Oil-based Polyurethane Acrylate Research Articles

High solid and low viscosity waterborne polyurethane acrylate with excellent anti-corrosion and anti-bacterial performances

The design and preparation of great corrosion resistance and high-solid waterborne polyurethane dispersion with low viscosity is still a challenge in the field of the polyurethane industry. Herein, we developed a simple method involving a core-shell process to prepare a core-shell structured waterborne polyurethane acrylate dispersion (WPUAD). First, isobornyl acrylate, a derivative of natural product borneol, dihydroxylated by a thiol-ene click reaction was used to prepare oil-based polyurethane acrylate as prepolymer A (core) and waterborne polyurethane acrylate as prepolymer B (shell). Then, the core-shell WPUAD was obtained by mixing and emulsifying the two prepolymer at a certain ratio. The study reveals that the core-shell structured WPUAD not only has a low viscosity (~1330 mPa.s) but also holds a high-solid content (~ 60 wt%). At the same time, the highly solid WPUAD has excellent stability with no breast breakage even after more than 1 year of storage. In addition, various electrochemical measurements, water contact angles, and water absorption tests were performed to determine the anti-corrosive properties of the WPUAD-derived coatings. The results show that the WPUA coatings exhibit significantly enhanced anticorrosion with respect to the single prepolymer B derived coatings, which is attributed to their high cross-linking density resulting from the core-shell structure and the introduction of hydrophobic isobornyl acrylate. In addition, because of the introduction of the dihydroxylated isobornyl acrylate as chain extenders, the WPUA coating has great anti-bacterial adhesion properties with an anti-bacterial efficiency of 82.3 %. We believe that our work provides a generic preparation method to obtain a commercially available high-solid WPUAD with excellent anti-corrosion properties.

Preparation of SiO2-decorated GO sheets and their influences on the properties of castor oil-based polyurethane coating film

Graphene oxide (GO) acted as an inorganic filler has attracted great attention in the construction of polymer-based composite coating film. Nevertheless, the high surface area, obvious van der Waals forces, and abundant hydrophilic groups of GO result in its poor dispersion behavior and compatibility in hydrophobic polymer, which greatly limits its widespread practical application. To solve the above issue, we have prepared SiO2-decorated GO (GO-SiO2) nanoparticles using the sol-gel hydrolysis method. The FTIR, Raman spectra, XPS and SEM analysis displayed that GO-SiO2 nanoparticles were successfully constructed and the SiO2 nanoparticles are covalently grafted onto GO sheet surfaces. Moreover, the GO-SiO2 nanoparticles are further employed as inorganic fillers into the non-solvent UV-curable castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate (COPUA) systems for the preparation of composite coating films. Herein, the GO-SiO2 nanoparticles can be uniformly dispersed in hydrophobic COPUA-based coating precursor, and have favorable compatibility with COPUA resin. The incorporation of GO-SiO2 nanoparticles into the coating film matrix would slightly decrease the gel content of coating films (all gel contents are above 91.5 %) while improving the hydrophobic property of coating films. Furthermore, the thermal stability and mechanical performance of coating films have reasonably enhanced trends by the incorporation of GO-SiO2 nanoparticles. The prepared coating films display favorable acid, alkali, and solvent resistance, and the high content of GO-SiO2 nanoparticles is beneficial to aggrandize the anticorrosion performance of coating films. This work provides a universal approach to modify GO sheets and construct multifunctional modified GO/polyurethane composite film for coating application.

Synthesis, Characterisation, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Green and Sustainable Polyurethane Acrylate from Jatropha Oil Using a Three Step Process

Bio-based polymer is a promising candidate to substitute conventional petroleum-derived polymer as it is sustainably produced from renewable resources, which helps reduce the production process’ carbon footprint. It also helps reduces humankind’s dependability on fossil fuel-based feedstock. In this work, a sustainable jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was successfully prepared and synthesised using a 3-steps process; epoxidation (formation of an epoxy group), hydroxylation (addition of–OH group to opened ring), and acrylation (addition of acrylate group into polyol). The yellowish PUA prepared has a gel consistency, which is sticky and slightly runny. The PUA was characterised by using wet chemical tests such as oxirane oxygen content (OOC), acid value (AV), hydroxyl number (OHV) and iodine value. OOC value for the PUA synthesised was 4.23 % at the 5 hr reaction time. At the same time, the Epoxidised jatropha oil (EJO) used to prepare polyol records a hydroxyl number of hydroxyl 185.81 mg KOH/g and an acid value of 1.06. The polyol prepared was mixed with 2, 4-toluene-diisocyanate (TDI) and Hydroetyhlmethacrylate (HEMA) to produce PUA. The PUA was characterised by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). TGA analysis shows that the polymer is stable up to 373 K, whereas the EIS analysis records an ionic conductivity of (5.60±0.03) × 10-6 S cm-1. This polymer’s great thermal stability properties make it suitable for outdoor application where high temperature due to sun exposure is common. Furthermore, PUA prepared gel-like properties to make it a suitable candidate for preparing a gel polymer electrolyte.

