Offset Line Research Articles

Design and Automated Optimization of an Internal Turret Mooring System in the Frequency and Time Domain

A cost-effective mooring system design has been emphasized for traditional offshore industry applications and in the design of floating offshore wind turbines. The industry consensus regarding mooring system design is mainly inhibited by previous project experience. The design of the mooring system also requires a significant number of design cycles. To take aim at these challenges, this paper studies the application of an optimization algorithm to the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) mooring system design with an internal turret system at deep-water locations. The goal is to minimize mooring system costs by satisfying constraints, and an objective function is defined as the minimum weight of the mooring system. Anchor loads, a floating body offset and mooring line tensions are defined as constraints. In the process of optimization, the mooring system is analyzed in terms of the frequency domain and time domain, and global and local optimization algorithms are also deployed towards reaching the optimum solution. Three cases are studied with the same initial conditions. The global and local optimization algorithms successfully find a feasible mooring system by reducing the mooring system cost by up to 52%.

A New Method to Calculate the Fluxgate Magnetometer Offset in the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: 1. Using Alfvén Waves

AbstractMagnetic field measurements are essential to explore space. However, the measurement of the fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) is not zero in the null magnetic field. Three methods have been provided to calculate the zero offset of the FGM on‐board spacecraft in the solar wind based on the assumption that the fluctuations are Alfvén waves. Here, we develop a new method to calculate the zero offset O based on the characteristic of Alfvén waves. We first build an offset cube based on the possible range of O since the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field is limited. The variance of the modified BT (marked as δ) at a point in the offset cube can be obtained. We find that the point with the minimum δ in each plane along a certain axis forms a straight line, which is referred to as the optimal offset line. Interestingly, this line crosses the point with a value equal to O, and its direction is associated with the ambient magnetic field of Alfvén waves. We also find that different optimal offset lines have an intersection with a value of O, suggesting that these characteristics of the optimal offset line can be used to determine the zero offset of the FGM. The test results show that our method can get a zero offset with a high accuracy. We suggest that the new method is a useful technique to find the zero offset of the magnetometer for solar wind monitors.

High-Efficiency Power Amplifier with a Multiharmonic Tuning Network

One high-efficiency power amplifier (PA) with a novel multiharmonic tuning (HT) network is presented. The second and third harmonic impedances are simultaneously controlled with a simple offset double-sided parallel strip line (DSPSL)-based output-matching network. Based on the above strategy, high PA efficiency can be achieved by mapping the fundamental and harmonic impedances to the optimum positions, while PA linearity can be improved through third harmonic suppression. The offset DSPSL is used to realize the transmission lines with extremely high impedance ratio in the multiharmonic trapping circuit. For demonstration, a PA using Cree CGH40010 GaN HEMT is designed with up to third harmonic control. The fabricated PA achieves peak power-added efficiency (PAE) and drain efficiency (DE) of 78.2% and 82.3%, respectively, while delivering 39.2-dBm output power at 1.8 GHz. Besides, the output third-order intercept point (OIP3) of the PA has an improvement of 3 dB.

Mineral Trespass: Expanded Regulation in the Wake of Technological Advancement

Technological advancements in the oil and gas industry have created challenges for courts and the Texas Railroad Commission regarding how to properly balance the protection of lessors and lessees, while also furthering the public interest of maximizing production. The Texas Railroad Commission currently does not have regulations in place to protect mineral lessors or lessees with respect to spacing between separate leases covering different depths in the vertical plane within the same tract. Without correct spacing regulations from the Railroad Commission, an operator’s production within deeper strata cannot be properly analyzed by courts in trespass actions. The move from vertical to horizontal drilling has enabled operators to use technologic advancements, such as hydraulic fracturing, to obtain oil, gas, and other hydrocarbons that were once thought unattainable. Mineral owners have been given opportunities through oil and gas lease clauses, such as the Pugh clause, to sever their mineral rights and create separate leasehold estates within the same tract of land. Requiring operators to adhere to expanded Rule 37 spacing requirements in the vertical plane would help reduce subsurface trespass claims. The Texas Railroad Commission should expand Rule 37 to apply to horizontal severances in the vertical plane, as well as offset lease lines. Courts should reshape subsurface trespass analyses by balancing multiple factors. In the absence of clear and convincing evidence of a physical intrusion, future courts should analyze and balance the following factors for subsurface trespass claims: (i) public interest in exploration, or the interests of society; (ii) speculation versus evidence of a physical intrusion based on a reasonable and prudent operator standard; (iii) the degree of waste from allowing production versus not allowing production; and (iv) harm to the geologic formation. The proposed spacing regulations would have positive effects on all parties to an oil and gas lease by mitigating subsurface trespass claims, creating efficient drainage, and preventing both surface and economic waste. Further, courts have yet to address the issue of subsurface trespass and the impact of the rule of capture regarding multiple wells drilled on the same tract in the vertical plane. In the absence of adequate spacing requirements in the vertical plane, courts should employ a holistic analysis for subsurface trespass claims and consider multiple elements rather than solely the public interest.

