Official Documentation Research Articles

On the Execution and Runtime Verification of UML Activity Diagrams

The unified modelling language (UML) is an industrial de facto standard for system modelling. It consists of a set of graphical notations (also known as diagrams) and has been used widely in many industrial applications. Although the graphical nature of UML is appealing to system developers, the official documentation of UML does not provide formal semantics for UML diagrams. This makes UML unsuitable for formal verification and, therefore, limited when it comes to the development of safety/security-critical systems where faults can cause damage to people, properties, or the environment. The UML activity diagram is an important UML graphical notation, which is effective in modelling the dynamic aspects of a system. This paper proposes a formal semantics for UML activity diagrams based on the calculus of context-aware ambients (CCA). An algorithm (semantic function) is proposed that maps any activity diagram onto a process in CCA, which describes the behaviours of the UML activity diagram. This process can then be executed and formally verified using the CCA simulation tool ccaPL and the CCA runtime verification tool ccaRV. Hence, design flaws can be detected and fixed early during the system development lifecycle. The pragmatics of the proposed approach are demonstrated using a case study in e-commerce.

The Dynamics of Climate Change and Environmental Security in Nigeria

Climate change and environmental security are ongoing challenges in Nigeria. This literature review explores the dynamics of climate change and environmental security alongside proposed solutions. The study employs qualitative research, primarily drawing on reports from international NGOs that address climate change and ecological security in Nigeria. It also utilizes content analysis based on literature, additional bibliographies, and published academic works. The results indicate that the issue of climate change in Nigeria still requires further exploration, as no reports provide in-depth investigations. However, they also show the emergence of debates concerning the problem in both the political and academic spheres. Regarding official documentation, they highlight that Nigeria has adopted policies aimed at significant domestic adaptations to international agreements and treaties to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, research indicates that these efforts have not effectively addressed the consequences of climate change, resulting in more significant environmental degradation. The article highlights the shortcomings in the ways government agencies and other institutions have addressed climate change in Nigeria, including legal and institutional limitations, corruption, and governance deficiencies.

University Governance: Paradigmatic Approaches and Empirical Evidence

The study of stakeholders occupies a prominent place in management theories due to its usefulness and applicability in the field of social and behavioral sciences. Successful experiences in the management of these stakeholders show the importance of their proper management. In the current context, characterized by high volatility and the need for effective crisis management, this approach acquires special relevance for modern management. The objective of this work is to analyze and adapt Mendelow's stakeholder model for its application at the Central University of Ecuador, located in Quito. As part of the methodological triangulation, the study also included two additional public universities in the Ecuadorian capital. The methodology used includes a documentary analysis based on primary sources (experts from the universities studied) and secondary sources (official documentation of the institutions). Based on the analysis of results, strategies designed to optimize the management systems in these higher education institutions are presented. These strategies facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the actors involved and their needs, which contributes to the strengthening of effective, results-oriented management aligned with contemporary demands of institutional governance.

The role of SAI in the context of war: evidence from Ukraine

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to enrich the knowledge of international practitioners and academics on the role of the Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) under substantial crisis conditions. For this, we analyse the case of the Ukrainian SAI affected by the war.Design/methodology/approachThis is a viewpoint of Ukrainian practitioners and academics that is built on official documentation and reports, as well as experiences of practitioners directly engaged in the activities of the SAI.FindingsThis study shows the role of the Ukrainian SAI before the war and discusses how it has changed during the war and what have been the main challenges. The multi-faceted challenges faced by the Ukrainian SAI (staff shortages, disrupted operations, limited access to documents, and increased focus on defence and humanitarian audits) caused a shift towards risk-based approaches, accelerated adoption of the International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions (ISSAI) and strengthened international collaboration. We forecast that the role of the SAI will become even more prominent in the future reconstruction phase.Practical implicationsUsing Ukrainian experience as a case, the paper exemplifies actions required to maintain public accountability and governance, even amidst significant disruption and uncertainty.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this is the first practitioners’ paper written about the experience of SAIs operating under war conditions.