An efficient halogen-free reactive flame-retardant active diluent for soy-castor oil-based fire safety UV-curable coatings

Soy-castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate prepolymer (SCPUA) was synthesized by using epoxidized soybean oil and ricinoleic acid as raw materials, and a cost-effective halogen-free flame retardant phosphorous silicon methacrylate monomer (PSMAM) was also synthesized and used as an efficient reactive diluent to mix with SCPUA to develop a novel vegetable oil-based UV-curable coating system. Benefited from the addition of PSMAM, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the coatings reaches up to 23%, and the coatings can self-extinguish instantly (within 1 s) after removing from flame, indicating that these coatings possess remarkable flame-retardant performance. Also, the flame-retardant mechanism is proposed, and it reveals that PSMAM promotes the formation of a dense and continuous char layer on the coating surface to serve as a heat and oxygen barrier, thus providing the coatings with remarkable flame retardancy. Besides, the use of PSMAM can improve the thermal stability of the coatings. More strikingly, these coatings exhibit excellent hardness (6H), flexibility (2 mm), adhesion (4B) and remarkable acid and alkali resistance as well as boiling water resistance. Therefore, excellent performances and cost-effective feature as well as the facile synthesis process make these newly-developed halogen-free flame-retardant vegetable-oil based UV-curable coatings more potential for practical applications.

Performance Analysis of Jatropha Oil-Based Polyurethane Acrylate Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Biobased polymers are useful materials in substituting conventional petroleum-derived polymers because of their good properties, ready availability, and abundance in nature. This study reports a new jatropha oil-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The GPE was prepared by mixing jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) with different concentrations of lithium iodide (LiI). The GPE was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, lithium nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, electrochemical analysis, and photocurrent conversion efficiency. The highest room-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.88 × 10–4 S cm–1 was obtained at 20 wt % of LiI salt. Additionally, the temperature-dependent ionic conductivity of the GPE exhibited Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 0.42 eV and a pre-exponential factor of 1.56 × 103 S cm–1. The electrochemical stability study showed that the PUA GPE was stable up to 2.35 V. The thermal stability of the gel electrolyte showed an improvement after the addition of the salt, suggesting a strong intermolecular interaction between PUA and Li, which leads to polymer–salt complexation, as proven by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. A DSSC has been assembled using the optimum ionic conductivity gel electrolyte which indicated 1.2% efficiency under 1 sun condition. Thus, the jatropha oil-based GPE demonstrated favorable properties that make it a promising alternative to petroleum-derived polymer electrolytes in DSSCs.

Performance of Ionic Transport Properties in Vegetable Oil-Based Polyurethane Acrylate Gel Polymer Electrolyte

The development of biobased polymer originated from vegetable oil has become one of the areas of interest in research field. Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate has been prepared by three stages of reaction: epoxidation, hydroxylation, followed by introducing acrylate group in urethanation process. A new development of polyurethane acrylate gel polymer electrolyte was achieved by doping with 5–25 wt % LiClO4 and curing by UV irradiation method. The highest ionic conductivity was achieved with 15 wt % LiClO4 salt content, which is 8.955 × 10–5 S cm–1 at room temperature. The achievement of higher conductivity in gel polymer electrolyte was comparable in terms of salt content and without plasticizing effects. Polyurethane acrylate gel electrolyte was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which recorded the presence of hydroxyl and amine groups in polymer and gel electrolyte. NMR analysis confirmed this finding. Thermal stability of gel electrolyte was measured by thermal gravimetr...

