Octane Number Of Gasoline Research Articles

Oxidative desulphurization of gasoline fractions from Azerbaijani oils

The paper studies the process of oxidative desulphurization of catalytic cracking and coking gasoline types and their close cut fractions. Direct oxidation studies of these gasoline fractions using hydrogen peroxide in the presence of heterogenic catalysts containing Mo and Co ions have been carried out for the oxidation of sulfur compounds and their further extraction via ion fluids enabling extraction of sulfur-organic compounds in the form of concentrates of oily sulfoxides and sulfanoles. Thus, desulfurization degree of gasoline fractions comprises 70-80 % - ultimately without change in gasoline octane number.

Effect of Octane Number on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of an SI Engine

Spark ignition engines are very popular engines that they are running millions of vehicles all over the world. This engine emits many harmful pollutants, such as CO, UHC, and NOX. In this paper, the impact of gasoline octane number on the engine performance and exhaust emissions was studied. In the tests, four-cylinder, four-stroke engine, and two variable octane numbers (RON83 and 94.5) were used. The engine was run at different engine speeds and loads. The results from the experimental study indicated that the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of RON94.5 was higher than RON83 by 13.93%, while the brake thermal efficiency (ƞbth) was higher for RON83 compared to RON94.5 by 12.31%. The emitted emissions for the tested fuels were high when RON83 was used compared to RON94.5 by 65.52%, 49.11%, and 57.33% for CO, UHC, and NOX, respectively.

Toward estimation of upgrading of n-heptane over catalysts using robust technique

Catalytic reforming in the presence of metal-acid bifunctional catalysts is a widely used reaction in refinery industry to improve some properties of products like temperature performance of diesel and octane number of gasoline. So the ability of the prediction of Iso-C7 selectivity during n-heptane hyroconversion is a key issue. In this study, a data set which was collected from previous publications are put in an artificial neural network-multi layer perceptron (ANN-MLP) model. Properties used as input parameters are: temperature, pressure, WHSV (weight hourly space velocity), catalysts acidity and pore volume of the catalysts, and Iso-C7 selectivity used as the output parameter. Based on results, the MLP-ANN has great ability to estimate n-heptane hydroconversion. Root mean squared error (RMSE) and R-squared (R2) error were calculated for training, test and total set of data. For training set, test set and total set RMSE are 97915, 5.1607, and 3.9441, respectively and corresponding R2 are 0.97915, 0.9334, and 0.9746, respectively.

The effect of concentration and acid types on the acidification process for improving the glycerol concentration and its application as a bio additive

The rise of biodiesel production resulted in an increase in the formation of glycerol as a by-product. It takes some effort to purified the crude glycerol and convert it into more valuable product. One of these is by converting glycerol into triacetin which can be used as a bio additive in fuel through the acetylation process. This study aims to determine the effect of concentration and type of acid used in the glycerol purification. The purification were done by acidification, adsorption, filtration, distillation and evaporation. The acidification processes used H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl with percentage of 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%. The purified glycerol was analyzed to determine glycerol content, water content, density and viscosity and converted through acetylation reaction using Ni/Zeolite as a catalyst. The reaction products were analyzed by NaOH titration to determine the unreacted acetic acid which is converted into conversion of reaction. It can be concluded that the highest glycerol concentration was achieved in the addition 5% of H3PO4 with glycerol content of 79.59% and glycerol conversion in acetylation reaction of 82.39%. And its application as a bio additive can increase the Octane Number of commercial gasoline by 6.5%.

Feasibility study on prediction of gasoline octane number using NIR spectroscopy combined with manifold learning and neural network.

