Oil Depot Research Articles

Advancing gasoline vapor recovery in oil depots: Integrating cooling and adsorption technologies

Advancing gasoline vapor recovery in oil depots: Integrating cooling and adsorption technologies

Packaging "vegetable oils": Insights into plant lipid droplet proteins.

Plant neutral lipids, also known as "vegetable oils", are synthesized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and packaged into subcellular compartments called lipid droplets (LDs) for stable storage in the cytoplasm. The biogenesis, modulation, and degradation of cytoplasmic LDs in plant cells are orchestrated by a variety of proteins localized to the ER, LDs, and peroxisomes. Recent studies of these LD-related proteins have greatly advanced our understanding of LDs not only as steady oil depots in seeds but also as dynamic cell organelles involved in numerous physiological processes in different tissues and developmental stages of plants. In the past 2 decades, technology advances in proteomics, transcriptomics, genome sequencing, cellular imaging and protein structural modeling have markedly expanded the inventory of LD-related proteins, provided unprecedented structural and functional insights into the protein machinery modulating LDs in plant cells, and shed new light on the functions of LDs in nonseed plant tissues as well as in unicellular algae. Here, we review critical advances in revealing new LD proteins in various plant tissues, point out structural and mechanistic insights into key proteins in LD biogenesis and dynamic modulation, and discuss future perspectives on bridging our knowledge gaps in plant LD biology.

Geochemical analysis of surface natural seepages and hydrocarbon fields of technogenic origin in the Amga River Basin (Siberian platform)

The presence of substantial accumulations of bitumen is critically significant as they serve as direct indicators of oilbearing regions. However, in the context of environmental studies, their existence complicates the assessment of technogenic soil contamination by oil and petroleum products. The objective of this research was to identify informative geochemical parameters that would facilitate the differentiation between natural surface seepages and technogenic hydrocarbon fields resulting from commercial oil spills. This study examined natural surface oil seepages in the Amga River Basin and technogenic oil contamination near the Amga Oil Depot. Employing classical bituminology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, a comparative analysis of their compositional characteristics was conducted. Notably, significant differences in geochemical parameters, such as the concentrations of hydrocarbons, resins, asphaltenes, and oxygen-containing compounds, were observed when comparing oil pollution to natural surface seepages for the first time. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that genetic parameters for diagnosing soil contamination by oil, based on biomarker composition, could include the presence of 12- and 13-methylalkanes in the hydrocarbon profile of the pollutant. These compounds are recognized as distinctive biological markers of Cambrian and Early Paleozoic oils from the Nepsko-Botuobinsk oil and gas region. Conversely, these biomarkers were absent in the natural surface oil seepages of Amga. The findings of this research may prove valuable in environmental studies, particularly in monitoring efforts aimed at identifying technogenic oil contamination in soils that are not associated with natural oil seeps.

Utilizing a optimized method for evaluating vapor recovery equipment control efficiency and estimating evaporative VOC emissions from urban oil depots via an extensive survey

As an important intermediary between upstream refineries and downstream urban gas stations, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from urban oil depots were often disregarded, underestimating their environmental and health implications. An extensive investigation of urban depots' fuel composition and operational dynamics was conducted nationwide. We developed a novel approach that integrates theoretical models with easily measurable operational data from the depots to evaluate the efficiency of post-treatment devices in actual situations. Even in well-managed oil depots, the actual control efficiency of vapor recovery units fluctuates between 63 % and 85 %, depending on the concentration of hydrocarbon vapors in the intake of the device. The national emission factors for gasoline, diesel, and aviation kerosene at a national level were 6.64 ± 1.16, 2.07 ± 0.42, and 6.17 ± 1.05 tons per 10,000 tons, respectively. In 2019, China's urban oil depots emitted 165 thousand tons of VOC. Enhancing control strategies by optimizing the physical and chemical parameters of refined oil, improving storage capacity and turnover efficiency, and upgrading storage tanks had the potential to reduce emissions by more than 60 %. However, a 30 % failure rate in these systems could negate the benefits of these improved strategies.