Circularly Polarized Dual Band Dual Slot Antenna for WLAN, Wi-MAX and Wi-Fi Applications

In the last 15 years, the growth in the modern wireless communication systems has motivated enlarged exploration on inexpensive circularly polarized dual band slot antennas. A simple circularly polarized dual band dual slot antenna for WLAN, Wi-MAX and Wi-Fi applications is designed and analyzed. The proposed CP dual band antenna contains a radiating rectangular patch with two slots on low cost FR4-substrate having thickness of 1.6 mm. The CP dual band antenna is capable of resonating between 3.35 to 3.9 GHz and 4.8 to 6 GHz with S11 below −11 dB value. The proposed antenna exhibits the axial ratio value less than 3 dB in the two bands. This antenna utilizes single offset microstrip line feed and does not require any complicated phase shift network to provide 90° excitation phase difference. Hence this antenna can be used to form larger arrays to achieve higher gain. The antenna performance is significantly affected by the dimensions of the slots. The projected antenna is optimized using the ansoft HFSS. The antenna is fabricated to test the performance. The antenna exhibits adequate gain at the two bands. There is reasonable agreement between the simulated results and measured values.

Posterior tibial slope is a modifiable predictor of relatively large extension gaps in total knee arthroplasty for degenerative osteoarthritis.

During total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for osteoarthritis, the sagittal gap imbalance (SGI) with a relatively large extension gap is an important surgical challenge. We determined the predictors of SGI with a relatively large extension gap and evaluated the surgical outcomes of knees with SGI. 551 consecutive cases of primary TKA for osteoarthritis were retrospectively reviewed. The cohort was divided into two groups according to the SGI and statistically matched according to baseline characteristics via the inverse probability of treatment weighting method. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the predictors of sagittal gap difference (SGD) and SGI. Intergroup differences in clinical and radiological outcomes were analyzed. Of all the knees included, 8.5% (n = 45) presented with SGI with a relatively large extension gap and required femoral sagittal balancing to manage SGI. The hyperextension angle (HA), preoperative joint line convergence angle (JLCA), and the change in posterior tibial slope (PTS) significantly correlated to SGD and predicted SGI with a relatively large extension gap. SGI group showed significant changes in femoral posterior condylar offset and joint line height compared to those without SGI (1.48 vs -0.45, 1.37 vs -0.51, respectively). Postoperative ROM and knee society knee scores were lower in SGI group. Knees requiring sagittal balancing to manage SGI with a relatively large extension gap is not uncommon in TKA for osteoarthritic knees. The change in PTS is an independent and modifiable predictor of SGI.

Systematic Design Methodology of Broadband Doherty Amplifier Using Unified Matching/Combining Networks With an Application to GaN MMIC Design

