Oil In Rats Research Articles

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Following Oral and Rectal Administration of Brucea javanica Oil in Rats

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Following Oral and Rectal Administration of Brucea javanica Oil in Rats

Molecular Mechanisms for the Modulation of Selected Inflammatory Markers by Dietary Rice Bran Oil in Rats Fed Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Fat.

Industrially produced partially hydrogenated vegetable fat (PHVF) contains trans fatty acids (TFA) mostly comprising elaidic acid (EA, 18:1∆9t). Though, the harmful effects of TFA on health have been repeatedly publicized, the fat containing TFA have been continued to be used as a cooking medium in many regions of the world. The adverse effects of PHVF on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and the possible ameliorative action of rice bran oil (RBO) on these markers were evaluated. Weaning rats were fed a AIN-93 purified diet supplemented with the following lipids: groundnut oil (GNO, 10 wt%), PHVF (10 wt%), RBO (10 wt%), PHVF blended with RBO at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt% levels. The final concentration of the lipids in the diet was maintained at 10 wt%. Rats were fed these diets for 60 days. They were sacrificed and analyzed for oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. The rats fed PHVF showed lower levels of lipid peroxidation and hepatic antioxidant enzymes. The rats fed PHVF-containing diets showed enhanced levels of interleukin-1β, C-reactive proteins and also showed enhanced levels of paw inflammation when injected with carrageenan as compared to rats given GNO, RBO or PHVF blended with incremental amounts of RBO. The macrophages from rats fed diet containing PHVF showed up-regulation in the expressions of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), nuclear factor-κB p65, toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and down-regulation in the expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR)γ, adiponectin receptor (AdipoR)-1 and AdipoR-2 when compared to rats fed diet containing GNO, RBO and PHVF blended with RBO. It was concluded that dietary PHVF enhance pro-inflammatory markers which can be reduced by judiciously blending PHVF with RBO.

Effect of Linseed Oil on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Lipid Profile in Offspring of Obese Rats

The objective of this study was to determine linseed oil’s effect on oxidative stress parameters and lipid profile in three generations of offspring of obese rats. The initial age of the female rats is two months and of a weight of 100 ± 10 g were fed for two months with a control diet or a cafeteria diet, fortified or not with linseed oil (5%). At the end of this period the female rats are coupled by male rats. After parturition, one third of newborns in each group were scarified. During lactation the mothers continued to follow the same diet as pregnancy. After weaning, the offspring continue to follow the same diet as the mothers. In 30 days after birth the second third in each group of offspring were scarified and the last third in each group were scarified in 90 days after birth. The blood was drawn for determine biochemical parameters (glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides) and oxidative stress markers (carbonyl proteins, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, superoxide anion, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and vitamin C). The offspring of the group which was fed a cafeteria diet showed hyperlipidemia, an imbalance of blood glucose and a high oxidative stress. The addition of linseed oil to cafeteria diet has corrected these complications. In conclusion, Linseed oil in rats during pregnancy has shown beneficial effects in the prevention of obesity and these metabolic disorders and has struggled against oxidative stress in the offspring.

Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Microbially Converted Eicosapentaenoic Acid from Rice Bran Oil in Rats

Objective: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from fish oil is known to have favourable effects on cardiovascular system by lowering the elevated lipid levels. With the intention of producing an alternative vegetarian source to fish EPA, we have microbially synthesized EPA (mEPA) from ?- linolenic acid (ALA) isolated from rice bran oil which was spectroscopically analysed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mEPA on lipid profile in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Animals were divided into 12 groups of six animals each; control being treated with vehicle, 6 groups received normal diet while 6 groups received high fat diet. Both treatment groups received standard drug Atorvastatin (10 mg/ kg in saline, p.o.); three different doses of EPA (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) and fish oil (1 g/ kg) for 28 days and were compared with sham hyperlipidemic rats. The hyperlipidemia was induced by high fat diet and lipid profile was estimated. Results: The elevated levels of LDL, VLDL and triglycerides in high fat diet induced animals were found to be decreased in the treatment groups whereas the decreased levels of HDL in hyperlipidemic group were significantly increased in the mEPA treated groups. The atherogenic index was improved with mEPA treatment. Conclusion: mEPA has shown promising antihyperlipidemic effect and can fulfil the need of alternative vegetarian source of EPA than fish oil to be used in the hypertensive hyperlipidemic conditions. Key words: Antihyperlipidemic, Eicosapentaenoic acid, hyperlipidemia, High fat diet, Lipid profile

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) oil protects against chronic stress-induced inhibitory function of natural killer cells in rats.