Octane number is an anti-knock index of fuel gasoline, which has an important impact on the service life of engine components and the safety of vehicles. Therefore, it is a basic work involving safety to predict the gasoline octane number accurately. This work was aimed to predict the octane number of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy by combining dimension reduction algorithm with neural network. Covariance matrix estimation (CME), known as a mathematical statistic tool, was applied to estimating the intrinsic dimensions of octane spectrum dataset. Landmark-Isometric feature mapping (L-Isomap), as a novel manifold learning algorithm, was used for dimensionality reduction of spectral data. A new method, beetle antennae search optimization BP neural network (BAS-BP), was proposed to realize the prediction of octane number. In order to verify the performance of CME-L-Isomap-BAS-BP model presented in this paper, it is compared with other models. The results showed that when CME-L-Isomap was combined with BAS-BP, the average recovery rate (AR), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), correlation coefficient (R) and running time were superior than other models. The satisfying results demonstrated that the CME-L-Isomap-BAS-BP model is more suitable for prediction of gasoline octane number.

Hierarchically pure and M (Cu, Ni)-impregnated ZSM-5 zeolites for the isomerization catalysis of n-hexane and 1-hexene

Conversion of bio-waste into high value catalytic materials is an option in the quest of maintaining sustainable environment. Here, we report an elaborated analysis of the catalytic activity of synthesized hierarchical pure and M (Cu, Ni)-impregnated ZSM-5 zeolite structures from the rice hull ash (RHuA), which is an abundant bio-waste material in most rice producing regions. To achieve the desired characteristics of ZSM-5 framework for metal (i.e., Cu and Ni) impregnation, an organic template-free method synthesis was designed. Further, the catalytic performance of the metal impregnated ZSM-5 in the isomerization of n-hexane and 1-hexene were carried out in a continuous flow stainless steel fixed bed reactor. Three (3) metal impregnation percentages, namely 1, 3 and 5% of Cu/Ni were investigated and compared in respect to the metals. The isomerization of higher alkanes/alkenes is crucial in petroleum industries to increase the octane number of gasoline. Reaction parameters of interest were catalyst amount, reaction temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), and reaction time were optimized and the obtained results are elaborately discussed. The Ni-ZSM-5 have superior catalytic activity compared Cu-ZSM-5, although the catalytic activity of ZSM-5 zeolite increases with the loading percentage for both Cu and Ni. To explain the metal loading effects on catalytic activity of the ZSM-5, density functional theory calculations were done through adsorption-desorption mechanistic approach. This combined experimental and theoretical investigation strongly validated the reliability of the results.

Octane Prediction from Infrared Spectroscopic Data

A model for the prediction of research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) of hydrocarbon mixtures and gasoline–ethanol blends has been developed based on infrared spectroscopy data o...

Combined Selective Hydrogenation and Catalytic Cracking Process for Efficient Conversion of Heavy Cycle Oil to High Octane Number Gasoline

Heavy cycle oil (HCO) is difficult to be converted into gasoline via fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) or hydrotreating. Abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in HCO lead to condensation coke and ...

Comparison of extreme learning machine models for gasoline octane number forecasting by near-infrared spectra analysis

The octane number is often used in the evaluation of the gasoline quality due to its antiknock property. The traditional ASTM-CFR internal combustion engine method costs an enormous amount of expenditure and time to determine its level of each product upgrade. The extreme learning machine (ELM) and its improved models are a new type of single-hidden layer feed-forward neural network (SLFN). This structure has advantages over the traditional neural network technology in regression tasks. Based on the response relationship between the near-infrared spectra and the octane number, 60 groups of collected gasoline data are divided into training and test sets. The ELM, online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM), and self-adaptive evolutionary extreme learning machine (SaDE-ELM) models are applied to the prediction task of the octane number. The statistical parameters RMSE, CORR, and R2 and the execution time are used as the performance comparison criteria for the three models. The simulation results show that the OS-ELM and the SaDE-ELM improve the prediction accuracy, the generalization ability, the stability of the ELM in different levels.

Efficient Ring-opening Reaction of Tetralin over Nanosized ZSM-5 Zeolite: Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 Ratio and Reaction Condition

The naphtheno-aromatics from the hydrogenation of light cycle oil and coke gas oil are important feedstocks for producing high octane number gasoline via a cracking reaction. However, besides the r...

