OECD Average Research Articles

Efektivitas Strategi Pembelajaran REACT (Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating, Transfering) terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika

Background: The 2022 PISA report reveals that the average mathematics score of Indonesian students was 366, significantly below the OECD average of 472. In addressing the global demand for critical thinking, collaboration, and practical application skills, traditional teaching approaches that focus solely on information dissemination are no longer sufficient. Consequently, new learning strategies, such as the REACT (Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating) approach, are necessary to bridge theory and practice. Method: The researchers employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The study sample consisted of Class A students, selected using a cluster sampling technique. Data collection methods included tests and observation sheets. The test instrument assessed problem-solving abilities through pre-tests and post-tests, while observation sheets monitored mathematics learning activities. The instruments were analysed descriptively (student activity sheets and learning outcomes) and inferentially (examining differences between pre-test and post-test scores). Results: Descriptive statistics showed that the mean pre-test score was 72.28, which increased to 87.08 in the post-test. Furthermore, the gain classification indicated that most students (23 individuals) fell into the moderate category, with two students in the low category. The Wilcoxon statistical test confirmed a significant difference in average mathematics learning outcomes. Conclusion: The analysis results indicated a significant improvement in student learning outcomes with the REACT learning strategy. The students’ average post-test scores increased significantly compared to their pre-test scores, supported by statistical tests demonstrating meaningful differences through both descriptive and inferential analyses.

South Korea’s existential public health emergency: Tackling the low birth rate, loneliness, and suicide crisis

South Korea is facing a critical public health emergency characterized by a rapidly declining birth rate, increasing loneliness, and high suicide rates. The fertility rate dropped to 0.72 children per woman in 2023, significantly below the OECD average. This decline is attributed to economic burdens, gender inequality, and changing societal norms. If these trends continue, the youth population could halve by 2040 compared to 2023, severely impacting the nation’s economy and demographic structure. Simultaneously, loneliness has become a significant issue, with over a third of Koreans living alone and a rise in deaths from isolation, particularly among middle-aged and older men. South Korea also faces a severe mental health crisis, marked by high rates of depression and the highest suicide rate among OECD countries for the past 25 years. Troublingly, recent trends indicate an increase in suicides among younger age groups. Efforts to address these issues have included government initiatives for mental health support, but these remain underfunded and insufficient compared to international standards. Additionally, the stigma surrounding mental health persists. South Korea can learn from countries like Japan and the UK, which have implemented successful interventions focusing on social integration and mental health. Addressing these intertwined crises requires collective action and a robust policy response to ensure a sustainable future for South Korea.

카자흐스탄의 재생에너지 정책과 발전 잠재력

Expanding the development of renewable energy sources is recognized as one of the most important tasks in terms of responding to climate change and sustainable development. In addition, the increasing instability of the energy supply chain due to the Ukraine war emphasizes the importance of renewable energy in terms of energy security. Kazakhstan, a leading energy exporter among the FSU countries, has been promoting renewable energy development as a national policy for a long time, but has not shown significant results. In this study, Kazakhstan's strengths and limitations in the renewable energy sector, as well as opportunities for development, were examined by evaluating Kazakhstan's renewable energy development potential in three aspects - natural resources, institutions, and technology - with a focus on solar energy. Kazakhstan has relatively abundant solar energy resources, but the technological/industrial level for the development of the solar energy sector appears to be lagging significantly. However, the institutional level related to renewable energy appears to be higher than the world average, and some areas are higher than the OECD average. In order to expand solar energy development in Kazakhstan, cooperation between countries and attraction of investment are needed, which will be an opportunity for Kazakhstan.

Overview of the STEM Education in Israel

In this study, we provide an overview of the STEM education in Israel, the formal and the informal, the strengths and challenges, the problems, and the national plans to solve them. STEM education in Israel is an interesting phenomenon, as the State of Israel is considered a start-up nation, even though students have scored mediocre on the PISA tests over the years compared to the OECD average. The paper is based on literature review of position papers written for decision makers in the Israeli education system and for the purpose of comparison with other advanced education systems in the world.