Chronic stress can suppress natural killer (NK) cell activity; this may also be related to the effect of stress on the neuroendocrine-immune network. Sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a thorny nitrogen fixing deciduous shrub, native to both Europe and Asia. It has been used as a medicinal plant in Tibetan and Mongolian traditional medicines. SBT has multifarious medical properties, including anti-fatigue as well as immunoregulatory effects. This study reports the effects of SBT oil with regard to the cytotoxicity and quantity of NK cells in the blood of a chronic-stress rat model, in addition to its mechanisms on the neuroendocrine-immune network. These results show that SBT oil, given by gavage to rats with chronic stress, could increase the following: body weight, NK cell quantities, and cytotoxicity, as well as the expression of perforin and granzyme B. The results also show that SBT oil in rats with chronic stress could suppress cortisol, ACTH, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, in addition to increasing 5-HT and IFN-γ serum levels. This leads to suggest that SBT oil, in rats with chronic stress, can increase NK cell cytotoxicity by upregulating the expression of perforin and granzyme B, thus causing associated effects of SBT oil on the neuroendocrine-immune network.

Evidence of a role for GTP cyclohydrolase-1 in visceral pain.

The enzyme guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH-1) is a rate limiting step in the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) a co-factor in monoamine synthesis and nitric oxide production. GCH-1 is strongly implicated in chronic pain based on data generated using the selective GCH-1 inhibitor 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), and studies which have identified a pain protective GCH-1 haplotype associated with lower BH4 production and reduced pain. To investigate the role for GCH-1 in visceral pain we examined the effects of DAHP on pain behaviors elicited by colorectal injection of mustard oil in rats, and the pain protective GCH-1 haplotype in healthy volunteers characterized by esophageal pain sensitivity before and after acid injury, and assessed using depression and anxiety questionnaires. In rodents pretreatment with DAHP produced a substantial dose related inhibition of pain behaviors from 10 to 180 mg/kg i.p. (p < 0.01 to 0.001). In healthy volunteers, no association was seen between the pain protective GCH-1 haplotype and the development of hypersensitivity following injury. However, a substantial increase in baseline pain thresholds was seen between first and second visits (26.6 ± 6.2 mA) in subjects who sensitized to esophageal injury and possessed the pain protective GCH-1 haplotype compared with all other groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore the same subjects who sensitized to acid and possessed the haplotype, also had significantly lower depression scores (p < 0.05). The data generated indicate that GCH-1 plays a role in visceral pain processing that requires more detailed investigation.

A pharmacokinetic study of patchouli alcohol after a single oral administration of patchouli alcohol or patchouli oil in rats.

Pogostemonis herba is used in traditional Chinese medicine to remove dampness, relieve sunstroke, stop vomiting and increase appetite. Patchouli alcohol, an ingredient in pogostemonis herba, has the potential to treat inflammation as well as bacterial and fungal infections. The essential oil of pogostemonis herba (patchouli oil) is commonly given orally in clinical settings; however, no pharmacokinetic studies have examined its oral administration. The goal of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of patchouli alcohol following single-dose oral administration in rats; the influence of other patchouli oil components on the pharmacokinetic profile of patchouli alcohol was also examined. In this study, a simple and selective GC/MS method was developed and validated to measure the level of patchouli alcohol in rat plasma. The study revealed that the pharmacokinetics profile was linear in both the patchouli alcohol and patchouli oil groups. The C max and AUC0-t of patchouli alcohol were greater in all three doses of patchouli alcohol compared to corresponding patchouli oil doses. Additionally, the T max values were significantly greater in the patchouli oil group. These results suggest that the other ingredients in patchouli oil influence the pharmacokinetic behavior of patchouli alcohol during its absorption. The results provide a meaningful basis for evaluating the clinical application of patchouli oil and patchouli alcohol.

Anti-atherosclerosis effect of pine nut oil in high-cholesterol and high-fat diet fed rats and its mechanism studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The objective of this study was to determine the anti-atherosclerotic effects of pine nut oil in rats fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (HCHF). Using a randomized block design, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (normal diet, HCHF, HCHF+7 or 15% pine nut oil, HCHF+simvastatin). This study shows that markers of atherosclerosis, such as increased liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, aortic fatty streak area, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, were lower in the HCHF plus pine nut oil groups than in the HCHF group. Conversely, positive cardiovascular indicators, such as increased paraoxonase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, were higher in HCHF plus pine nut oil groups than in the HCHF group. This study suggests that pine nut oil improves atherosclerotic markers and could be used as a functional ingredient in the food industry to promote cardiovascular health.

