Ocular Inserts Research Articles

Nanosuspension: A Novel Drug Delivery System

It is over past two years ago. It has technology has been developed R& D pharmaceutical business. Nanotechnology is science is deals with the process that occurs at Molecular level and Nanolength scale size, Nano refer to the particle size range is 1- 1000 micrometre. Nano suspension can be used in oral, topical parenteral and pulmonary route of administration of drug delivery, Nano suspension is used in incorporated into ocular inserts and mucoadhesive hydrocele for targeted drug delivery. There are medication candidate is with very high effectiveness. Nanosuspension was prepared by using combination of high speed homogenization (HSH) and media milling (MM),Poligomer( stabilizer)ZIO2 heads ( milling media). Reducing particle size in Nanosuspension is the primary cause of an increase in .Because of their specific qualities, nanosuspension can be used in a variety of dosage forms, including ones that require specialised delivery methods like mucoadhesive hydrogels.The Atomization of the drug discovery process through technologies like computer-aid drug design, combinatorial chemistry, an high-throughput screening is producing a large number of very effective therapeutic candidates. Regrettably, a lot of these potentiate medications are not very soluble in water. This review article describes the physicochemical properties of drug Nanosuspension, preparation methods and; it’s potential clinical advantages.

Development and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of ocular insert containing ketorolac tromethamine and moxifloxacin hydrochloride

Development and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of ocular insert containing ketorolac tromethamine and moxifloxacin hydrochloride

Investigating a novel therapeutic composition for dry eye syndrome management: In vitro and in vivo studies

Dry eye syndrome (DES) presents a significant challenge in ophthalmic care, necessitating innovative approaches for effective management. This research article introduces a multifaceted strategy to address DES through the development of ocular inserts utilizing advanced technologies such as hot-melt extrusion (HME) and the CaliCut post-extrusion system. The formulation includes key ingredients targeting different layers of the tear film and associated inflammation, including hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), castor oil, and dexamethasone. The study incorporates a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, integrating HME and the precise stretching and cutting technique of CaliCut for manufacturing consistency and dimensional control of the inserts. The developed insert(s) have been systematically characterized for their physicochemical properties, release profile, and in vivo efficacy. In silico molecular docking studies have also been conducted to assess the binding affinities of formulation components with ocular mucin, elucidating their binding affinities. Preliminary results demonstrate promising potential for the developed insert in managing DES, offering preservative-free treatment, sustained drug delivery, and improved patient compliance. This study highlights the integration of advanced technologies and formulation strategies in ocular drug delivery for effective DES management.

Breaking Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery: Unveiling the Role of Ocular Inserts as Controlled Release Systems

Breaking Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery: Unveiling the Role of Ocular Inserts as Controlled Release Systems

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ КОМПЛЕКСООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ БИОДЕГРАДИРУЕМЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИЯХ

One of the possible directions of the development of targeted substance delivery systems is the creation and introduction of biodegradable polymers into production. Their distinctive feature is that they are capable of spontaneously gradually degradation in the body due to natural biochemical processes. There is an increasing spread pharmaceutical form, which use similar excipients in their technology – medicinal ocular insert. Modified cellulose, gums and rare-cross-linked acrylic polymers are used to create a biodegradable matrix base. In terms of development approach, ocular inserts can be divided into two groups according to the principle of matrix biodegradation. In non-biodegradable composites, the effect of prolongation of the therapeutic effect is observed due to the release of the active substance from the non-decomposing matrix. This fact can be confirmed by both pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial methods. The classic tests regulated by the Pharmacopoeia of the XV edition include the "Dissolution" test (GPM.1.4.2.0014 "Dissolution of solid pharmaceutical dose forms"), and for non–pharmacopoeial ones – dialysis through a semipermeable membrane according to Kruvchinsky or using Franz's dialysis cells. The analysis of the kinetics of dissolution helps to determine and select the most suitable matrix-forming agent to be used in the composition with other substances in the composition of ocular insert. Ocular inserts with a biodegradable matrix have a second factor that affects the release of active substances – the formation of complexes or associates between parts of the matrix and the active ingredient molecules. These intermolecular compounds can indirectly prolong the effect of the drug. All features must be taken into account in the development of ocular inserts, since they, among other things, help to model fundamentally new ways of targeted delivery of substances. In this case, it is necessary to develop a test for the second modified release factor, which would reliably determine the presence of complexation processes within the selected ocular inserts model.