Comparison of Global Competencies in General and Vocational Education

The article deals with global competencies, understood in academic and policy discussions as a set of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values crucial for successful personal and professional life in a globalized world. It examines the PISA 2018 results, which show that students in Slovenia self-assessed their global competencies below the OECD average. It addresses the scientifically relevant questions of whether, how and why students in Slovenia in general and vocational upper-secondary programmes (do not) report the same level of global competencies. The results show that students in vocational education programmes in comparison to students in general education programmes report significantly lower global competencies but significantly higher learning opportunities on global issues at school. The results, which show that in Slovenia students with lower socioeconomic status are mainly involved in vocational education programmes and that opportunities for acquiring global competencies in school are not significantly related to the self-reported global competencies (awareness of global issues), question the compensating role of school in the acquisition of global competencies by students.

Unpaid work, paid work and gender inequality: An analysis of time transfer accounts for Turkey

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the total (market and non-market) gender-based production and consumption activities of Turkish men and women at different stages of their life-cycle. Turkey, one of the few emerging economies within the OECD, offers an interesting case-study as its female labour force participation rate is one of the lowest among OECD countries. Our results show that time spent by Turkish women on household activities is, on average, 30 h a week, basically three times as much as men. In fact, the women-to-men time use ratio for unpaid work is roughly twice as much as the OECD average. We estimate that the monetary value of women unpaid household production exceeds 29% of GDP, while the corresponding estimate for men is around 8%. Using the concept of life-cycle deficit, we also show that Turkish men are dependent on housework undertaken by women over their entire lifetime, which is an almost unique feature in comparison to the European and OECD countries. Finally, unlike other OECD countries that have introduced disincentives to early retirement, Turkish men continue to retire early but retain their acquired habits of not sharing the burden of household work.

Porezna autonomija lokalne samouprave

The paper measures the total (two-tier) local tax autonomy (cities/municipalities and counties combined) in Croatia applying the OECD methodology in terms of the definition and scope of taxes and their classification according to taxing power and autonomy. First, it follows the methodology of previous studies for Croatia, which considered only nominal taxes. This results in a relatively small share of autonomous taxes in local tax revenues. The change from a formal recording of taxes to an effective one based on the OECD definition of taxes leads to more than a doubling of local autonomous taxes. However, compared to other OECD unitary countries (countries with only the local level), Croatia still lags significantly behind the OECD average and also behind the average of EU member countries that are also OECD member countries. The weighting of different categories, despite the risk of arbitrariness, and the resulting tax autonomy index show an additional improvement of the Croatian situation. Further calculation of the tax autonomy index and, in particular, the composite indicator of tax autonomy (share of autonomous local taxes in total general government taxes), as well as the composite tax autonomy index (local tax autonomy index divided by total general government taxes), lead to a further improvement of the Croatian position. Although the country is still below the OECD average, it has improved to an almost median position. The indicators suggest that the taxing powers of local governments need to be further strengthened.

Development of a multiplex droplet digital PCR method for detection and monitoring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis

BackgroundThe prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among Korean tuberculosis patients is about 4.1%, which is higher than the OECD average of 2.6%. Inadequate drug use and poor patient compliance increase MDR-TB prevalence through selective pressure. Therefore, prompt detection of drug resistance in tuberculosis patients at the time of diagnosis and quantitative monitoring of these resistant strains during treatment are crucial.MethodsA multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was developed and assessed using DNA material of nine Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with known mutation status that were purchased from the Korean National Tuberculosis Association. We collected a total of 18 MDR-TB residual samples referred for PCR analysis. Total DNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to the quadruplex ddPCR assay. Their results were compared to those of known resistance phenotypes.ResultsThe analytical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex ddPCR assay for detecting INH, RIF, EMB, FQ, and SM resistance-causing mutations ranged from 71.43 to 100% and 94.12–100%, respectively. Follow-up sample results showed that the quadruplex ddPCR assay was sensitive enough to detect IS6110 and other mutations even after onset of treatment.ConclusionsWe developed a sensitive and accurate multiplex ddPCR assay that can detect the presence of tuberculosis quantitatively and resistance-conveying mutations concurrently. This tool could aid clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of tuberculosis.

