the AC the IOC modified this policy of membership in the mid-1990s. However, since the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games athletes have been able to vote for the majority of their representation on the Commission. Another process of transformation was implemented by the IOC Reform Commission in 1999, leading to the fact that since the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games the quota of elected members to the AC has increased and the elected members have been given the chance to become members of the IOC. This study shows that since the foundation of the AC its membership composition has been increasingly dynamic. The reasons for the development from appointed to elected members are analyzed and linked with research on the input of the members of AC to the transformation process. The paper also provides detailed information on the mechanisms associated with elections to the AC, including the formal conditions for eligibility, and the election itself, as well as discussing the relevant persons responsible for these processes.

Reusing Stadiums for a Greener Future: The Circular Design Potential of Football Architecture.

Since the turn of the new Millennium, there has been an increase in efforts to build environmental-friendly sports arenas around the world. Fuelled by large sporting events like the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the ‘Green Games,’ and the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, stadium architecture has become a vehicle for this trend. So far, the emphasis has primarily been on new arenas, in line with the widespread belief in international architecture of the 2000s that older buildings are less energy-efficient by default. In addition to that comes a conviction that newness is needed to attract sponsors, investors, and larger audiences—a position powered by commercial interest and the idea of the stadium as an ‘urban generator.’ While new stadiums may have a significant potential when it comes to green performability, that does not necessarily mean that older stadiums are surplus to requirements, even from a climate perspective. In this paper, we look critically at the well-established strategy of replacing old stadiums with new ones by questioning the climate impact of new arenas and investigating the reuse potential of existing ones. We carry out in-depth analysis of two existing stadiums, Tynecastle Park in Edinburgh and Stadio Flaminio in Rome. One of them has already gone through renovation to remain in use while the other is vacant but currently under way to be renovated. We bring in fresh perspectives from sports science, preservation, architecture, and circular design theory to explain why older stadiums become obsolete and to challenge the premise of that destiny. The aim is not only to scrutinize the general lack of reuse but also to highlight green strategies which could give existing stadiums a longer life.

Metal(loid) uptake and partitioning within the saltmarsh halophyte, Juncus kraussii

An investigation was conducted over three estuaries in SE Australia with a gradient in metal(loid) contamination to assess metal(loid) (Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb) accumulation and transport within the halophytic saltmarsh rush, Juncus kraussii. Sydney Olympic Park exhibited the most elevated metal(loid) contamination, followed by Hunter Wetlands and Lake Macquarie. J. kraussii exhibited a strong ability to restrict metal(loid) movement into the root system, with the exception of cadmium (BCFs < 1.0) and unrestricted flow from root to culm excepting Se, Cd (TFs < 1). Pb and Zn exhibited elevated translocation between roots and culms (TF 4.4 and 7.3, respectively). Despite barriers for uptake into the below-ground tissues, most metal(loid)s were accumulated to the roots with environmental dose (except for Cu and Cd) and linear relationships were present between the root and culm (for As and Se) and the sediment and culm (for As, Se, Cd, and Pb).

Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection at International Sporting Events

Target: Sustainable development is the synergy of economic, social, political and environmental goals to promote the welfare and comfort of today's generation, without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of international sporting events on environmental protection. Development is sustainable. Method: The method of this research is a review study and translates different articles in the field of sporting events and sustainable development and searches for the keywords sustainable development, sporting events, and the environment. Findings: The bigger the sporting events, the greater the pressure they put on the environment. Large events can cause serious damage to the environment and the weather, even with the use of preventive measures. In the Olympic Games, as the largest human and sporting event in the world, much emphasis has been placed on environmental protection and the design of green spaces; The Sydney Olympics in 2000 became known as the Green Olympics by following these principles. Also, by studying the activities carried out at the Olympic Games for the protection of the environment, one can realize the importance of the issue. Conclusion: If the sports authorities, athletes and spectators understand and accept that the authorities' actions have a positive effect on the environmental conditions of the event, the damage caused by the sport to the environment will be reduced. Also, the very important role of sport and its symbols can be used to raise environmental awareness, improve the performances and daily activities of millions of people who are part of this industry.

Accumulation and distribution of metal(loid)s in the halophytic saltmarsh shrub, Austral seablite, Suaeda australis in New South Wales, Australia

We examined the patterns of uptake and partitioning of metal(loid)s in Suaeda australis from three highly urbanised estuaries (Sydney Olympic Park, Hunter Wetlands and Lake Macquarie) in NSW, Australia. Of these, Sydney Olympic Park was found to be the most contaminated estuary in terms of combined sediment metal(loid) load, followed by Hunter Wetlands and lowest in Lake Macquarie (via PERMANOVA). Uptake in roots was greater for the essential metals Cu and Zn along with the non-essential metal Cd and the metalloid Se (root BCFs >1) and lower for Pb and As (root BCFs <1). Substantial barriers for translocation from roots to stems were identified for all metal(loid)s (stem TFs; 0.07–0.68). Conversely, unrestricted flow from stems to leaves was observed for all metal(loid)s at unity or higher (leaf TFs ≥ 1). Strong linear relationships between sediment and root for Zn and Pb were observed, indicating roots as a useful bioindicator.

Observations of an unexpected abundance of estuarine mosquitoes associated with an urban freshwater wetland

ABSTRACT Urban freshwater wetlands have been identified as a potential source of mosquitoes of pest and public health concern in Australia. Mosquitoes most commonly associated with these habitats include Anopheles annulipes, Culex annulirostris, Culex quinquefasciatus, Coquillettidia linealis and Mansonia uniformis. However, adaptive management of freshwater wetlands for wildlife conservation or vegetation management can alter the local environmental conditions and may provide opportunities for other mosquito species to exploit these habitats. A series of small wetlands at Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, were drained in spring 2016 and allowed to refill via rainfall to improve conditions for the endangered green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea. Below-average rainfall was experienced that summer and the wetlands did not fully refill until early autumn. Surprisingly, immature stages of the estuarine mosquito, Aedes vigilax, were observed in the freshwater wetlands in exceptional abundances during this period. Adjacent to these freshwater wetlands there are extensive saltmarsh and mangrove habitats where highly abundant populations of Ae. vigilax are common. Observations of use of freshwater habitats by this estuarine mosquito have implications for urban freshwater wetland management and rehabilitation strategies, which currently do not consider the potential pest and public health issues associated with estuarine mosquitoes.

Geographies of local government

Geographies of local government

Chemosociality in Multispecies Worlds

AbstractChemosocial communities have formed in Sydney, Australia, as a result of encounters with industrial pollution. If biosociality involves social relationships that emerge from biological conditions, then chemosociality involves altered, attenuated, or augmented relationships that emerge with chemical exposures. Some social groups have coalesced around place-based political action, while other chemosocial associations have proved to be ephemeral, evanescent, and conditional. Building on earlier work by multispecies ethnographers who have studied social relationships among humans and animals, this article follows chemicals into more-than-human realms. Fragile multispecies worlds have emerged in a complex landscape shaped by chemical weapons industries, municipal landfills, government remediation programs, real estate speculation, and a multitude of chemical and biological agents. Legacy dumping grounds in the Sydney Olympic Park have become habitat for the green and golden bell frog, an endangered species. While the normal world order of this frog has been lost with the spread of a deadly fungal disease, toxic chemicals have enabled the continuation of its social life. Temporary spaces of immunity have emerged where life is protected and threats are negated by poisonous compounds that double as a cure.