Two-stage optimization model for scheduling multiproduct pipeline network with multi-source and multi-terminal

The multiproduct pipeline network with multi-source and multi-terminal encompasses multi-point injection and multi-point distribution. Upon reorganization of batches at transfer depots, the intricacies of precise batch tracking become increasingly complex, thereby rendering the optimization of multiproduct pipeline network scheduling particularly arduous. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic index batch numbering method. By delineating the boundaries of intermediate injection points, the issue is bifurcated into two sub-problems: the optimization of batch planning for multiproduct pipeline with single-source and multi-terminal and the optimization of resource allocation at intermediate oil depots. The proposed algorithm is validated on two genuine multiproduct pipeline networks in China, demonstrating its capability to generate feasible solutions within a computational constraint of 18,000 CPU seconds. The findings reveal that this methodology holistically considers the entire pipeline network system, encompassing upstream oil intake, downstream oil supply, and the tank capacities of transfer depots, thereby establishing a coherent link between pipeline scheduling and depot planning. This paper may serve as a reference for the automated formulation of multiproduct pipeline network scheduling strategies.

Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment in Soil of Oil Depots and Distribution Centers in Anbar Governorate, Iraq

Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment in Soil of Oil Depots and Distribution Centers in Anbar Governorate, Iraq

Targeting Russian Oil Refineries

Abstract In March 2024, Ukraine significantly intensified its assaults on Russian energy infrastructures, deploying a multitude of long-range drones to hit Russia’s largest refineries. This led to a temporary halt in production at several of these facilities. The primary objective of these assaults was to diminish Russia’s military capacity. On the other hand, these actions inflicted damage on the Russian economy. Targeting refineries and oil depots has emerged as a contentious issue. The classification of refineries and oil depots as military objectives is legally not precise. These facilities are seen as essential infrastructure for the nation’s economy and machinery of war. Targeting oil depots or works and installations containing dangerous forces during an international armed conflict could result in significant environmental damage, raising questions about the principles of military necessity, distinction and proportionality. An attack must not cause excessive incidental civilian damage relative to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. This essay will explore the legal issues regarding targeting refineries and oil depots and a comprehensive analysis of the situation within the framework of International Humanitarian Law.

Optimization Design and Performance Study of a Heat Exchanger for an Oil and Gas Recovery System in an Oil Depot

Optimization Design and Performance Study of a Heat Exchanger for an Oil and Gas Recovery System in an Oil Depot

ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЭСКАЛАЦИИ ПОЖАРА ПРИ ХРАНЕНИИ МОТОРНЫХ ТОПЛИВ В ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ЭЛАСТИЧНЫХ РЕЗЕРВУАРАХ

Due to the increase in oil production and production of petroleum products, as well as their transportation and storage, the range and sizes of reservoirs are increasing. For this purpose, polymer tanks are widely used at Russian enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, including mobile tank farmsand oil depots for the operational storage of oil and petroleum products. However, the polymer materials from which the tanks are made are flammable, which increases their fire hazard level. An assessment of the possibility of fire escalation has been carried out using the example of an oil depot model for storing motor fuels in polymer elastic tanks. The results 
 of calculating the dangerous factors of a spill fire during depressurization of polymer elastic tanks with gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as a graph of the dependence of the intensity of thermal radiation during the ignition of these tanks, are presented in tabular form, and an event tree is constructed. The parameters characterizing the possible escalation of a fire at a motor fuel storage site under quasi-stationary conditions have been determined.
 A methodology is proposed that allows assessing the possibility of realizing the escalating nature of a fire at facilities for storing and handling motor fuels in polymer elastic tanks, and recommendations are also given to prevent the progressive nature of the development of negative events and reduce damage in case of fire.

Табиғи және техногендік сипаттағы өрттердің зиянды шығарындыларын талдау

Over the past decade, the number of natural and man-made fires has increased, which lead to great casualties, serious environmental pollution and large economic losses. The paper presents the statistics of forest and steppe fires for 2022 in the Republic Kazakhstan, and the statistics of deaths in emergencies associated with a fire. During forest fires, the composition of combustion products depends on the composition of wood and the conditions of its combustion. Accordingly, the emissions are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Also, the calculation of the explosion radius in the diesel fuel warehouse was made. It has been established that the maximum explosion pressure and flame temperature for mixtures of limiting composition are practically constant at different initial pressures. For a mixture of constant composition, these characteristics change significantly with an increase in the initial pressure. The composition of combustion products is analyzed at various initial pressures. From the analysis of time scales, area, facilities and equipment, ignition sources, types of emergency substances and liability, statistical results show that the most dangerous area is the loading and unloading area and the most vulnerable facility and equipment are storage tanks. Meanwhile, the proportions of ignition sources are distributed so evenly that the prevention of fire and explosion must be equally focused on several factors of influence. A vapor cloud explosion may be the most common type of accident at oil depots, and management responsibility dominates all accident causes. A visual interpretation of the obtained results is presented.

ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING HYDROCARBON LEAKS IN PIPELINE TRANSPORT WITH INTERMEDIATE REMOVAL OF PART OF HYDROCARBON

Currently, the main part of hydrocarbons consumed both in the Russian Federation and in the world as a whole is transported through pipelines. This type of transport has many advantages, however, despite this, problems arise during operation related to ensuring the integrity of the pipelines themselves and providing settlements located along the linear part with fuel using intermediate branches to local oil depots. It is worth noting that in this case there is a problem of ensuring constant and highquality monitoring of the state of the oil product pipeline-branch pipeline system, for which constant monitoring methods based on mathematical modeling are often used to solve, which make it possible to investigate the integrity without changing the pumping mode. However, in order to improve the accuracy of these methods, it is necessary to constantly improve existing or develop new mathematical models of pipeline systems.The main aim of the research. Improvement of mathematical modeling methods for detecting leaks or unauthorized tie-ins during intermediate scheduled discharges of hydrocarbons on the linear part of the main pipeline.Mathematical modeling of the operating mode of the technological section of the main pipeline, taking into account the discharge on the linear part, the need to regulate the operating modes of pumping stations.An algorithm has been developed to determine the location of a leak or illegal tie-in on a trunk pipeline with an intermediate branch to a local oil depot. A graph of the hydraulic slope line is constructed in the presence of damage to the integrity of the pipeline. A preliminary economic assessment of the damage to the supplier company from the loss of the pumped product was carried out.

Study on scale formation and corrosion behavior of heat exchanger steel 20 at different temperatures

This study investigates the scaling and corrosion behavior of steel 20 of cooling water in two locations: oil depot working area and living quarters. Furthermore, it explores the effect of temperature on scaling rate and corrosion rate. Through static scaling test and dynamic scaling prediction, the scaling effect of water quality is analyzed. The results show that the scaling degree of two water quality conditions is different with the change of temperature. The water scaling initiates at 60 °C in the living quarters, while a slight amount of scaling occurs when the temperature reaches 75 °C at working area. Through the utilization of open circuit potential, polarization curve analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and X-ray diffraction, the corrosion potential, corrosion rate, macroscopic and microscopic corrosion samples, as well as corrosion products of steel 20 were comprehensively examined. It was found that, in the temperature range of 30 −50 °C, the corrosion rate of steel 20 in the working area showed a linear trend with water temperature, while the corrosion rate in the living quarters exhibited an exponential function trend with temperature. Considering the combined impact of scaling and corrosion on heat exchanger performance, if the operating conditions can exceed 40 °C, the water quality within the working area poses minimal risks and operational pressure to the heat exchanger. Therefore, it is more suitable as a cooling water source compared to that in living quarters.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from internal floating-roof tank in oil depots in Beijing: Influencing factors and emission reduction strategies analysis

The internal floating-roof tank is the main type of storage tank for refined oil products. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission from the internal floating-roof tank plays a dominant role in the unorganized emission source of the oil depot. In this study, we selected six typical oil depots in Beijing to investigate VOC emission characteristics from the tank top vent hole using infrared imaging technology and flame ionization detector (FID). The results reveal that infrared thermal imager is efficient in quickly identifying the emission level of the tank discharge point. The ambient temperature and wind speed have a direct effect on sealing loss, the turnover can greatly influence the wall hanging loss, and the concentration of VOCs emitted from the tank top vent hole is negatively correlated with liquid height. Furthermore, the influence of accessories type of the internal floating-roof tank on the concentration of VOCs emission from the top vent hole is also studied when other parameters remain unchanged, and find the floating deck type and sealing mode have a significant influence on their VOCs emissions, of which the combination of pontoon type floating deck and secondary seal are effective in controlling the concentration of VOCs emitted from the tank top vent hole. Finally, based on our experimental results, several feasible emission reduction strategies are proposed in terms of source prevention and process control in order to achieve the fine management of the whole process. This paper provides important technical support and policy thoughts for VOCs emission control during oil storage.