Financial sustainability of higher education system

Purpose- Financial sustainability is vital for the higher education systems in the global competitive atmosphere of the world of 2020s. This paper reviews a comparative analysis between the budgets and expenditures of the Turkish and British higher education systems, beside a view on those of the OECD countries. This paper intends to clarify Turkish higher education system’s difficulties in financial sustainability to provide required academic standards due to increasing costs and number of students versus the economic strength of significant actors such as the United Kingdom in the globalized competition. For this reason, this paper advocates cost advantages provided by the application of effective online education model to acquire financial sustainability clarifying the rise of digital universities by the 2030s. Methodology-. The study employs a literature review aiming to perform a comparative analysis on the financial structures of Turkish and British higher education systems. Moreover, OECD data were also reflected. The aim was to identify the possible difficulties of Turkish higher education system in financial sustainability to provide required academic standards in the competitive global area and find a contemporary solution. Findings- The analysis reveals that the Turkish higher education system have disadvantages in providing financial sustainability under the conditions of increasing costs as well as number of students in order to reach the required standards in the global league. Notably, it is clearly seen that efective application of online education strategy is an opportunity to balance revenues and expenditures in this way. As a matter of the fact, the effect of digital transformation era and the attitude of Generation Z students have already prepared this atmosphere. Conclusion-. Governments highly financed higher education systems after 20th Century. However, financial problems emerged due to increasing number of students and increasing costs. Eventhough the budgets had continuously been increased, Turkish higher education system have realized lower expenditures in the OECD average. Problems in financial sustainability to provide required academic standards have clearly been noticed in the global competitive atmosphere while compared with the example of the United Kingdom. Over the Covid-19 crisis, universities successfully implemented hybrid education around the world increasing the effect of online systems forced by Generation Z’s perspective on embracing Digital Technologies. So, effective application of online education model appeared as a new opportunity for Turkish higher education system to provide financial sustainability decreasing costs and also efficiently compete in the global area. Indeed, blended learning in traditional universities and inevitable growth of digital higher education institutions named as University 5.0 will be seen after 2030s. Keywords: Higher education, university, financial sustainability, Turkiye, United Kingdom, online education JEL Codes: I22, I23, M10, M21

What Should We Understand from PISA 2022 Results?

In this study, PISA 2022 results, which were held in 81 countries in 2022, have been evaluated within the scope of the courses included. In this context, a projection has been made on the PISA 2022 results consisting of sections in mathematics, science and reading comprehension. Besides, the factors that are efficient on results of the tests have also been tried to be evaluated within some criteria. It has been found that the importance of extra help carried out by teachers, using remote devices and platforms, socio-economic status and spoken language at home are still significant factors on test scores. It is recommended, for countries whose science, mathematics and reading scores are under the OECD average, to use new digital based-technologies and providing students to access to education with the required help can help them increase PISA scores.