This paper presents a new design methodology for broadband Doherty architecture using the three-port input and output networks technique. The proposed topology was developed to overcome the Doherty power amplifier (DPA) bandwidth limitations. The output three-port network performs the impedance matching from any load impedance to the optimum loads for both main and peaking transistors and also combines the power delivered from the two devices at any power ratio. On the other hand, the input-splitting network is proposed for matching the input impedances of the two transistors to the source impedance. The freedom in choosing the power division ratio of the input network enables us to achieve a tradeoff between efficiency and linearity. Also, it provides a way to accomplish the phase compensation using an arbitrary phase difference between the two branches of the Doherty power amplifier and thus, helps obviate the need of the highly bandwidth limiting offset lines found in the Doherty design. A two-stage broadband Doherty power amplifier is implemented using 0.25-um GaN HEMT MMIC process to validate the proposed topology. The fabricated DPA was measured under both continuous wave (CW) and modulated signal at different operating frequencies. Across 3.3–3.7 GHz, the implemented DPA delivers a maximum output power exceeding 42 dBm, power added efficiency (PAE) over 52 % at the peak power and over 38 % in the back-off state over the operating 400 MHz bandwidth. The fully integrated circuit has a chip-size of 4.4 mm $\times\,\,3.5$ mm.

Designing a Doherty Power Amplifier Without Offset Compensation Lines

This work presents the equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) analysis of the 2-way Doherty Power Amplifier (DPA). For this purpose, the sub-amplifiers used in the 2-way DPA are modeled using real voltage sources instead of ideal sources. For the first time, the general voltage and current equations for each node of the EEC are determined using circuit theory with transmission line concepts. The analysis results explain some of the empirical practices carried out in other works to tune the 2-way DPA response, such as offset lines or asymmetrical bias voltages, etc. This analysis allows us to examine the impact that the auxiliary sub-amplifier bias voltage has on the efficiency of the 2-way DPA, suggesting the use of the phase-to-amplitude distortion (AM-PM) of the auxiliary sub-amplifier to eliminate the compensation lines that are commonly implemented arbitrarily in the 2-way DPA, whose objective is to synchronize the output signals of the subamplifiers. The experimental data of a 20 W (43 dBm) 2-way DPA designed and fabricated for a central frequency of 1.875 GHz with GaN transistors validate the proposed idea, resulting in a compact design and a significantly reduced design time.

Development of Offset Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna for 4.9 GHz Public Safety WLAN

Development of Offset Microstrip Line Fed Patch Antenna for 4.9 GHz Public Safety WLAN

Critical angle of attack and the corresponding impact cavity for non-circuitous trajectory of water entry of circular cylinder

The critical initial angle of attack that the cylinder can move along the non-circuitous trajectory in water entry is investigated experimentally and numerically. A primary focus is on characterizing the relationship between the initial inclined angle α0 and horizontal velocity u0 in the parameters space of α0∼u0/v0, where u0/v0 is the horizontal velocity u0 to vertical velocity v0 ratio. To build a dense initial parameter space to capture the accurate critical curvature boundary (CCB), which is the critical parameters of the cylinder moving along a non-circuitous trajectory, a substantial water entry experiment is performed for the cylinder with different initial inclined angles and horizontal velocities. In this experiment, a high-speed camera is employed to record the position and the inclined angle of the cylinder. In addition, a large eddy simulation method is used to simulate some particular water entry cases that the cylinder initial parameters are near the CCB space. After the analysis, the initial parameter space for the oblique water entry almost locates in the left circuitous space. Based on the equation of the oblique water entry in the parameter space of α0∼u0/v0, an empirical equation of CCB is established by giving a correction item of deviation angle of attack. When the initial parameters of the cylinder satisfy the equation of CCB, the cylinder first moves along the initial line Lu and then along the offset line Ld. The offset distance doffset between these two lines first increases with α0 and u0/v0 and then gradually tends to a constant about doffset/D = 1, where D is the diameter of the cylinder. Moreover, the simulation results indicate that the pressure distribution on the cylinder surface is affected by the impact velocity, the wettability of the cylinder surface, the initial angle of attack and the distance between the cylinder surface and the pinch-off location.