Elimination Half-Lives of Acute Phase Proteins in Rats and Beagle Dogs During Acute Inflammation.

The half-lives of typical acute phase proteins in rats and beagle dogs during acute inflammation were investigated. Acute inflammation was induced by injection of turpentine oil in rats and administration of indomethacin in beagle dogs. Serum concentrations of α2-macroglobulin (α2M) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) was measured by single radial immunodiffusion. Half-life was calculated as 0.693/elimination rate constant (K). The mean half-lives in the terminal elimination phase of α2M and AAG were 68.1 and 164.8h, respectively. The half-life of AAG was significantly longer than that of α2M. Mean half-lives in the terminal elimination phase of CRP and AAG were 161.9 and 304.4h, respectively. The half-life of AAG was significantly longer than that of CRP in beagle dogs. No significant differences in the half-life of AAG were observed between rats and beagle dogs. Furthermore, serum concentrations in the terminal elimination phase could be simulated with the K data acquired in this study.

Suppression and Treatment of Haloperidol Induced Extrapyramidal Side Effects and Anxiety Syndrome by the Coadministeration of Red Rice Bran Oil in Rats

Antipsychotic medications may reduce or eliminate symptoms of psychosis. They are not a 'cure' for mental illnesses, but can be an effective part of treating mental disorders. Even though many of the antipsychotics such as haloperidol cannot cure mental illnesses, they are effective in eliminating or reducing psychotic symptoms. However, prolong administration of haloperidol may result in parkinsonian like effects and tardive dyskinesia. The objective of the present research was to determine the effects of long term co-administration of RRBO in diet on haloperidol induced anxiety and EPS. It was hypothesized that co-administration of RRBO by the free radicals scavenging property could alleviate parkinsonian like effects and tardive dyskinesia. The present results showed a reversal of haloperidol induced parkinsonian like effects and tardive dyskinesia in rats cotreated with RRBO.

Acute and subacute (28 days) oral toxicity assessment of the oil extracted from Acrocomia aculeata pulp in rats

Acrocomia aculeata, popularly known as “bocaiúva”, is a species used for nutritional purposes and for the treatment of various diseases, as it has, among other things, high levels of antioxidant compounds. This study aimed to assess the toxicological profile of A. aculeata, through acute and subacute toxicity tests. Male and female rats (Wistar) received by gavage 2000 mg/kg of oil extracted from the pulp of A. aculeata (OPAC) for the acute toxicity test and 125, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg of OPAC for subacute toxicity test. In the acute toxicity study no mortality or behavioral changes were observed in rats treated with 2000 mg/kg, indicating that the LD50 is higher than this dose. In the subacute toxicity test, the tested doses produced no significant changes in hematological, biochemical or histopathological parameters in the animals exposed. These results demonstrate the absence of acute and subacute toxicity after oral exposure to A. aculeata oil in rats. However, further studies in animals and in humans are needed in order to have sufficient safety evidence for its use in humans.

Disparate metabolic effects of blackcurrant seed oil in rats fed a basal and obesogenic diet.

PurposeIt was hypothesised that blackcurrant seed oil beneficially modulates metabolic disorders related to obesity and its complications. The study also aimed to investigate the potentially adverse effects of an unbalanced diet on the distal intestine.MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of eight animals each and were fed a basal or obesogenic (high in fat and low in fibre) diet that contained either rapeseed oil (Canola) or blackcurrant seed oil. A two-way analysis of variance was then applied to assess the effects of diet and oil and the interaction between them.ResultsAfter 8 weeks, the obesogenic dietary regimen increased the body weight, altered the plasma lipid profile and increased the liver fat content and the plasma transaminase activities. In addition, the obesogenic diet decreased bacterial glycolytic activity and short-chain fatty acid formation in the distal intestine. Dietary blackcurrant seed oil improved the lipid metabolism by lowering liver fat accumulation and the plasma triglyceride concentration and atherogenicity as well by increasing the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration. However, in rats fed an obesogenic diet containing blackcurrant seed oil, the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was comparable with both rapeseed oil-containing diets, and a significant elevation of the plasma transaminase activities was noted instead.ConclusionsThe obesogenic dietary regimen causes a number of metabolic disorders, including alterations in the hindgut microbial metabolism. Dietary blackcurrant seed oil ameliorates the lipid metabolism; however, the beneficial effect is restricted when it is provided together with the obesogenic diet, and a risk of liver injury may occur.