Wealth Redistribution to Extend Longevity in the US

The US is unique among wealthy countries in its degree of wealth inequality and its poor health outcomes. Wealth is known to be positively associated with longevity, but little is known about whether wealth redistribution might extend longevity. To examine the association between wealth and longevity and estimate the changes in longevity that could occur with simulated wealth distributions that were perfectly equal, similar to that observed in Japan (among the most equitable of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] countries), generated by minimum inheritance proposals, and produced by baby bonds proposals. This longitudinal cohort study analyzed the association between wealth and survival among participants in the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2018), a nationally representative panel study of middle-aged and older (≥50 years) community-dwelling, noninstitutionalized US adults. The data analysis was performed between November 15, 2022, and September 24, 2023. Household wealth on study entry, calculated as the sum of all assets minus the value of debts and classified into deciles. Weibull survival models were used to estimate the association between per-person wealth decile and survival, adjusting for age, sex, marital status, household size, and race and ethnicity. Changes in longevity that might occur under alternative wealth distributions were then estimated. The sample included 35 164 participants (mean [SE] age at study entry, 59.1 [0.1] years; 50.1% female and 49.9% male [weighted]). The hazard of death generally decreased with increasing wealth, wherein participants in the highest wealth decile had a hazard ratio of 0.59 for death (95% CI, 0.53-0.66) compared with those in the lowest decile, corresponding to a 13.5-year difference in survival. A simulated wealth distribution of perfect equality would increase populationwide median longevity by 2.2 years (95% CI, 2.2-2.3 years), fully closing the mortality gap between the US and the OECD average. A simulated minimum inheritance proposal would increase populationwide median longevity by 1.7 years; a simulated wealth distribution similar to Japan's would increase populationwide median longevity by 1.2 years; and a simulated baby bonds proposal would increase populationwide median longevity by 1.0 year. These findings suggest that wealth inequality in the US is associated with significant inequities in survival. Wealth redistribution policies may substantially reduce those inequities and increase population longevity.

Teacher professionalism in policy texts in the Republic of Ireland; a critical discourse analysis

ABSTRACT In the Republic of Ireland, primary school teaching is a very attractive profession with pay being above the OECD average (Heinz and Keane 2018; Hennessey and Lynch 2017). This paper investigates how the Department of Education Inspectorate and the Teaching Council of Ireland position primary school teacher professionalism. The paper presents the findings of critical discourse analysis (CDA) of two policy texts; Looking at our schools 2016 (2016) by the Department of Education Inspectorate and Cosán framework for teachers learning (2016) by the Teaching Council of Ireland. This paper is timely because the Inspectorate and the Teaching Council of Ireland, recently published the Cosán Action Plan (2021) and Looking at our Schools 2022 (2022), both of which describe how the Department intends to integrate Cosán more deeply into Irish education as a complementary policy to Looking at our Schools (2022). At this policy juncture, this research finds that the two organisations’ understandings of teacher professionalism overlap in places but also sit in tension with each other.

Science and innovation policy for New Zealand

The ‘Science of Science Policy’ is an interdisciplinary field of scholarly study that seeks to model, measure, and evaluate the interaction of public policies (including funding) and the performance of the science and innovation system. Such study offers insights and findings that can increase the effectiveness of science and innovation policy for New Zealand.
 New Zealand’s rate of public investment in research is only about two-thirds, and that of business investment in research about one-third of the OECD average. Our low business R&D intensity is not unexpected given our market size, firm size, and industrial composition. Nevertheless, public policy should aim to mitigate barriers to firms’ ability to undertake high-return research investments.
 As we undertake only 0.2% of the world’s research, most of the knowledge used in New Zealand is created elsewhere, so positioning ourselves to derive maximum benefit from others’ research is likely to have high payoff. The spillover phenomenon should be considered in making decisions about public research support. A re-balancing from competition towards cooperation, and encouraging linkages between research entities and organisations with a commercial orientation will increase the likelihood of spillover benefits.
 Research output could be increased relatively quickly by increasing the currently low expenditure per researcher, but any sustained increase will require more skilled scientists and engineers. Therefore public financing of research should include a monitored programme of training grants, and immigration policy settings that do not inhibit attracting skilled scientists and engineers. Attraction and retention of research ‘stars’ should be an explicit objective of New Zealand science policy.
 A culture of innovation requires an attitude that defines success in terms of the global market, not the local market. It requires a social, economic and cultural environment that rewards risktaking and does not see failure as a barrier to undertaking further investment. Policy makers, too, should be willing to take risks, and systematic