Effect of multiple heat treatments on fracture property of centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M with long-term thermal aging degradation

It is of great significance to investigate effect of multiple heat treatments on fracture property of centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M cut from pump casing with long-term thermal aging degradation for nuclear power plants to consider actual operation of nuclear power plants. Both multiple heat treatments and accelerated thermal aging experiment at the same temperature of 400 °C for different time were successively carried out on centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M in order to examine the metallographic modification and impact properties. Finally, an additional investigation on the related fracture properties was carried out, in which the critical initial fracture toughness Ji was determined by stretch zone width and 0.2 mm offset line methods. These results indicated that the multiple heat treatments led to the dispersed distribution of ferrite phases in austenite matrix and thus microhardness increased, but impact energy exhibited a decreasing tendency significantly. After long-term aging, the metallographic structure remained almost unchanged, but the size of ferrite phases showed a slight increasing trend because of spinodal decomposition in ferrite phases and G-phase precipitation. In addition, centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M with multiple heat treatments exhibited the higher microhardness, Charpy impact toughness, critical initial fracture toughness JIC (J-integral determined by 0.2 mm offset line method), and JSZW (J-integral determined by stretch zone width method) than those with primary heat treatment, while the specific number of the heat treatment had a low influence on fracture toughness.

Study of the tribological properties of surface structures using ultrashort laser pulses to reduce wear in endoprosthetics

BackgroundLoosening of prostheses and functional disorders represent a far-reaching problem in the clinic, and the long-term outcomes are essentially determined by wear. Despite all advances, up to 10% of prostheses still fail after 10 years. In particular, more active patients show increased revision rates.MethodsThe objective of this thesis is to examine whether the applied microstructures of the articulating surfaces can lead to a reduction in abrasion. Three different structural geometries (dimples, offset lines, grid lines) were defined. In an experimental test setup according to DIN ISO 6474 (Deutsches Institut für Normung, International Organization for Standardization), a tribological test of metal and ceramic pairings was performed using two-dimensional ring-on-disc (RoD) tests.ResultsIn both material groups, the structuring had a positive effect on the wear behaviour. In the ceramic group, an abrasion reduction of 22.6% was achieved. However, it is important to take into account the limited informative value due to the hardness of the material. Two of the three Cobalt-Chrome-Molybdenum (CoCrMo) structure geometries (grids, offset lines) also showed a significant reduction in abrasion compared to the reference group, with a maximum wear reduction of 55.5%.ConclusionBy reducing abrasion, surface structuring could be used to extend the life of prostheses and minimise the number of revisions.

Effect of texture on crack initiation toughness and the corresponding anisotropy in ductile fracture resistance of thin Zircaloy-4 sheets of Indian PHWR core component

Zirconium alloy core components of nuclear reactors are manufactured following a series of cold-working and heat treatment processes which alter the orientation of grains and hence, their mechanical and fracture properties. Due to the hexagonally close-packed nature of crystal lattice in these alloys, the plastic deformation and the corresponding development of crack-tip constraint is dependent upon the orientation of grains and the major texture. In this work, a thin sheet of Zircaloy-4 has been used to fabricate deeply-cracked compact tension specimens with initial cracks orientated along the rolling and transverse directions respectively. The fracture specimens have been tested at 25 and 300 deg. C, which is the operating temperature of pressurized heavy water type reactors. The crack initiation toughness values have been measured through a modified blunting line expression as well as through measurement of width of stretched zone prior to stable crack growth from scanning electron microscope images. The values of crack initiation toughness as measured through the later method is lower compared to the former signifying physical initiation of crack unlike the approximation associated with 0.2 mm offset line. In addition, the initiation toughness as well as the fracture resistance for specimens with cracks oriented along the rolling direction of the strip are higher when compared to corresponding data for specimens with cracks oriented along the transverse direction. These differences have been explained from point of view of orientation of grains along the rolling direction during the fabrication process of these sheets. The grains plastically deform easily for loading along the transverse direction which is the mode-I loading direction for cracks oriented along rolling direction. The associated loss of crack-tip constraint raises the fracture resistance for rolling direction cracks.

Bandwidth Enhancement of Tri-band Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna using Novel Offset Feed for WLAN/WIMAX Applications

In this article, a novel offset microstrip line feed Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna is used for bandwidth enhancement. The parameters such as Bandwidth, Return Loss and Radiation efficiency are improved in the proposed antenna. A comparison is also shown for the proposed feed structure with and without conformal strips. The improvement in the bandwidth is observed from 25% to 65% by optimizing the antenna design parameters. It works in three frequency bands, that is, 2.03-3.69 GHz, 3.86-7.26 GHz, and 7.32-9.26 GHz. The proposed antenna is appropriate for WIMAX/WLAN applications.