Characteristics of ionically conducting jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate gel electrolyte doped with potassium iodide

Abstract Currently, there is a growing trend of using bio-based materials from renewable resources in the construction of polymer electrolytes. In this study, a gel polymer electrolyte from Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was prepared by doping the PUA with various concentrations (0–30 weight%) of potassium iodide (KI) salt. The PUA gel electrolyte was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermal analysis and electrochemical analysis was performed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Subsequently, the dielectric properties of the gel polymer electrolyte were studied. A conductivity of 1.59 × 10−4 S cm−1 was achieved for the PUA incorporated with 25 weight% KI at room temperature. The dielectric study indicated the non-Debye nature of the materials. It has been shown, via transference number measurement that the conducting species in this work were predominantly ions, with only 4% contribution from electrons. An electrochemical stability window of 2.0 V was obtained by using linear sweep voltammetry for the highest conducting gel electrolyte.

Bio-based reactive diluent derived from cardanol and its application in polyurethane acrylate (PUA) coatings with high performance

A UV-curable cardanol-based monomer (ECGE) was prepared using cardanol and epichlorohydrin, followed by epoxidation of the unsaturation in alkyl side chains of cardanol segments. After its chemical structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), ECGE was used as a reactive diluent to copolymerize with castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) and a series of UV-curable coatings were prepared. Results showed that the viscosity and volume shrinkage of the UV-curable PUA system decreased significantly after the introduction of cardanol-based monomer while maintaining reasonably high bio-renewable contents; when containing 50% of ECGE, the biomass content reaches 66.2%, which is 1.41 times that of pure resin. In addition, the coating properties were evaluated to determine hardness, adhesion, flexibility, and water resistance. The properties of UV-curable thermoset were also studied using tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The cardanol-based coatings showed excellent adhesion, flexibility, medium hardness, and enhanced char yield although tensile strength, tensile modulus and glass transition temperatures were somewhat diminished. All these performances can be attributed to the unique architectures of ECGE that combined the structural features of rigid benzene ring and long flexible alkyl chains. The UV-curing behavior was determined using real-time IR, and the results indicated that the conversion of unsaturated bond was increased with more concentration of ECGE.

Use of cardanol-based acrylate as reactive diluent in UV-curable castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate resins

A biobased diluent, cardanyl acrylate (CA), was synthesized from cardanol and used to modify a castor oil-based polyfunctional polyurethane acrylate (PUA) resin. Firstly, chemical structure of CA was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Subsequently, the effect of CA’s content on the biobased content, viscosity, and volumetric shrinkage of the obtained bioresins were studied and compared with the petroleum-based hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) diluent. Moreover, ultimate properties of the UV-cured biomaterials such as thermal, mechanical, coating, swelling, and hydrophobic properties were investigated. Finally, UV-curing kinetics of the resulting bioresins were determined by real-time IR. By the addition of CA, the biobased content of the resulting bioresins were improved and the viscosity and volumetric shrinkage were reduced. For example, the obtained bioresin containing 30% of CA possessed a biobased content of 62.8% and volumetric shrinkage of 9.51%, which were clearly better than those of the bioresin with 30% of HEA (50.8% and 21.94%), respectively. Furthermore, many other properties of the UV-cured biomaterials, such as thermal stability, coating’s hardness and adhesion, and hydrophobic properties, were improved by the incorporation of CA. The final CC conversions of the resulting bioresins were also enhanced by the addition of CA. Hence, the cardanol-based diluent showed good potential in the development of UV-curable coatings.

Synthesis of Polyfunctional Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Acrylate by the Auxiliary of Thiol-Ene Click Reaction

In this paper, we report a synthetic method to prepare vegetable oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) resin, which can be used in photo polymerization coating, ink and other fields. First, the mercaptoethanol was introduced into castor oil via thiol-ene photo-click reaction with UV irradiation, forming polyhydroxy compounds, then we added the isocyanate acrylate, which was obtained by the reaction between hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), into polyhydroxy compounds, the molar ratio of HPA and IPDI is 1:1. Finally, we get the castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate. Different functional acrylate can be obtained by adjusting the hydroxyl content. Furthermore, the structure and performance of Polyurethane acrylate was confirmed by FT-IR and TG. The water absorption and adhesion of synthetic polyurethane acrylate were tested. Meanwhile, the thermal stability was studied. The results indicated that the thiol-ene addition reaction was proceeded and compared to our previous studies, the properties of cured film are greatly improved, especially the hardness and thermal stability.