Parametric study of gasoline properties on combustion characteristics of gasoline compression engines using reaction kinetics simulation and density-based global sensitivity analysis

Gasoline compression ignition combustion has been regarded as a potential technology for future vehicle power source. Understanding the relationship between gasoline properties and its auto-ignition behaviors is critical to the development of this new combustion technology. Aiming at this goal, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence mechanism of gasoline octane number, fuel sensitivity and equivalence ratio on the combustion behaviors of an advanced compression engine. A hybrid analysis method was proposed in the study; a reaction kinetics model coupled with a new-developed gasoline surrogate mechanism was used to trace the engine’s combustion characteristics, while a density-based global sensitivity analysis method was applied to decode the composite effect of each factor. Results demonstrate two distinct combustion modes in low temperature conditions and give separation functions in the input space of three factors (R-Squares are above 97%). The reaction kinetics analysis points out the shift of dominant reaction groups is the main reason for incomplete combustion phenomenon. Then the global sensitivity result shows octane number is the dominant factor controlling the rate of the combustion heat release under all conditions (the averaged sensitivity index exceeds 0.7); fuel sensitivity only makes a considerable effect on combustion performances under low temperature regions, with sensitivity indices of 0.2–0.3. Besides, the local sensitivity of each factor on combustion behaviors at specific points is also given to understand the influence mechanism resulted from the variations of fuel properties. This study provides a useful method for getting deeper insights into the combustion dynamics and kinetic reaction in gasoline compression ignition engines.

An experimental study on optimal spark timing control for improved performance of a flex fuel vehicle engine

In the American continent, the most frequently used alternative fuel is ethanol. Especially in Brazil, various blends of gasoline–ethanol fuels are widely spread. The vehicle using blended fuel is called flexible fuel vehicle. Because of several selections for the blending ratios in gas stations, the fuel properties may vary after refueling depending on a driver’s selection. Also, the combustion characteristics of the flexible fuel vehicle engine may change. In order to respond to the flexible fuel vehicle market in Brazil, a study on blended fuels is performed. The main purpose of this study is to enhance performance of the flexible fuel vehicle engine to target Brazilian market. Therefore, we investigated combustion characteristics and optimal spark timings of the blended fuels with various blending ratios to improve the performance of the flexible fuel vehicle engine. As a tool for prediction of the optimal spark timing for the 1.6L flexible fuel vehicle engine, the empirical equation was suggested. The validity of the equation was investigated by comparing the predicted optimal spark timings with the stock spark timings through engine tests. When the stock spark timings of E0 and E100 were optimal, the empirical equation predicted the actual optimal spark timings for blended fuels with a good accuracy. In all conditions, by optimizing spark timing control, performance was improved. Especially, torque improvements of E30 and E50 fuels were 5.4% and 1.8%, respectively, without affecting combustion stability. From these results, it was concluded that the linear interpolation method is not suitable for flexible fuel vehicle engine control. Instead of linear interpolation method, optimal spark timing which reflects specific octane numbers of gasoline–ethanol blended fuels should be applied to maximize performance of the flexible fuel vehicle engine. The results of this study are expected to save the effort required for engine calibration when developing new flexible fuel vehicle engines and to be used as a basic strategy to improve the performance of other flexible fuel vehicle engines.

High Octane Number Gasoline-Ether Blend

Gasoline produced in Egypt is a low-grade gasoline that contains high concentration of harmful components that are having a toll on our environment. In addition, those pollutants cause countless diseases and deaths annually to the Egyptian population. This paper targets two main sectors in the production of commercial gasoline. The improvement engine efficiency through the upgrading of octane number is first experimented by using a blendstock that ranges from gasoline fractions and Isomerates. An optimum was then chosen depending on the results obtained from different tests. Through those experiments, it was determined which samples obeyed the EU regulation for transportation emissions. Having an excellent gasoline with a high octane number but produced large quantities of harmful emissions was unacceptable. This leads to the section aim of this research, which was to produce an environmental gasoline. This meant that once the gasoline sample is combusted, it should produce limited amounts of emissions such as 1% benzene since benzene is carcinogenic. A sample with euro 3 specification was produced and showed excellent gasoline properties such as an RON value of around 95 without the use of octane enhancers. A second sample showed better results satisfied euro 5 regulations and produced an even higher octane number than the euro 3 sample. This sample was the optimum environmental ETBE-gasoline high octane number blend. By understanding the composition of those samples, maximum yield of commercial gasoline could be produced. This would also lead to the reduction of pollutants in the environment. Completing this task with successful results means that this environmental high octane number gasoline could be produced and used in Egypt. Such blends should be produced on a large scale by exercising euro 3 and/or 5 regulations.