Ideological alignment, public sector size and tax morale: empirical evidence from OECD economies

This paper analyzes the extent to which ideological differences between citizens and their governments, in conjunction with the observed size of the public sector, influence taxpayers’ intrinsic motivations to pay taxes. We utilize data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Study, encompassing 23 OECD economies from 1995 to 2018. Our findings indicate that the tax morale of citizens who hold right-wing ideological views in relation to their government significantly decreases when the public sector surpasses the OECD average. Conversely, citizens who hold left-wing ideological views in relation to their government exhibit a higher intrinsic motivation to pay taxes, particularly when the public sector is considered undersized.

On the Distribution of Wealth and Capital Ownership; An Empirical Application to OECD Countries around 2019

Abstract In discussions of the composition of wealth, a common distinction is made between non-financial assets and financial assets. Within the latter category the uncommon distinction is drawn between ‘capital ownership assets’ (referring to ownership in enterprises) and other financial assets. The reason is that capital ownership assets come with a degree of actual or potential economic power – in the sense of having the capacity to significantly influence enterprises’ policies. The article empirically applies this distinction to 24 OECD countries that report uniform data on this (in line with the OECD guidelines). For the OECD average of these countries around 2019, it is shown that whereas the top 10% of households owns 51% of the total net wealth and 68% of the total financial assets, the top 10% owns 85% of the total capital-ownership assets. For individual OECD countries, the last figure ranges from 63% (Greece) to 97% (Lithuania). The figure for the USA is near to the latter, at 94%.

2000’li Yıllarda Türk Dizi Sektörü Çalışma İlişkileri ve Koşullarına Eleştirel Bir Bakış

Television in the globalizing media industry; constitutes a very important dynamic of economic, social and cultural developments. Television is watched for about three and a half hours every day in Turkey. The fact that this ratio is above the OECD average shows that television is an indispensable part of our lives. Working relations and conditions in the TV series industry appear as a very important, risky and invisible area. In the introduction part of the study, the development and importance of the TV series sector in Turkish television broadcasting is explained. The structure of the workforce in the TV industry is divided into two strata as “above the line and below the line” workers. The purpose of this article is to analyze the working conditions in the TV industry in general (contract types, employment, social security, wages, working hours, insecurity, worker health and safety, organization and unionization), physical (sound and noise levels, working with animals, extreme and cold working in weather conditions, hygiene, cleaning-toilet care, resting and baby care area, fatigue and insomnia and transportation problems) and psycho-social (role-character conflict & professional socialization, stress and burnout, mobbing and abuse). The method of this article; constitutes critical literature on working labor in the television industry. The situation, working relations, conditions and current problems of the workforce in the Turkish TV series sector were revealed, and the study was completed with conclusions and recommendations. Keywords: Television, Serial Industry, Series Set, Working Relations, Working Conditions

Public pension policy and the equity–efficiency trade‐off∗

AbstractThis paper illustrates that the equity–efficiency trade‐off between a redistributive, Beveridgean, pension system and an earnings‐based, Bismarckian, scheme can collapse when accounting for labor supply effects on the extensive margins. I introduce a general equilibrium overlapping generations model with endogenous savings, human capital formation, and labor supply. The model is calibrated to an average OECD economy. The results suggest that allocating funds towards a Bismarckian pension system always reduces earnings inequality – and, in some cases, lifetime inequality – when compared with a Beveridgean scheme. However, the Bismarckian scheme crowds out more human capital in the economy following a higher steady‐state interest rate.