Антропогенді ластаған биогеоценоздарды диагностикалауда топырақ мезофаунасының түр құрамын пайдалану

Soil invertebrates are an important driving force behind many basic soil processes, such as the formation of soil aggregates, water retention, and absorption of organic matter. Earthworms, being permanent inhabitants of the soil, play the role of an indicator transmitting information about the state of this environment. In this work, anthropogenic pollution of urban and suburban biogeocenoses was revealed by studying the species composition and abundance of lumbricides. Soil samples were taken from 8 sites in Almaty and the region, physico-chemical parameters were studied. In background and slightly polluted biogeocenoses, the number of earthworms averages 64.6%, and in polluted regions 55.2%. When determining the content of toxic elements in urban and background (natural) biocenoses, four main elements were identified that affect the species and quantitative composition of the mesofauna: lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury. The maximum content of cadmium and arsenic is observed in soils near oil depots: the cadmium content was 0.25±0.0024 mg/kg, and the arsenic content was 2.84±0.05 mg/kg. And in the soil near the thermal power plant of the Algabas microdistrict of the Alatau district, the maximum content of lead and mercury was recorded, which reached 16±0.70 mg/kg and 0.048±0.012 mg/kg, respectively.

关于油库在建工程转资标准化的几点思考

关于油库在建工程转资标准化的几点思考

БЕЗПЕКО-ОРІЄНТОВАНЕ УПРАВЛІННЯ РЕСУРСАМИ В РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРНИХ ПРОЄКТІВ

The purpose of the article is to research safety-oriented resource management in the implementation of infrastructure projects. The main requirements of the modern development of infrastructure projects and possible forms of financing, taking into account the complexity of the project, are highlighted. Ukraine has a high level of investment attractiveness due to its favorable geographical location, which modernization of infrastructure, compared to the leading countries of the world, is relevant in Ukraine. However, some spheres and regions of Ukraine have a very low level of infrastructure development or its complete absence. This is explained by the fact that the implementation of infrastructure projects in Ukraine is a rather risky process. Safety-oriented management is inherent in large infrastructure projects, the life cycle of the product's use reaches decades. For example, the construction project of an airport, a stadium, an oil depot goes back several decades. In project management, the priority is to focus on value and safety. New approaches to project safety management differ from risk management and quality management. Based on the study of statistical materials, the process of financing infrastructure projects for the period of 2023–2024 was analyzed. Attention is paid in detail to the total income and expenses of communities. The economic development of the state is directly related to the financing of infrastructure projects aimed at modernization and restoration, taking into account modern Ukrainian realities. The purpose of this study is to improve the process of managing the efficiency of infrastructure projects in the post-war period with its practical application. Assessing the current state of security-oriented resource management in the implementation of infrastructure projects determines the relevance of the study and its necessity in wartime conditions. A SWOT analysis of infrastructure projects was conducted. The scheme of the organization of project financing of infrastructure projects is proposed, which makes it possible to forecast all possible options for the development of infrastructure projects, as well as the stages of implementation of infrastructure projects are considered.

Combining precursor and Cloud Leaky noisy-OR logic gate Bayesian network for dynamic probability analysis of major accidents in the oil depots

Combining precursor and Cloud Leaky noisy-OR logic gate Bayesian network for dynamic probability analysis of major accidents in the oil depots

Potential biodegradable bacteria and their identification

The article describes soil bacterial isolates isolated from technogenic zones of Kyrgyzstan, possessing high oil-oxidizing and bioemulsifying activity, capable of decomposing petroleum hydrocarbons in the temperature range of 4 - 39°C at pH 4 - 9 in the presence of 18% salt. Our research has confirmed the possibility of bioremediation of the damage caused to soils as a result of chemical pollution of soils (lands) due to spillage of oil products on the territory of the oil depot in Balykchy city of Kyrgyzstan. The used bacterial consortium consisting of spore-forming bacteria of Bacillus genus: B1-025-4(2), B1-05-3(2), B1-025-5 had high oil-degrading activity both at low (4°C) and moderate (18-25°C) temperatures. In this work, special attention was paid to the molecular genetic properties of 4 bacterial strains isolated from oil-contaminated and different types of soils. The maximum biodegradability of these strains for many hydrocarbons (hexadecane, benzene, naphthalene, diesel fuel, gasoline) was also noted. Based on physiological-biochemical and molecular genetic analysis, the isolated petroleum destructor bacteria were found to belong to Bacillus pumilus (strains B1-05-3(2) and B1-025-4(2), B1-025-5) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain H-5-2). These selected strong bacterial strains are of great interest for biotechnological applications as effective microorganisms for environmental cleaning. Keywords: bacteria-destructors, effective strains, oil-contaminated soil, bioremediation, identification, molecular methods.