Quantitative analysis of product quality of naphtha reforming process under uncertain process conditions

Soft sensors have been used for estimation of research octane number (RON) of gasoline and to realize stability in process operation. In this study, a novel framework is proposed by incorporating uncertainty analysis in the conventional soft-sensor design for RON prediction. Ensemble learning method, i.e., boosting, and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to realize highly efficient soft sensor. The individual impact of uncertainty of each process variable on RON was analyzed using Sobol technique and Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST). The accumulative effect of uncertainties on RON was investigated through nonintrusive polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). For realizing reliability in online application of the predictive distribution of RON, control limits were derived using a Just-in-Time method, i.e., k-d tree. The proposed method was validated through process data where the results were found suitable for industrial applications.

Conversion of residues from agro-food industry into bioethanol in Iran: An under-valued biofuel additive to phase out MTBE in gasoline

It is obvious that Iran agricultural industry, unlike Brazil and USA, cannot afford to provide conventional biomass, i.e. sugary or starchy biomass for bioethanol production, mainly due to climatic and geographic conditions. With some exception of date (fruit), first-generation ethanol production triggers food vs. fuel debates in Iran and put nation to hunger. Agricultural products including apple, barley, carrot, corn, grape, orange, potato, rice, sugar beet, sugarcane, and wheat are consumed domestically, exported, or even lost because of poor harvesting and processing conditions such as transportation or packaging. These products may alone generate 21.56 million ton per annum green wastes upon processing in the food industry. Every year about 5.4 billion liters of bioethanol can be produced by establishing second-generation ethanol plants next to the food processing sectors. Seventy-seven-percent of this amount of bioethanol can easily support 5% ethanol (E5) policy to phase out the consumption of 4.2 billion liters methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) for raising the octane number of gasoline in the country. If more comprehensive policy is adopted, larger quantities of lignocellulosic feedstocks can be gathered from agro as well as forestry practices. Second-generation bioethanol technology can help Iran to tackle air pollution in its big cities and to address the adverse effects of MTBE on its populations and ecosystem. The other advantages are improvement of fuel security, mitigation of climate change, and development of economy. The motivation can be created through passing a framework policy to cut fossil fuel subsidies, to mandate bioethanol blends in gasoline, and to impose carbon taxes. Development of coherent socially and environmentally relevant strategies and facilitation of investment in bioethanol industry are also necessary.

Improve the Octane Number of Gasoline and Studying the effect of Reid vapor pressure and Calorific Value by using Environmental additives

An assessment was made for the impact resulted by the addition of (DO) and (DOA) on the octane number and Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of gasoline with different chemical compositions. The locally produced gasoline had been blended with three different ratios (v/v) of the additives, i.e. 8, 10 and 15%. The octane rating of gasoline was observed to continuous increased and linearly with the addition of (DO and DOA). The DOA-gasoline blends produced higher octane number. The two additives observed that decreased significantly the RVP and CV of the original fractions when blended with gasoline. However, additives were add in (8, 10, 15%vol) to gasoline blend, increasing RON was (0.9-23.9).

Research of Isobutyl Oil as Antiknock Additive to Straight-Run Gasoline

The results of research of isobutyl oil (IBO) (waste of methanol production from synthesis gas) as antiknock additive to straight-run gasoline are presented. The long-term experience of using aliphatic alcohols as oxygenates is described briefly. The existing directions of application of IBO were listed. IBO contains alcohols with branched structure that have a strong detonation resistance and a calorific value comparable to hydrocarbons. A theoretical substantiation of the possibility of using IBO as additive for increases of detonation properties of gasoline is discussed. IBO as an antiknock additive to increase the octane rating of straight-run gasoline A-76 brand was investigated. It is shown that the additive of IBO allows to modernize gasoline A-76 to A-92 brand. The developed method increasing the octane number of straight run gasoline is presented.