대학의 위기 극복을 위한 대학재정 확충 방안

Two major issues can be pointed out in the direction of education finance policy in the new government. First, the current scale of education finance is sufficient enough that the decrease in the school-age population is the determining factor for reducing education finance? Second, the government's strategy to invest higher education is sufficient to secure an appropriate level of funding for higher education?. The purpose of this study was to analyze two issues based on empirical data and to propose policy suggestions to expand higher education finances to overcome the structural crisis of it. As a result of the analysis, 10 reasons for not reducing education finance even if the number of students decrease; 3 reasons related to the country's educational outlook and philosophy, 5 reasons for structural problems of weak education finance, and 2 reasons for the additional budge for the future education were identified. And the structural crisis in higher education system related to university finance were analyzed as followings: First, phenomenon of hollowing out local universities due to the mismatch between supply and demand for university education, the crisis situation that emerged from the weak university financial structure, the crisis of polarization in university education due to the increase in the burden of college tuition, and the size of the university budget, which is far short of economies of scale, was presented; Second, as a result of estimating the minimum university financial demand based on the national economic size and the OECD average, the additional support for higher education currently planned by the new government was very insufficient. Finally, this study suggested several policy alternatives based on the empirical evidences; enactment of Higher Education Finance Grant Law for securing it by 1% of GDP, Special Accounting Act for Balanced University Development, Special Act on Support for Higher and Vocational Lifelong Education, the Education Finance Grant Law to secure finances in line with GDP growth rate, and enactment of the High Education Tax.

Global Competencies of Slovenian Students: Relatedness of Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Values

The aim of the article is to explicate, compared to the OECD average, lower perceived global competencies of Slovenian 15-year-olds in PISA 2018. The results demonstrate the relatedness of different domains of global competencies. Based on the results, the article exposes the importance of establishing an appropriate national framework, which would strengthen students’ knowledge as a basis for cultivating all other virtues (skills, attitudes, and values) of modern global citizens.

When policy meets reality: the new 18-hour on-call shift policy and the Israeli anesthesia workforce crisis

BackgroundThe Israeli physician workforce faces multiple challenges. These include planned policies reducing physician on-call from 26 to 18 h and, from 2026, allowing only graduates of Ministry of Health approved foreign medical schools to take the Israeli licensing examination and an ongoing physician shortage (2019: Israel had 3.19 physicians/1000 persons vs. OECD average of 3.49 physicians/1000 persons). This study examines the potential impact of these planned policies on the Israeli anesthesiology workforce.MethodsSurveys conducted among 34 public and private Israeli hospital anesthesiology department chairs collected data on their department's number of weekday on-call anesthesiologists and current shortage of anesthesiologists. A subsequent survey collected data on each anesthesiologist in the workforce, including the country where they studied medicine.ResultsEach weekday night there were 114 on-call anesthesiologists; 72 residents and 42 attendings. Using productive work coefficients, this translates to 104 resident and 51 attending anesthesiologists. Furthermore, 21 departments had existing anesthesia workforce shortages totaling 110 anesthesiologists. There were 873 anesthesiologists from non-OECD countries whose medical schools are not accredited by the World Federation for Medical Education, of whom 332 were residents (61.9% of residents). Only 20.1% of anesthesiology residents were Israeli medical school graduates.ConclusionsDescriptive survey data assessed the immediate and long-term consequences for the healthcare system and anesthesiology workforce of two new Health Ministry policies. Implementing the 18-h policy will immediately remove from the daytime workforce 155 anesthesiologists and who will be unavailable to staff elective surgery operating rooms. This will compound the current national shortage of 110 anesthesiologists. It is unclear how to replace this shortfall since there are no surplus Israeli physicians and very few Israeli graduates choose anesthesiology as a specialty. This situation will be exacerbated after 2026 when graduates of certain foreign medical schools will be unable to enter the medical workforce, further reducing the pool of potential anesthesiology residents. Both policies were promulgated without adequate operational and budgetary planning or fiscal or workforce resources; implementation of the 18-h on-call policy has already been postponed. Therefore, new or updated policies must be accompanied by specific operational plans, budgetary allocations and funds for additional workforce.