ChatGPT in Computer Science Education: A Case Study on a Database Administration Course

GenAI tools like ChatGPT have changed the educational landscape, and empirical experiences are needed to better understand how to use them to their fullest potential. This article empirically explores the usage of ChatGPT 3.5 in database administration education through a case study conducted with 40 computer science students. Specifically, it inspects how widespread the use of ChatGPT is and students’ perceptions of this tool, how prior knowledge on a topic affects the use of ChatGPT, and the relationship between the usage of ChatGPT and success in solving practical problems. The student’s grades in a computer practical exam, a set of theoretical tests to assess progression in knowledge acquisition, and a comprehensive questionnaire are employed as research instruments. The obtained results indicate that students use ChatGPT moderately but more frequently than traditional internet learning resources such as official documentation, Stack Overflow or googling. However, the usage is uneven among students, and those who end up getting better grades use ChatGPT more. Beyond prompting skills, one of the elements that is key to the students’ productive use of this tool is their prior knowledge about database administration. This article concludes that ChatGPT is an excellent educational instrument in the context of database administration and that in order to use it properly, it is necessary for students to have good prompting skills as well as a sound theoretical basis. Training students in the use of GenAI tools like ChatGPT, for example, with a guided practice strategy where prompting and conducted step-by-step practice are employed is key to prevent the appearance of new digital trenches.

A contentious intervention to support the medical workforce: a case study of the policy of introducing physician associates in the United Kingdom

BackgroundHealth systems across Europe are facing a workforce crisis, with some experiencing severe shortages of doctors. In response, many are exploring greater task-sharing, across established professions, such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, with patients and carers, and with new occupational groups, in particular ones that can assist doctors and relieve their workload.Case presentationIn the early 2000s the United Kingdom created a new occupational role, that of physician assistant. They had a science degree and then underwent a 2-year postgraduate training course. The name soon changed, to physician associate, and the range of roles and responsibilities expanded greatly, although in a largely unregulated manner; by 2024, some were undertaking complex procedures or managing undifferentiated patients in primary care. Catalysed by some high-profile failings, this expansion has generated major concerns, over patient safety and consent, the scope of practice and preferential employment conditions of this group, the adverse consequences for medical training, and the additional medical workload involved in supervision. This has led to a widespread grassroots backlash by the medical profession, often challenging their leaders who had supported this idea. As a consequence, professional bodies that were initially in favour are now expressing serious concerns and it seems likely that the roles and responsibilities of physician associates (and related occupations) will be curtailed. We review published literature and official documentation about this policy to understand the drivers of its development, its benefits, and risks.ConclusionsThe experience in the UK offers cautionary lessons for other European countries contemplating similar ideas. It underscores the importance of maintaining trust with those affected by change, undertaking a detailed systems analysis with attention to risks of unintended consequences, agreeing clear role definitions, providing adequate regulatory oversight, and the need to avoid damaging training of future doctors. This case study highlights the need for a carefully thought-out approach that considers both the potential benefits and pitfalls of integrating new roles like physician associates into a healthcare system. The failure to do so has created a new occupational group with unrealistic expectations and has further demoralised an already unhappy medical profession.

Independent companies in the tobacco supply chain: transparency and environmental social governance

ObjectivePrevious research has identified that transnational tobacco companies lack transparency and that they hide their harms to health and nature behind environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting. Our objective was...

Features of Modern Tuberculosis in Medical Workers

Objective — to study trends and characteristics of the patterns of tuberculosis (TB) incidence among medical workers of Vinnytsya region during 2007—2023. Materials and methods. The primary medical records (cards of inpatients and outpatients, report forms) of 207 medical workers of the Vinnytsya region who were diagnosed with TB from 2007 to 2023 was analyzed. The study included only employees of healthcare institutions of Vinnytsya who provided medical services to patients (doctors, middle and junior medical staff), excluding the staff of the technical sector of medical institutions. Based on the data of the official documentation, the peculiarities of the incidence and clinical course of TB among medical workers of the general treatment network and anti-tuberculosis institutions were studied. Results and discussion. According to the results of the analysis, from 2007 to 2023, 207 cases of TB were observed among medical workers in the Vinnytsya region, which accounted for 1.6 % of all TB cases in the region. In general, during the 17-year study period, the incidence of TB among medical workers in the Vinnytsya region was lower than the incidence of the population (48.7 per 100 000 medical workers versus 58.9 per 100,000 population of the region, p < 0.01). The incidence among medical workers in anti-tuberculosis facilities in general amounted to 535.5 per 100,000 medical workers in anti-tuberculosis facilities. In general healthcare facilities, the incidence of middle medical personnel was 42.3 per 100,000 people, junior medical staff — 46.9 per 100.000 people, and doctors — 42.4 per 100,000 doctors, and among healthcare workers of anti-tuberculosis facilities — 766, 525 and 113 per 100,000 people, respecti­vely. Pulmonary forms of the disease were diagnosed in 173 people (83.6 %), and extrapulmonary forms were diagnosed in 34 medical workers (16.4 %). Among all cases of pulmonary TB, focal forms were found in 39 medical workers (22.5 %), infiltrative forms in 57 medical workers (32.9 %), and disseminated forms in 67 medical workers (38.7 %), and in 8 people (5.9 %) were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculomas. The number of TB relapses was 36 (17.4 %), and the incidence rate was 8.1 per 100,000 medical workers. Conclusions. From 2007 to 2023, the incidence of TB among medical workers in the Vinnytsya region was lower than in the general population (46.8 per 100,000 medical workers versus 56.8 per 100,000 population of the region), while among healthcare workers in TB facilities, it was 11 times higher than among those in general healthcare facilities (535.5 and 46.8 per 100,000 medical workers, respectively). The highest number of TB cases among medical workers in general healthcare facilities was registered in junior medical staff, whereas in TB facilities, it was most common among middle medical staff. The incidence of extrapulmonary TB among medical workers was higher than in the general population — 7.6 and 5.1 per 100,000 people, respectively. Among pulmonary forms of TB in medical workers, limited forms predominated (61.3 %), and disease relapses were less frequent compared to the general population (the incidence rate was 8.1 and 10.5 per 100,000 people, respectively).