Tamarind seed polysaccharide-metformin insert: Higher ocular retention, slow-release, and efficacy against corneal burn

Metformin (MET) can be an alternative therapeutic strategy for managing ocular burn primarily because of its pleiotropic mechanism. Longer retention on the ocular surface and sustained release are necessary to ensure the efficacy of MET for ocular application. Although the high aqueous solubility of MET is good for formulation and biocompatibility, it makes MET prone to high nasolacrimal drainage. This limits ocular residence and may be a challenge in its application. To address this, polymers approved for ophthalmic application with natural origin were analyzed through in silico methods to determine their ability to bind to mucin and interact with MET. An ocular insert of MET (3 mg/6 mm) was developed using a scalable solvent casting method without using preservatives. The relative composition of the insert was 58 ± 2.06 %w/w MET with approximately 14 %w/w tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), and 28 %w/w propylene glycol (PG). Its stability was demonstrated as per the ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. Compatibility, ocular retention, drug release, and other functional parameters were evaluated. In rabbits, efficacy was demonstrated in the 'corneal alkali burn preclinical model'. TSP showed potential for mucoadhesion and interaction with MET. With adequate stability and sterility, the insert contributed to adequate retention of MET (10–12 h) in vivo and slow release (30 h) in vitro. This resulted in significant efficacy in vivo.

DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF OCULAR INSERTS FOR PROLONGED DELIVERY OF CIPROFLOXACIN WITH CORTICOSTEROID

Ocular drug delivery is very challenging and fascinating for pharmaceutical researchers, especially in the treatment of ocular conjunctivitis. The challenges include delivery of the drug to the eye without causing permanent tissue damage while maintaining a stable therapeutic level at the site of action for a prolonged period of time. The present work focuses on the treatment of ocular conjunctivitis by using combined mechanisms of fluroquinolone antibiotics, providing sustained release of drug from ocular inserts, and using corticosteroid for anti-inflammatory effect and providing comfort to the patient. Quinolone antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents and polymers with excipients were procured from pharmaceutical companies as gift samples. Different combinations of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents were prepared by solvent cast method and the dried films were cut into defined size containing drug and evaluated for different parameters and sustained drug release. Based on in vitro, in vivo correlation stability studies, the formulation (antibiotic + anti-inflammatory agent) promising the best once a day sustained release of the drug has been chosen.

Endophthalmitis therapy revolution: Proof of concept based on in vivo evaluation of maleic acid modified chitosan

The aim was to develop chitosan-maleic acid (CS-MA) based ocular inserts with enhanced mucoadhesiveness for prevention of endophthalmitis caused by Escherichia coli. Therefore, chitosan (CS) and maleic acid (MA) were conjugated via formation of amide bond. Characterization via proton nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy was carried out and attached maleic acid groups were quantified by free amino groups assay. Biocompatibility of the conjugate was assessed following resazurin assay on fibroblasts, membrane damage on human erythrocytes and Hen's Egg-Chorioallantoic membrane tests. Inserts were pressed and characterized in terms of swelling behavior, pH, hardness, in vitro drug release and disintegration. To test mucoadhesive properties of CS-MA inserts, rheometer, rotating cylinder, inclined plane, and texture analyzer were the instruments utilized. Furthermore, antibacterial efficacy of the conjugate was established by direct agar diffusion method and in vivo Draize test was carried out to determine tolerability of the inserts. Results exhibited successful synthesis of the biomaterial, maintaining the great biocompatibility of native chitosan even though a 68.81 % of modification was achieved. Additionally, mucoadhesive studies showed improved properties of CS-MA compared to native polymer, with 2.42-fold, 4-fold, 3.42-fold and 4.05-fold increase in dynamic viscosity, retention time, overall attachment work and peak force of detachment, respectively. Finally, antibacterial activity was enhanced in 1.77-fold and in vivo experiments showed no irritation and good tolerability of CS-MA inserts. In conclusion, CS-MA ocular inserts effectively developed exhibiting promising features capable of revolutionizing the endophthalmitis therapy field.