Studies of oil product pollution in the aeration zone by mathematical modelling

Formulation of the problem. The article presents the results of a study to assess the pollution of the aeration zone due to the leakage of oil products as a result of the destruction of the «Amik» oil depot during the military operations in the town of Borodyanka. The destruction of the tanks resulted in an immediate leakage of light oil products onto the soil of the surrounding area. The result was a technogenic environmental situation that required immediate determination of the mechanisms of accidental penetration of pollutants into the soil and groundwater, determination of the area of contamination and scientifically sound methods of soil remediation of oil products. The article highlights the issues of organising mathematical modeling of various data for solving applied problems using Google Earth data. Materials and methods. In order to assess the contamination area and determine the mechanism of accidental penetration of oil products into the soil and groundwater, the existing models of pollutant penetration in case of accidental oil spill were analysed and mathematical spatial models of geomorphological, hydrogeological, engineering-geological and experimental filtration data were created using interpolation, mathematical approximation and gradient analysis. The latter made it possible to identify the directions of surface and groundwater flow both in the local area of the oil depot and in adjacent areas. Using the investigation and filtration parameters obtained during the field work, hydraulic gradients and soil filtration coefficients were calculated, and a spatial mathematical model of the local subterranean gradient of groundwater flow was created. Results. It was shown that the direction of the underground flow is controlled by a zone of local depression, which is expressed by a decrease in the absolute height of the natural lithological layer with a height difference of about 0.4 m or the maximum values of the height of the contamination lens. The direction of extension of this zone has been determined to be from north to south. This zone can be considered the zone of maximum accumulation of liquid with oil products. Based on the survey results, the thickness of the contamination lens was calculated to be 0.3 m on average. Using this indicator, the area of contamination is 4169 m2, the volume of contamination is 1250.7 m3, which corresponds to the claimed damage. However, taking into account the anisotropy of the filtration properties of the lithological types in different directions within the aeration zone, the presence of dissolved water due to dispersion and the presence of local accumulation depressions in the lithological strata, options with other indicators (0.5 m / 0.1 m) are also acceptable. The calculation of the contamination areas was carried out taking into account the power variations. The approximate total areas of oil product distribution in the aeration zone were plotted with reference to Google Earth imagery. Conclusions. The research enabled practical recommendations to be made for cleaning up the area of oil products and preventing the spread of the pollutant by pumping oil products out of the modelled and actually confirmed pollution lens. In accordance with the recommendations, 140 wells were drilled to a depth of 5.2 m, with a diameter of 0.11‑0.168 m and a total length of 710 m, which made it possible to prevent the spread of the contaminant by pumping out the oil products and reusing them after clean-up.

Heat release rate prediction for high-altitude gasoline pool fires based on field tests of combustion characteristics

The heat release rate is of great significance for fire protection design, whether in highway tunnel, building, oil depot and aircraft. Simply, the heat release rate can be estimated by multiplying the mass loss rate by the effective heat of combustion, which can be investigated via pool fire test, because of its wide applicability in various fire scenarios. In fact, both mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion are affected by the high-altitude environment, including the low atmospheric pressure and low ambient temperature. Thus, to obtain the mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion, field tests of gasoline pool fire were conducted at 4 altitudes. The test environments of 4 altitudes were consistent with that of real fires at high altitudes, especially the atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, to ensure that the measuring data were correct. The heat release rate at high altitudes were calculated by using the fitting formulas of mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion, which were presented in this paper. The results revealed the following: (1) Both the atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature were important factors for the mass loss rate and effective heat of combustion. (2) Based on a global model and flame temperature correlation, a mass loss rate estimation method was established. After analysis, a linear relationship between lnm˙ and lnP∞ was identified for temperature greater than 0 °C, otherwise, there was a logarithmic relationship between lnm˙ and lnP∞. In addition, the fitting formula of mass loss rate was obtained. (3) A theoretical method of effective heat of combustion based on the Gibbs energy minimization approach was established. For simplification, the effects of atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature were approximately independent. The effective heat of combustion increased linearly with both atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, and the fitting formula was gained by considering above two factors. (4) The heat release rates of gasoline pool fire at high altitudes were calculated, which varied with ambient temperature as the Gaussian function. And the relationship between heat release rate and atmospheric pressure was power function. The atmospheric pressure effect on heat release rate was more significant at temperatures lower than 10 °C. The results in this work could provide a basis for heat release rate prediction studies and subsequent research on smoke diffusion, whether in aircraft, highway tunnel, building and oil depot at high altitudes.