Project Victoria: A pragmatic data model to automate RWE generation from the national French claims database.

Objective: This paper describes Victoria, an empirically built data pipeline for SNDS to: - Build an automated, scalable pipeline supporting changes to the data model inherent to the use of large databases, - Deliver a documented pipeline with clear processes, enabling scientific, epidemiological researches, - Ease access to SNDS data in compliance with regulatory requirements. Methods: This paper describes the 2-steps process of the Victoria pipeline and its final output. The initial cleaning step consists in formatting, deleting empty, error or duplicate records and renaming variables without changing their values, accordingly with the official SNDS documentation. The second step consists in creating 2 linearised data models: every line of each table is an event, and each table is indexed with a unique patient identifier, without the need for a central patient or identifier table. These 2 models are: - the epidemiological model, used for answering most of the research questions requiring population phenotyping (demography, diagnosis, procedures characteristics). - the medico-economic model is used for costs and healthcare consumption analyses. It contains more complex information about reimbursements rates and the data quality assessment is focused on costs rather than medico-administrative information. Results: The pipeline was executed on 2 different datasets representing ∼85 000 and ∼870 000 beneficiaries with the following configuration: one master with 4 cores and 16Go of RAM and respectively 4 and 6 workers. The total execution time for the smaller dataset was 25h and 96h for the larger one. The longest part of those times is represented by the format conversion to parquet. The cleaning step took only 4h in both cases. The epidemiological model took 344min for the smaller dataset and 1934min for the larger one. The medico-economic model took the longest time with 704min and 2145min, respectively. Conclusion: Victoria pipeline is a successfully implemented SNDS pipeline. Compared to previous pipelines, reviewability is part of its design as unit tests and quality assessments can natively be developed to ensure data and analysis quality. The pipeline has been used for 2 published studies. The recent work toward OMOP conversion will be integrated in upcoming versions and, as Victoria is set to run on a CD platform, the potential evolution if SNDS format can be considered.

COST EVALUATION OF EXISTING PRODUCTION

The issues of cost evaluation of existing production have been in the focal point while in transit to market economy. The article analyses the notion of “the cost of existing enterprise” (CEE) defined in scientific literature and official documentation such research publications, thesauruses, textbooks, documents issued by RF Ministry of Finance. The publications of those engaged in accounting are also in the focal point of this submission. The analysis made is intended to help to remedy the disadvantages of existing cost evaluation methodology. The author provides comparative analysis of interpretation of this notion, adjust its contents and justify the necessity of counting such cost components as goodwill in cost evaluation of an enterprise. The methodology of the profitable approach to estimating the cost of production based on discounted cash flows in an unlimited billing period is analyzed, as well as the presented direct method for calculating the CEE by the amount of complex non-current and current capital used for the reporting period. The article introduces the methodology of CEE calculations based on the total value of capital (current assets and fixed assets). The formula of CEE calculations with goodwill counted is viewed as seller’s extra earnings transformed in a particular part of future balance costs of a buyer company, which is increasing its capital costs and reducing its production efficiency to some average industry standard. The article is aimed at managers, entrepreneurs, investors, professional appraisers, employees of investment companies and banks, teachers, students and postgraduate students.