Mucoadhesive electrospun nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) matrices for the ocular delivery of moxifloxacin: a novel application of hyaluronic acid and xanthan gum blend as mucoadhesive coating agent

The use of ocular inserts (OS) as vehicles for the delivery of antimicrobial agents to the eye is rapidly growing. In fact, the intraOS can deliver the antibiotics to the ocular surface after ophthalmic surgeries i.e., cataract. This was a rational progress of pharmaceutical field given that the conventional dosage forms i.e., drops present many limitations. Considering this fact, in this study novel nanofibrous inserts based on poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(lactic acid) prepared via electrospinning process and used to load an antibiotic drug, moxifloxacin. The used aliphatic polyesters are biocompatible but do not present mucoadhesion which is essential for ocular drug delivery. Therefore, two known mucoadhesive agents, hyaluronic acid and xanthan gum, were blended in various concentrations (0.1 and 0.2%) and used for the coating of the fibers. The fibrous inserts have mean diameters in the range 500–1000 nm. The inserts showed stability over time, improved water uptake and improved mechanical properties. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed the biocompatibility of the structures. From in vitro release studies, a controlled release rate was depicted while the inserts demonstrated desirable antimicrobial properties. It can be concluded that the coated OS can be potent ocular delivery carriers of moxifloxacin battling against eye infections.

Development and characterization of niosomes loaded mucoadhesive biodegradable ocular inserts for extended release of pilocarpine HCl

Abstract Background Pilocarpine HCl is a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist that is prescribed for the treatment of glaucoma. The use of pilocarpine conventional eye drops is associated with several side effects, such as loss of visual acuity, and the need for several applications due to rapid drainage away via the nasolacrimal duct, especially for elderly people. Such adverse effects can lead to low patient compliance and poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop, optimise and characterise a biodegradable pilocarpine HCl ocular insert using niosomes as a drug delivery vehicle. To achieve that, various polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and a blend of both were investigated to prepare the ocular inserts using solvent casting technique. The niosomes of pilocarpine HCl were prepared using span-60 and cholesterol by thin film hydration method. The produced noisome-loaded ocular inserts were characterised using various analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffractions (XRD), thermal analysis, particle size analysis, weight and content uniformity, surface pH and drug release profile, among others. Results The results indicated that drug-free ocular inserts of the two polymers (HPMC + PVA) were better than single polymer-based ocular inserts (HPMC or PVA alone). The formed niosomes demonstrated good entrapment efficiency of 49.7% ± 7.0, with an average particle size of 325.7 ± 3.5 nm. The FTIR analysis showed no interaction between the compositions of niosomes. Four optimal formulations with various co-polymer ratios and pilocarpine content were further evaluated. Pilocarpine-containing niosomes-loaded ocular inserts provided uniformity in pilocarpine content (89–96%), with 34.8% moisture content and an average pH of 7. The release profile of niosomes-loaded inserts demonstrated an initial burst release within 2 h ranging from 26.54% (T4) to 41.22% (T2), and continuous sustained release for the next 24 h (68.32 ± 5.11% (T4) to 82.11 ± 6.01% (T2)). Conclusions This work successfully optimised biodegradable ocular inserts containing slow-release pilocarpine HCl encapsulated in niosomes for the treatment of glaucoma without dose dumping, resulting in a user-friendly drug delivery system. Graphical abstract

Design and Characterization of Ocular Inserts Loaded with Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Inflammatory Ophthalmic Disease.

The short precorneal residence time of ophthalmic drops is associated with their low absorption; therefore, the development of ocular inserts capable of prolonging and controlling the ophthalmic release of drugs is an interesting option in the design and development of these drugs. A surface response design was developed, specifically the Central Composite Design (CCD), to produce ophthalmic films loaded with Dexamethasone (DEX) by the solvent evaporation method having experimental levels of different concentrations of previously selected polymers (PVP K-30 and Eudragit RS100.). Once optimization of the formulation was obtained, the in vivo test was continued. The optimal formulation obtained a thickness of 0.265 ± 0.095 mm, pH of 7.11 ± 0.04, tensile strength of 15.50 ± 3.94 gF, humidity (%) of 22.54 ± 1.7, mucoadhesion strength of 16.89 ± 3.46 gF, chemical content (%) of 98.19 ± 1.124, release of (%) 13,510.71, and swelling of 0.0403 ± 0.023 g; furthermore, in the in vivo testing the number and residence time of PMN cells were lower compared to the Ophthalmic Drops. The present study confirms the potential use of polymeric systems using PVPK30 and ERS100 as a new strategy of controlled release of ophthalmic drugs by controlling and prolonging the release of DEX at the affected site by decreasing the systemic effects of the drug.