A high-efficiency Doherty Power Amplifier for wireless base stations

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new high-efficiency two-way Doherty Power Amplifier (DPA) with a modified output matching structure for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) low-to-medium power base station applications. A blended design is proposed using the symmetrical topology of equal rated power amplifying devices with unequal output impedances for the carrier and peaking amplifier to achieve enhanced efficiency and desired linearity in 1900 MHz band. The proposed output circuit modifications encompass the usage of parasitic capacitor compensation technique for the carrier amplifier, optimum offset line along with the Doherty combiner to achieve high efficiency over 6 to 10 dB extended range of back-off operation. The measured results of the DPA demonstrate a Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of more than 49.9% at +34 dBm W-CDMA signal power, which is between 8 and 8.5 dB back-off from the peak power level of 42.2 dBm. The DPA has a large signal power gain of 13 dB at 1960 MHz. Further, the PAE is 39.5% and linearised Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) is −46.2 dBc, both at 10 dB back-off from peak power. In these back-off power levels, this implementation provides significant efficiency improvement using symmetrical devices and with excellent linearity.

6.78 MHz Wireless Power Transmitter Based on a Reconfigurable Class–E Power Amplifier for Multiple Device Charging

This article presents a 6.78 MHz wireless power transmitter based on a reconfigurable Class-E power amplifier for various and multiple device charging. To maintain high–efficiency for various power receiving devices, an optimized offset transmission line based on lumped components and a susceptance switching circuit are proposed at the load network of the differential Class-E power amplifier. The offset transmission line changes the load impedances of the Class-E power amplifier for the various receivers to the high-power and high–efficiency region. In addition, the susceptance switching circuit further shifts the load impedances of the Class-E power amplifier for some receivers to the high-power and high–efficiency region. To verify the proposed offset line and susceptance switching circuit, a 6.78 MHz wireless power transmitter was implemented and verified for various receivers. For three different receivers, the transmitter maintains optimal transmission efficiencies for received power levels of 39.7, 16.3, and 8.5 W. A peak system efficiency of 81.4% was achieved when the received power is 31.9 W. The system efficiency maintained well around 74.2 and 70.6% for the received power of 16.3 and 8.5 W, respectively.

Multi-mode reliability analysis of mooring system of deep-water floating structures

This paper proposes a comprehensive method for reliability analysis of a deep-water mooring system. The novelty of the newly developed method is that it considers the failure modes of floater offset excess (the function of the intact mooring system), mooring line breakage (safety), and fatigue (persistence) as part of the mooring system's reliability assessment. In addition, the quantitative relation between mooring line breaking strength and cumulative fatigue damage is considered. In this research, the annual maximum floater offset and mooring line tension are calculated based on the wave condition with a 1-year return period. Long-term mooring line tension ranges are obtained from coupled analysis in the time domain for all the sea states in the wave scatter diagram and the fatigue damage is assessed using the Palmgren–Miner rule and T-N curve. Then, the mooring system's reliability is investigated by running Monte Carlo simulations. The results demonstrate that the failure probability considering the three failure modes is much greater than that of any single mode and neglecting the correlation between different failure modes leads to significant underestimation of the mooring system failure probability. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the underestimation proportion is obviously affected by the fatigue exponent (m).

Nucleosynthetic, radiogenic and stable strontium isotopic variations in fine- and coarse-grained refractory inclusions from Allende