Шамиль Абаев в советской повседневности Северной Осетии

The author’s task is to analyze the fate of the activist of the party “Kermen” Sh.B. Abaev (1878-1940). A prominent representative of the Ossetian pre-revolutionary and Soviet intelligentsia, one of the founders of the revolutionary-democratic party “Kermen”, which in 1918 united with the Bolshevik wing of the former RSDLP. In the existing historiography of his life and work, it is stated that he was repressed in the memorable years of the so-called “Great Terror”. This period in the history of our state is interpreted quite ambiguously to this day. Some researchers associate it with the so-called cult of personality of I.V. Stalin, others are inclined to consider it as an attempt by the Bolsheviks to strengthen the vertical of power and executive discipline before the inevitable war with Nazi Germany. The fate of prominent representatives, in fact, the organizers of the Kermen party during this period is one of the indicators of the socio-political life of both the country as a whole and North Ossetia in particular. This is an indicator of how the Ossetian intelligentsia existed in the difficult conditions of revolutionary activity and the formation of Soviet power. The main source of the research is the materials of the central and republican archives: official documentation, records of the epistolary genre, materials of the periodical press and, of course, monographic sources. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the objective, non-ideological history of the party, such as the participation of its members in political life and the advancement of projects for the political and cultural reconstruction of society, is not studied. The purpose of this work is to assess the socio-political activities of Shamil Abaev in the everyday life of North Ossetia.

Продовольственный риск снижения качества жизни населения региона

The quality of life is a complex characteristic of the level and conditions of people’s life. This indicator reflects the degree of satisfaction, as well as the subjective perception of life and its individual aspects. In this regard, the quality of life is the most important indicator of the socio-economic development for separate communities and the nation as a whole. However, science has no unified system of indicators to determine the quality of life or its correlation with various threats, i.e., downside risks. Food consumption is an important element in assessing the quality of life, and food risk is a component of the overall downside risks. The research objective was to develop a methodology for determining food risks as an indicator of the quality of life. The authors studied the level of food consumption by the population of Russia as a whole and the population of the Kemerovo Region. The consumer food price index served as an indicator of food risks in the system of the quality of life. The study relied on standard research methods and involved a review of scientific sources and official documentation. Statistics for 2012–2022 underwent a comparative analysis of regional vs. federal data to determine the degree of deviation, which reflected the food risks to the quality of life. The Kemerovo Region proved to lag behind the Russian average in five out of nine food products, i.e., vegetables and melons, vegetable oil, fruits and berries, dairy products, and sugar. The regional deviation was smaller in the case of meat and meat products. The consumption of bread products and eggs approximated the federal level. Potato consumption was above average. Food prices appeared to grow at a slower pace than in the country as a whole. The comparative analysis of actual vs. standard food consumption in the region demonstrated a severe long-term shortage of fresh fruits, berries, vegetables, melons, dairy products, oil, and meat in the diet of local residents, who try to compensate for this shortage with potatoes, eggs, bread, and bakery products, not to mention sugar. The estimated level of food risks for the quality of life proved to be 10–11%, i.e., a stable lag behind the all-Russian indicators of food availability. Food risk assessment is an important indicator of the quality of life. It reveals problems in the regional food security and makes it possible to develop the necessary measures. Food risks can be reduced by increasing the local agricultural production, improving the trade logistics for specific goods, optimizing the regional food supply management, and promoting the healthy lifestyle.

Eficiencia versus eficacia recaudatoria. El caso de la Real Hacienda de Chile a fines del periodo colonial

Despite consensus in specialized historiography regarding the swelling of the Spanish Royal Indian Treasuries in the late colonial period, the evidence to support the claim has generally been total tax revenues. In other words, it is based only on collection effectiveness, not efficiency, which would also account for fiscal performance and the ratios between net tax proceeds, collection cost and tax revenue. This paper addresses this deficit in Spanish-American history, evaluating collection efficiency through a case study of the Royal Treasury of Chile from the last third of the 18th century through the colonial decline. Researchers use official documentation on the Chilean treasury’s financial position, prepared since the 1780s, to reproduce the actual flow of tax variables. When combined with an examination of the treasury’s governance and administration, the analysis demonstrates that, while successful in terms of collection, tax reforms faced serious application and adaptation issues on Chilean soil. Following a costly bureaucratic consolidation process culminating in Intendent-issued ordinances, the abovementioned issues forced local authorities to amend several “modernizing” measures to relieve local financial tensions. These were in place until the colonial decline.