Evaluation of antidiabetic properties of cactus pear seed oil in rats

Context: Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae)) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat diabetes.Objective: This work investigates the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of cactus pear seed oil (CPSO), its mechanism of action, and any toxic effects.Materials and methods: The hypoglycemic effect of CPSO was evaluated in groups of six healthy Wistar rats given 1 or 2 ml kg−1 orally and compared with groups receiving glibenclamide (2 mg kg−1) or water. Glycemia was determined after 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min. The antihyperglycemic effect of CPSO was determined in healthy rats and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ); normal rats received 0.8 ml kg−1 CPSO, while diabetic rats received 1 ml kg−1 CPSO, their controls received water or 2 mg kg−1 glibenclamide. For the antihyperglycemic effect evaluation, all the animals were fasted for 16 h before treatment and received glucose orally at 1 g kg−1 30 min after treatment; blood was taken after 30, 90, 150, and 210 min. Intestinal glucose absorption was estimated in rat jejunum perfused with a solution containing 5.55 mmol l−1 glucose. Acute toxicity was determined in albino mice that received oral or intraperitoneal doses of 1, 3, or 5 ml kg−1 CPSO.Results: CPSO (p.o.) decreased postprandial hyperglycemia (60 min after glucose loading), 40.33% and 16.01%, in healthy and STZ-diabetic glucose-loaded rats, respectively. CPSO, also, significantly decreased intestinal glucose absorption by 25.42%. No adverse effects were seen in mice administered CPSO at up to 5 ml kg−1.Conclusion: CPSO is antihyperglycemic. The effect can be explained partly by inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption.

Reduction of the chronic stress response by inhalation of hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata) essential oil in rats.

To verify the effects of hiba essential oil in restrained stressed rats, we analyzed physiological variables and psychophysiological behavior. Stressed-HEO rats inhaled hiba essential oil aroma after restraint period. The quantities of food and water intake and the excretion amount of stressed rats were smaller than those of non-stressed control rats. Body weights of stressed rats decreased compared with those of control rats. These physiological variables of stress-HEO rats significantly recovered compared with those of stressed rats (P < 0.001). Stress-related anxiety was assessed using the elevated plus-maze test. Entry times into the open arms of stressed rats were less than those of control rats (P < 0.05). In contrast, the suppression of entry times into the open arms of stressed rats was restored by the inhalation of hiba oil. The results suggest that hiba essential oil inhalation reduced stress-induced growth inhibition and stress-related anxiety.

Tumor Suppressor P53 Gene Mutations Pattern Induced by Repeated Fried Palm Oil in Rats

The present study aimed to examine the presence of p53 gene mutations in white albino rats fed on repeated fried palm oil. Eighteen sexually mature male Albino rats were used throughout the experiment. Rats were divided randomly into three groups, 6 animals each, namely; control group (CO) which orally administered by distilled water (NO) group which fed on basal diet containing fresh pure palm oil (FO) group which fed on the basal diet containing repeated fried palm oil with a dose of 150 mL kg-1 diet. At the end of the experiment, liver samples were taken, kept at -80°C for genetic alteration studies. Results shows the presence of fifty eight base-pair substitutions mutations which include a total of twelve base pair substitutions arose at A:T base pairs, fourteen base pair substitutions arose at G:C base pairs, Eighteen base pair substitutions at T: A base pairs, fourteen base pair substitutions arose at C:G base pairs. Of the fifty eight substitutional mutations recorded, there were thirty one silent (same sense) mutations and twenty seven missense mutations which causing the substitution of amino acids.

Acute toxicity of refined wild apricot oil in rats

Wild apricot is distributed widely in China, and its kernel has been used as a raw material for oils and proteins. Although wild apricot oil is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, there are few reported findings on the toxicological aspects of pressed wild apricot oil. Thus an acute toxicity study was carried out with a refined wild apricot oil in albino Sprague-Dawley rats to assess its suitability as edible oil. We included 2.25 mg amygdalin/ml in refined apricot oil and used the maximum tolerated dose test to evaluate the acute toxicity of the refined apricot oil. It did not result in any kind of abnormal behaviour in rats. No mortality was observed during 17 days in male rats or 15 days in female rats after treatment.