Development of antifungal fibrous ocular insert using freeze-drying technique

Candida species is one of the pathogenic fungi of the eye responsible for keratitis that frequently causes vision impairment and blindness. Effective treatment requires long-term use of antifungal drugs, which is opposed by the defensive mechanisms of the eye and inadequate corneal penetration. The objective of this study was to develop a carrier for prolonged ocular application of fluconazole (FLZ) to treat keratitis. FLZ was encapsulated into chitosan fibrous matrices (F1–F4) using different chitosan concentrations (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%w/v, respectively) by freeze-drying as a single-step technique. Studying the morphology and surface properties of the inserts revealed a porous matrix with fibrous features with a large surface area. Thermal stability and chemical compatibility were confirmed by DSC/TGA/DTA and FT-IR, respectively. Loading capacity (LC) and entrapment efficiency (EE) were determined. According to the in vitro release study, F4 (0.11 mg mg−1 LC and 87.53% EE) was selected as the optimum insert because it had the most sustained release, with 15.85% burst release followed by 75.62% release within 12 h. Ex vivo corneal permeation study revealed a 1.2-fold increase in FLZ permeation from F4 compared to FLZ aqueous solution. Also, in the in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits, F4 increased the AUC0-8 of FLZ by 9.3-fold and its concentration in aqueous humor was maintained above the MIC through the experimentation time. Studies on cytotoxicity (MTT assay) provide evidence for the safety and biocompatibility of F4. Therefore, the freeze-dried FLZ-loaded chitosan fibrous insert could be a promising candidate for treating ocular keratitis.Graphical

Phospholipid Free Nano-Vesicles of Brinzolamide Biopolymer Ocular Insert; Design, In vitro and In vivo Evaluation

The aim of this work to study the feasibility of using phospholipid free vesicles with positive charge inducer in a slowly dissolving polymer ocular insert to successfully control intraocular pressure (IOP) for an extended period. Brinzolamide (BRNZ) was chosen as a model drug and a full factorial design was assembled to investigate the drug loading effect, ratio of cholesterol to fatty moiety and the type of the fatty moiety used on the vesicle size and entrapment efficiency. Linear regression models were constructed, and optimization of the formulation compositions yielded two formulae with palmitic acid as a negatively charged vesicles and cetrimide positively charged vesicles. Both formulae were studied in term of permeation efficiency through bovine corneal membranes. Positively charged vesicles although it didn't achieve the highest flux and cumulative amount permeated per unit surface area in the experiment time course, it achieved the highest retention of drug inside the corneal tissue, so it was chosen to be incorporated in a slowly dissolving polymer ocular insert. The insert was evaluated in term content, physical evaluation, and release properties. In vivo evaluation of the casted ocular inserts was conducted in male albino rabbits against market eye drop product and IOP readings were collected for 48 hours. The positively charged sterosomes containing BRNZ and formulated in polymer ocular inserts achieved extended control of IOP of the test animals compared to the market product.

Fabrication of Anti-glaucoma Nanofibers as Controlled-Release Inserts for Ophthalmic Delivery of Brimonidine Tartrate: In Vivo Evaluation in Caprine Eye.

Chronic ailments usually decrease the quality of life due to the requirement for repetitive administration of drugs. Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease occurred because of increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Controlled-release inserts can overcome this challenge by a gradual release of the antiglaucoma drugs. This study aimed to fabricate ocular inserts of brimonidine tartrate (BMD) for the management of glaucoma. Different polymers including poly (D, L-lactide), polycaprolactone, cellulose acetate, and Eudragit RL100® were used to develop the BMD-loaded nanofibrous inserts by electrospinning technique. The inserts were characterized. The morphology and drug-polymer compatibility were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and in vitro drug release in PBS. The IOP-lowering efficacy and irritancy of optimized formulation were assessed in the caprines. SEM images demonstrated nanofibers with uniform morphology and a mean diameter<300 nm were fabricated. The nanofibers were high-strength and flexible enough to be placed in the conjunctival sac. FTIR showed drug-polymer compatibility. In vitro release study indicated a sustained-release profile of the drug during 6 days for inserts. In vivo evaluation indicated that the optimized formulation is capable of maintaining the IOP in a non-glaucomatous range for an extended duration of 6 days. In addition, the formulation was non-irritant to the caprine eye. Due to the prolonged IOP-lowering efficiency, BMD-loaded nanofibrous inserts can be considered suitable for the controlled release of drugs and thus enhance patient compliance by reducing the frequency of administration.