MEGA‐REAL ESTATE SPECULATION AND RACIALIZED DISPOSSESSION: Miami's Little Haiti

AbstractThis article contributes to research on racialized dispossession through the lens of popular responses to local/global conjunctures of urban financial speculation. How has a predominantly Black immigrant community, Little Haiti, confronted a surging variant of Miami's history of racialized dispossession—corporate mega‐real estate speculation—since 2008's global financial crisis? I examine Little Haiti's confrontation with the proposed Magic City Innovation District, which is, in fact, no more than a large‐scale, mixed‐use commercial venture. Greater Miami's conjuncture undermined the community's capacity to resist or effectively negotiate with Magic City's partnership in three ways: a real estate hegemonic metropolis devoid of potent allies; the near absence of neighborhood‐resident resistance leadership in a working‐poor immigrant community; and a political fracture within Greater Miami's Haitian collective responses over the politics of patronage and accommodative versus contentious bargaining. By enveloping patronage practices within speculative imaginaries of inclusive, tech‐led neighborhood and metropolitan prosperity, Magic City's partnership and local government reinforced that fracture and politically marginalized both the accommodative and contentious factions. I conclude by considering the dilemma of disenfranchised communities today when confronting racialized speculative intrusions. The article's empirical content draws primarily on my collaborative‐community activism, city commission planning sessions and official documentation.

Pengaruh Kemiskinan, Gini Ratio, dan Angka Partisipasi Sekolah terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Indonesia Tahun 2011-2020

This research aims to analyze the influence of poverty, Gini ratio, and school enrollment rates on the Human Development Index (HDI) at the provincial level in Indonesia. This research uses quantitative methods with a panel data regression analysis approach. The research population includes all Indonesian HDI data, while the research sample consists of annual data on the variables Poverty, Gini ratio, and School Enrollment Rate (APS) in 34 provinces from 2011 to 2020. Data was collected through official statistical documentation and analyzed using a fixed effects model (fixed effect model) selected based on the Chow test and Hausman test. The research results show that poverty and the Gini ratio negatively influence HDI by -.0421 and -15.37 respectively, while APS has a positive influence of 0.269. Simultaneously, the variables Poverty, Gini Ratio, and APS have a significant effect on HDI in Indonesia worth 268,901. It appears that poverty, income inequality, and school enrollment rates significantly influence human development in Indonesia, indicating that efforts to increase HDI require attention to reducing poverty, reducing inequality, and increasing access to education

Affectivity as stance: multimodal stance-taking in audiovisual documentations of Polish and German parliamentary debates.

This paper presents a media-aesthetic framework to study affectivity as a stance. This framework opens up a new perspective on multimodal affective stance-taking in the context of specific media ecologies. It exemplifies this new approach with case studies of the official audiovisual documentation of political debates in the German Bundestag and the Polish Sejm. This new approach addresses the intertwining of audiovisual multimodality with verbo-gestural expressivity (or the multimodality of speaking). Adopting a phenomenological position, we are interested in how the orchestration of the debates as audiovisual events moves the spectators. The concepts 'Expressive Movement' and 'Dynamic Forms of Vitality' serve as theoretical and methodological references to capture the affective dynamics of audiovisual debates and how these audiovisual images modulate the perceptions and experiences of the spectators. To illustrate and substantiate this approach for linguistic and media analyses of affective stance-taking, the paper outlines basic assumptions and methods. It offers two exemplary case studies from German and Polish parliamentary debates. It is concluded that bringing together media-aesthetic with linguistic analyses of multimodal communication and interaction provides not only a valid starting point for future research of multimodal stance-taking in different media ecologies but also allows researchers to address how and why spectators of audiovisual media performances are moved affectively.