We present new nucleosynthetic, radiogenic and stable Sr isotopic data from fifteen previously studied CAIs from the Allende CV3 meteorite, including the highly altered Curious Marie inclusion. We use double-spike TIMS techniques to determine the degrees of isotopic mass fractionation, and also present internally normalised data for the same sample digestions to permit comparisons with previous studies and couple these isotopic data with Rb, Sr, Eu and Th abundance data to consider the origins and relationships of the isotopic variations documented here. Analysed CAIs display elevated μ84Sr anomalies of +58 ppm to +287 ppm, with variability far outside of analytical uncertainties (13 ppm 2 s.d.). We cannot tell at present whether these variations arise from heterogeneities in p-process 84Sr or in the other non-radiogenic isotopes of Sr (86Sr, 88Sr) that are produced by the main s-process, weak s-process, and r-process. All inclusions fall on an offset mass-dependent fractionation line in three-isotope space (δ88/86Sr vs δ84/86Sr) identical within error to that previously defined by bulk undifferentiated meteorites, and have a total range of δ88/86Sr of ∼5.3 ‰ (+1.67 ‰ to −3.67 ‰), reflecting kinetic isotope effects during partial condensation/evaporation and/or low-temperature alteration processes. CI-normalized Sr/Th ratios in our CAIs correlate with normalized Eu/Th ratios with a ∼ 1:1 relationship, regardless of texture or Sr-isotopic values. This indicates that Sr and Eu had similar condensation behaviors with Eu condensing as Eu2+ and having the same chemical behavior in minerals as Sr2+ under conditions relevant to CAI formation in the solar nebula. Rb/Th ratios are highly variable: fine-grained CAIs display elevated Rb/Th ratios, consistent with the introduction of Rb into the CAIs by alkali-rich secondary alteration fluids. The μ84Sr anomalies measured in our CAIs are similar (in magnitude) to those found in carbonaceous chondrites that formed in the outer part of the solar system. A way to reconcile this observation with the formation of CAIs near the Sun would be if the inventories of Sr and other refractory elements in carbonaceous chondrites are dominated by a cryptic refractory dust component (CRD) that was formed early and near the Sun, and was subsequently transported outwards to the carbonaceous chondrite-forming region.

Limited off-set consideration in de-multiple process of seismic Lake Towuti

Multiple attenuation effect study in Lake Towuti seismic data is based on limited offset recording. The goal of this study is to better understand the sediments structure of Lake Towuti that layered above East Sulawesi ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks for stratigraphic interpretation. Surface-related multiple and internal multiple are a common noise signal that recorded in this seismic data, alongside the primary signal from the sediments layer. In order to get a representative subsurface image of the lake, a combination of some de-multiple method to suppress this noise signal has been applied in previous study. However, the line seismic that used in this seismic recording is less than 100 m. From our perspective, this limited offset line fact have to be considered carefully. It’s because some application of de-multiple method in this case will not effectively suppress the noise. In this study, we give an alternative combination method in function to put out the surface-related multiple of the case. First, we enhance the S/N ratio and velocity analysis of the data by Common Reflection Surface (CRS) method. From this enhancement, CRS can give a direct advantage when applying some de-multiple method, especially in Predictive Deconvolution and SRME method. Moreover, we combine the application of de-multiple theory with the strict arrangement of Predictive Deconvolution, Surface-Related Multiple Elimination (SRME), and the last is F-K filter. Those combination methods precisely give a better imaging of Lake Towuti sediments layer in this seismic processing study.

A Compact Ka/Q Dual-Band GaAs MMIC Doherty Power Amplifier With Simplified Offset Lines for 5G Applications

In this paper, a Ka/Q dual-band Doherty power amplifier (DPA) with simplified offset lines is implemented in a 0.1-μm gallium arsenide (GaAs) process. It is found that the dual-band transmission lines (TLs) employed in the sub-6-GHz dual-band DPA are not suitable to be used as the offset lines in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) dual-band DPAs due to their large sizes and insert losses. An in-depth analysis reveals that the phase requirement of the offset lines can be relaxed, and the DPA exhibits a reasonable performance in a certain phase-shift range. A novel design method is proposed to realize offset lines using simple TLs, which can satisfy the phase-shift ranges in dual bands by choosing a proper electrical length. To enhance the gain of the DPA, a reversed uneven power splitter is adopted to deliver more power to the main power amplifier (PA). The fabricated DPA achieves an output power of 25.4/25.2 dBm, a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 33%/25%, and a 6-dB back-off PAE of 22%/17% at 29/46 GHz, respectively, with a compact size of 2.2 1.4 mm2. Applying a 20-MHZ 64-quadraticamplitude modulation (QAM) signal with a 7.7-dB peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR), the measured average output power, PAE, and error vector magnitude (EVM) at 29/46 GHz are 18.4/19 dBm, 17%/15%, and 1.5%/1.1% after linearization, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed DPA is the first demonstration of mm-wave dual-band DPAs that do not require any additional switching or reconfiguration.