Hydroxytyrosol as a potential ocular antioxidant

Aims/Purpose: The influence of antioxidants on ocular processes has gained increasing importance in recent years due to their impact on eye health. One of the most promising antioxidants is hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural compound found in olive leaves and olive oil. The purpose of this study is to develop an ocular insert containing HT for administration to the eye. The study aims to verify the absence of ocular toxicity of HT and formulate inserts incorporating this antioxidant.Methods: To evaluate potential ocular irritation, the hen's egg‐chorioallantoic membrane test (HET‐CAM test) was carried out. HT solutions at concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/mL were prepared in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with a pH of 7.4. Solutions of 0.1 N NaOH and 0.9% NaCl were used as positive and negative controls, respectively (1).Different inserts were formulated using polyvinylalcohol (PVA), hyaluronic acid (HA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as polymers with film‐forming capabilities and propylene glycol (PGL) as a humectant agent. The components were added gradually and stirred until a homogeneous solution was obtained. Finally, the solution was poured into a Petri dish and allowed to dry.Results: The HET‐CAM test demonstrated that HT solutions exhibited behaviour similar to the negative control (0.9% NaCl) and did not show any signs of irritation in terms of haemorrhage, lysis, or coagulation.Four formulations were developed with the following compositions: F1: PVA 3%, PVP 1%, HA 0.2%, PGL 2% and HT 0.1%; F2: PVA 2%, PVP 2%, HA 0.2%, PGL 2% and HT 0.1%; F3: PVA 4%, PVP 1%, PGL 2% and HT 0.1%; and F4: PVA 2%, PVP 2%, PGL 2% and HT 0.1%.Conclusions: Hydroxytyrosol can be considered non‐irritating to the eye, and PVA‐PVP‐HA ocular inserts have been developed. Further studies are necessary to select the appropriate hydroxytyrosol insert for ocular administration.

Preliminary study on developing ocular formulations for natural antioxidants to prevent long‐term complications associated with high myopia

Aims/Purpose: The progression of retinal damage in high myopia (HM) has been associated with a reduction in its antioxidant capacity. α‐Lipoic acid (ALA), among other natural antioxidants, has gained important attention due to its impact on visual health1. The objective of this study is to develop ocular inserts containing ALA and to evaluate the potential ocular irritancy of ALA using the HET‐ CAM (hen's egg test‐chorioallantoic membrane) test.Methods: In the HET‐CAM test, five eggs were used under the following conditions: negative control (NaCl 0.9%), positive control (NaOH 0.1%), low concentration (0.01 M ALA), medium concentration (0.1 M) and high concentration (0.2 M). Bleeding, vascular lysis and coagulation were assessed for 300 s to calculate the Irritation Index (IS)2. For each ocular formulation, 5 mg of ALA was dissolved in phosphate‐buffered saline solution (PBS) with a pH 7.4. Different proportions of selected polymers (HPMC, PVP, HA and PG as an adjuvant) were homogenized and placed into a Petri dish, dried overnight and cut into 1 cm2 inserts.Results: The HET‐CAM measurement demonstrated the absence of haemorrhage, coagulation and lysis in the three tested concentrations of ALA. The IS score falls within the range of 0–0.9, classifying it as non‐irritant. In parallel, four ocular formulations containing 5 mg of ALA were prepared as follows: F1‐ PVP 10%; F2‐ PVP 2.5% and HPMC 1%; F3‐ PVP 2.5% and HA 1%; F4‐ PVP 1%, HA 1% and HPMC 1%. It was shown that F2 and F3 had preferred organoleptic characteristics.Conclusions: ALA was a non‐irritant and probably suitable for ocular administration as an antioxidant. Further research will be conducted to assess the efficacy of the ophthalmic inserts. However, preliminary findings suggest that these inserts hold promise as a potential formulation to delay the long‐term progression of high myopia.

FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVALUATION OF OCUSERTS FOR QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS

Ophthalmic films are the best sustained-release ocular drug delivery system. The present study targets developing such ocular films of antibacterial with corticosteroid and evaluating its potential. Conventional ocular dosage forms have low bioavailability with low therapeutic response. The solvent cast method employed in ophthalmic films has triggered the minds of researchers to design sustained drug delivery systems overcoming pre-corneal constraints. The compatibility of antibacterial with Loteprednol Etabonate added polymers, excipients were evaluated through preformulation studies. Different combinations of ocular inserts with antibacterial drug and corticosteroid, excipients were formulated and evaluated. Formula CLE 80 (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride with Loteprednol Etabonate) fulfilled the needs of all organoleptic parameters like appearance, texture, surface pH, drug content, and in-vitro studies. The results predicted CLE 80 ophthalmic film would be a promising controlled-release formulation for better patient compliance

Precise Fabrication of Ocular Inserts Using an Innovative Laser-Driven CaliCut Technology: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation

Ocular inserts offer distinct advantages, including a preservative-free drug delivery system, the ability to provide tailored drug release, and ease of administration. The present research paper delves into the development of an innovative ocular insert using CaliCut technology. Complementing the hot melt extrusion (HME) process, CaliCut, an advanced technology in ocular insert development, employs precision laser gauging to achieve impeccable cutting of inserts with desired dimensions. Its intelligent control over the stretching process through auto feedback-based belt speed adjustment ensures unparalleled accuracy and consistency in dosage form manufacturing. Dry eye disease (DED) poses a significant challenge to ocular health, necessitating innovative approaches to alleviate its symptoms. In this pursuit, castor oil has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent, offering beneficial effects by increasing the thickness of the lipid layer in the tear film, thus improving tear film stability, and reducing tear evaporation. To harness these advantages, this study focuses on the development and comprehensive characterization of castor oil-based ocular inserts. Additionally, in-vivo irritancy evaluation in rabbits has been undertaken to assess the inserts' safety and biocompatibility. By harnessing the HME and CaliCut techniques in the formulation process, the study demonstrates their instrumental role in facilitating the successful development of ocular inserts.

Ocular Drug Delivery System

The projected advent of new medications with short biological half-lives, whose efficacy may depend on a more continuous drug supply than eyedrops can offer, is one reason why innovative ocular drug delivery methods are currently garnering more consideration. moreover due to the possibility for various delivery methods to lessen the negative effects of the Recently released or currently being researched medications with increased potency. certain ophthalmic delivery systems improve corneal absorption to prolong the period of medication activity; These systems include hydrophilic ocular inserts, soluble gels and emulsions, and ion-pair Prodrugs, connections, and liposome. This paper's goal is to review antibiotic formulations intended for ocular delivery. Initially, the ocular barriers and their anatomy and physiology were explained. Topical formulations include contact lenses, ophthalmic inserts, hydrogels, eye drops, and ointments. created in a follow-up section to describe the ocular administration and the presently available quantity format. Lastly, a summary of current developments in the administration of antibiotics to the eyes is given. Not in vivo and Studies conducted in vivo examined the effectiveness of antibacterial compounds. various combinations and configurations are created to lengthen the period of time that antibiotics remain in the eye, enhance their absorption, and the reaction of therapy. The ability to keep the drug at a therapeutic level at the site of action is the greatest obstacle to ocular medicine. In this eye care procedure, illnesses interfere with one's ability to concentrate effectively. This method of delivering drugs to the eyes is hindered by the obstacles that shield the eyes. The active ingredient's bioavailability The main obstacle is the pharmacological substance. Current delivery is optimal for ocular therapies because Comparing the lesser dose needed to the systemic use due to its quick start of action. Topical absorption in this case is this trans-corneal approach to the inner regions of the eye permeation is thought to be the drug's main route of action.

OCULAR INSERETS AS A MODERN THERAPY TREND IN OPTHALMOPATHOLOGY

Ocular insert (OI) has its wide recognition and importance from the 19th century around the world, the use of this dosage form in clinical practice was distributed throughout the USSR. The key issue covered in this review is the development of the ocular insert and their testing by specific parameters of quality. It is important to choose the right excipients and standardize ocular inserts according to pharmacopoeia articles (thickness, pH, biodegradation time). It is also important to control those indicators that increase patient compliance. Technology of solid dosage form consists of several stages: mixing, drying and cutting with packaging in primary polymer packaging. So the manufacturer does not need highly specialized equipment and staff skills. Based on this information, we can concluded that ocular inserts are promising and actively researched dosage form, which in the future, could fully complement or replace the medical drugs traditionally used in ophthalmology.