Evaluation of subacute toxicity ofJatropha curcasseeds and seed oil toxicity in rats

The present study was designed to evaluate and develop the therapeutic management for toxicity of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil in rats. Sub-acute toxicity of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil was evaluated by using 30 healthy rats, weighing 150–200 gram and 2–2.5 months old, equally and randomly divided in five groups of six rats in each group and adequate measures were taken to minimize pain to the animals. Group I served as control. The study was conducted by daily oral dosing of Jatropha curcas seed @ 4seed/rat and seed oil @ 1ml/rat followed by the treatment with the therapeutic module comprising of sodium thiosulphate (33.75mg/ml) and glutathione (22.5mg/ml) @ 1ml/rat in group III and V for 28 days. Hematobiochemical and antioxidative parameters as LPO and GSH in erythrocytes, liver, kidney and brain were estimated at day 28. Mild to moderate diarrhoea, dullness, depression and letharginess were observed in all animals in without treatment group II and IV, whereas, mild clinical signs were observed in treatment group III and V. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, total serum protein, albumin and globulin values were observed in all treated groups as compared to the control group I, however, therapeutic module has proven beneficial by producing the protective effect in the hematobiochemical analysis as compared to the treatment groups. A significant (P<0.05) increase in serum creatinine, serum urea, cholesterol, AST, ALT and ALP were observed in all groups. There was significant increase in LPO values in RBC, liver, brain whereas the value of reduced glutathione was decreased significantly in group III, IV and V in RBCs and liver samples. It is concluded from the above study that therapeutic module comprising of sodium thiosulphate and glutathione in sub-acute study produced the ameliorating effect by improving the hematobiochemical values in the treatment groups.

Genotoxicity test and subchronic toxicity study with Superba™ krill oil in rats

The safety of krill oil was assessed in a subchronic toxicity study and in a genotoxicity test. In a 13-week study, rats were fed krill oil or control diets. There were no differences noted in body weight, food consumption or in the functional observation battery parameters in either gender. Differences in both haematology and clinical chemistry values were noted in the krill oil-treated groups. However these findings were of no toxicological significance. Significant decreases in absolute and covariant heart weight in some krill oil-treated animals were noted although no corresponding histological changes were observed. In addition, periportal microvesicular hepatocyte vacuolation was noted histologically in males fed 5% krill oil. This finding was not associated with other indications of hepatic dysfunction. Given that the effects of the 13-week toxicity study were non-toxic in nature, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the conditions of this study was considered to be 5% krill oil. The genotoxicity experiments documented no mutagenicity of krill oil in bacteria.

Cardiotoxicity induced by dietary oxidized sunflower oil in rats: pro- and antioxidant effects of α-tocopherol.

This study highlighted the pro-oxidative functions of α-tocopherol (αT) on the heart antioxidant system and tissue histopathology of oxidized sunflower oil (OSO)-exposed rats.Four groups of male Wistar rats were fed with different diets: 1) control diet containing FSO (fresh sunflower oil); 2) diet containing 5 % OSO; 3) diet containing 5 % OSO, supplemented with 600 mg αT kg-1; and 4) diet containing 5 % OSO, supplemented with 1200 mg αT kg-1. The hearts were then isolated, and the antioxidant enzymatic activities were assessed. Body weight and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities significantly decreased in groups fed with OSO, while the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level significantly increased. Administration of OSO with αT (600 mg · kg-1) returned the body weight values and LPO levels to similar values as the control group. The CAT and GPx activities increased but remained significantly lower compared to the control group. In the OSO group with αT (1200 mg · kg-1), the CAT and GPx activities also decreased, while LPO significantly increased. Heart tissue sections obtained from the groups revealed the presence of large areas of necrosis. This study suggested that OSO induced oxidative stress and that administration of a moderate dose of αT restored the antioxidant balance, but that high levels of αT supplementation result in a pro-oxidant effect.

Biological Responses in Rats Exposed to the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill Constituents

Background : The Hebei Spirit Oil Spill, the largest oil spill in Korea, occurred in December 2007,. Many crude-oil components are well-known potential carcinogens and developmental toxicants. Aims : To evaluate the acute to chronic effects of crude oil exposure on hematological and blood biochemical toxicities. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were given oral doses of 0, 50 or 100 mg/kg BW/day of Iranian heavy crude oils for four weeks. Results : In the acute phase of exposure (one day after four weeks of oil treatment), decrease in the weight of thymus, serum level of interferon gamma (IFN-?), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in liver or kidney was found, and increase in the weight of adrenal gland occurred after the oral administration of crude oil. In body weight, histopathological examination, hematological, and blood biochemical analyses in the acute phase of exposure, there were no significant differences among the experimental groups. In the subchronic and chronic phase of exposure (two months and six months after four weeks of oil treatment), the changes of biomarkers were normalized except for the indicators of oxidative stress. Conclusions : Our findings show that the bioassay on the indicators of oxidative stress is a sensitive method for determining exposure to crude oil in rats.