Intellectual property rights as an aspect of modern globalization

The article touches upon the topic of intellectual property protection in the era of globalisation and reveals the principles of national legal order at the beginning of the formation of the foundations for protection of intellectual property rights, which will in fact serve as a qualitative basis for resolving potential disputes in the future. The study shows that intellectual property has no borders, because if an author writes, say, a software code, he or she will be its author both in Ukraine and abroad (in this case, we are talking about the presumption of authorship). The author identifies and describes certain characteristics inherent in the current intellectual property regime. It is substantiated that in our country one can protect one’s rights by concluding a contract to prevent future conflicts, or by applying alternative means of dispute resolution. An example of the first case is an agreement on the transfer of rights to use a work, while the second case is exemplified by such models as negotiations or dispute resolution with the participation of a judge. The author proposes an action-oriented approach, which consists in directly informing the society about ensuring the needs of integrity in the use of other people’s intellectual property for the purpose of combating plagiarism in Ukraine. This can be implemented precisely by creating a register of pre-registered works that have already been certified by the Ukrainian National Institute of Intellectual Property. This view will be of interest to intellectual property professionals. Particular attention is paid to one of the novelties that occurred in our country during the war, in particular, it is highlighted that the application for termination of copyright infringement must contain confirmation of the accuracy of the information submitted as evidence by a lawyer or patent attorney. In addition, the latter’s powers include filing such applications (in written or electronic form, with the signature of an intellectual property representative), finding out the applicants’ contacts, including direct confirmation of their intellectual property rights. The analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment allowed us to trace a clear correlation between the existence of official registration documentation (e.g., a copyright registration certificate or a final court decision) and the actual confirmation of the existence of a set of intellectual property rights. Thus, such correlation is a crucial criterion for determining whether the intellectual property itself falls under the protection of the European Convention on Human Rights, and in the absence of such confirmation, this situation may result in the European Court of Human Rights refusing to recognise the right of ownership of a particular intellectual property object.

Kewarganegaraan dan Kebijakan Pendidikan di Indonesia Tantangan bagi Anak-anak dengan Status Kewarganegaraan Tidak Jelas

Citizenship and education policies in Indonesia play a crucial role in determining children's rights and access to quality education. However, challenges arise when addressing children with unclear citizenship status, such as those born to parents without permanent citizenship or those caught in ambiguous legal situations. This abstract examines how the uncertainty of citizenship status affects the access to and quality of education for these children in Indonesia. The study highlights major issues faced, including limited access to formal schooling, lack of adequate official documentation, and legal instability that restricts educational rights. Additionally, it explores existing government policies and the challenges in implementing them concerning the protection of educational rights for children with unclear citizenship status. The findings reveal the need for more inclusive policy reforms and effective strategies to ensure that all children, regardless of citizenship status, can enjoy their right to quality education. The study suggests a more holistic, human rights-based approach to addressing these issues and advocates for enhanced collaboration between government agencies, civil society, and international organizations to develop sustainable solutions.

The implementation process of decentralization of health services: a qualitative perspective from Sudan.

Health system reform initiatives have increasingly embraced decentralization as a key trend. The implementation process and its outcomes are influenced by a myriad of factors, including economic forces, political dynamics, and ideological factors. Comprehending and carefully examining the implementation phase of decentralization and its consequences to achieve desired outcomes is crucial. Notably, this phase is often considered the weakest aspect of policy reforms, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and analyze the implementation phase of decentralization and its implications as essentials for achieving intended goals. The study objectives evolved around examining the entire decentralization as a multifaceted social and political process in Khartoum State, Sudan, from its early stages of decision-making, policy formulation, and implementation process and the influencing contextual factors. This study was an exploratory qualitative study that employed in-depth interviews to gather perspectives of healthcare providers and policymakers, semi-structured observations, and thematic analysis. The study utilized Grindle's framework for analysis. This study revealed a political nature of decision-making, with a top-down approach to the implementation, which also lacked stakeholder involvement. It showed a lack of transparency, official documentation, and proper handover procedures from the Ministry of Health to the devolved hospitals during the implementation process. A conflict of interest between the federal and the state level was also reported. It is important to note that this process occurred within the context of structural adjustment program (SAP) schemes, which had already empowered the private sector in Sudan. This study documented the implementation process of decentralization of health services and its influencing factors. The study recommended reforming the decentralization policy through consultative stakeholder involvement and by implementing a concurrent responsibility paradigm that divides authority between the federal and state levels.

Military Naming Practices of Palestinian Factions in Reactive Response to Israeli Incursions and Aggressions

Abstract This article explores the military operation-naming practices of Palestinian factions in response to Israeli aggression, analyzing their strategies and their impact on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict dynamics. The research uses the War Normalizing Discourse (WND) theory as a framework and draws from Islamic tradition, official Hamas documentation, publicly disseminated materials, and insights from Arab intellectuals. The results show that the names chosen for military operations by Palestinian factions hold deep symbolic, cultural, and emotional significance, aiming to recruit fighters, gain public support, and maintain resilience. Understanding these naming practices provides valuable insights into the complex Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the intricate interplay between the nomenclature of battles conducted by Palestinian factions and Israel’s military operations.