THE ENHANCEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BY USING PROBLEM POSING APPROACH THROUGH LESSON STUDY ACTIVITIES

in general, chemical engineering has the aim to direct students in understanding the basic concepts of chemical engineering, fuel, and lubricating oil in the automotive field. One of the subjects is calculating octane numbers of gasoline which involve mathematical operations, which can cause anxiety to the learner. Therefore, a learning approach is needed that can reduce mathematical anxiety through problem posing. The application of problem posing aims to improve student learning outcomes. Before being applied, lesson study (plan-do-see) was carried out. The sample consists of 32 students, with the technique of collecting observation data & pre-test & post-test. Data were analyzed descriptively and t-test. The results of the study found an increase in learning outcomes as seen by the post-test score = 89.75 higher than the pre-test score = 78.5.

Evaluation of the passive pre-chamber ignition concept for future high compression ratio turbocharged spark-ignition engines

The pre-chamber ignition concept is an attractive strategy to enable the operation of spark-ignition engines in lean or diluted conditions keeping a suitable combustion process. According to the results the benefits in lean conditions include the combustion process shortening, the improvement of combustion stability and the increase of combustion efficiency by lowering carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emissions. Thus, the pre-chamber ignition concept, especially in its passive version, arises as a promising alternative for future spark-ignition engines for passenger car applications. In this framework, an experimental investigation has been carried out to evaluate the potential of passive pre-chamber ignition concept in a high compression ratio, turbocharged, port fueled spark-ignition engine, using 95 Research Octane Number gasoline. As a first step, a 1D Wave Action Model was generated to design the pre-chamber geometry taking the fuel available at the start of pre-chamber combustion and the pressure difference between the main chamber and pre-chamber as key parameters. In a second step, these pre-chamber designs were experimentally validated at high load/speed conditions (4500 rpm, 12.5 bar Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) and compared with the conventional spark-ignition concept. Experimental results show how the passive pre-chamber concept increases efficiency with good combustion stability and high combustion efficiency in stoichiometric conditions. Nevertheless, maximum lambda attainable with the passive system is similar than that of the conventional spark and much lower compared to the maximum levels reported for the active system.

Determination of the Optimum formula for Composite Motor Gasoline Octane Number Blending Enhancer

To decrease the dependency of producing high octane number gasoline on the catalytic processes in petroleum refineries and to increase the gasoline pool, the effect of adding a suggested formula of composite blending octane number enhancer to motor gasoline composed of a mixture of oxygenated materials (ethanol and ether) and aromatic materials (toluene and xylene) was investigated by design of experiments made by Mini Tab 15 statistical software. The original gasoline before addition of the octane number blending enhancer has a value of (79) research octane number (RON). The design of experiments which study the optimum volumetric percentages of the four variables, ethanol, toluene, and ether and xylene materials leads to 30 experiments. The results obtained show that RON can reach a value of 103.1 (30.5% RON improvement) when a formula of composite octane number blending enhancer containing a volumetric percentage of 15, 25, 25 volumetric percent of ethanol, toluene and xylene respectively. The cost study in comparison with the price of high octane number gasoline sold in Iraq show that this formula has a high cost of 2050 Iraqi Dinar (IQD)/liter gasoline, while the formula of composite octane number blending enhancer containing 15% volumetric percentage of Ethanol only leading to gasoline of 89.6 RON (13.4 % ON improvement) gave minimum cost of 300 IQD / liter gasoline for the blend of octane number enhancer making the total price of the gasoline to be competitive with the high ON gasoline imported from outside Iraq. While the formula of 7.5, 12.5, 37.5 and 5% volumetric percentage of ethanol, toluene, xylene, and ether respectively have a maximum cost of 2525 IQD of produced gasoline of 101.3 RON (octane number improved by 28.23%).