Spices and condiments are mainly used for enhancing the flavour, aroma and colour of food. Ethnic groups having their unique cultures and traditions in the utilisation of various plants show the rich diversity of Tripura. The objective of the study is to document the ethnobotanical uses of spices and condiments and to determine the most culturally important spices and condiments used by these ethnic groups. The present study was carried out on four ethnic groups namely - Debbarma, Jamatia, Kalai and Noatia. The data was collected from 102 informants randomly selected households from 31 villages for each ethnic group. A total of 75 plant species belonging to 62 genera and 33 families used as spices and condiments were reported. Leaves (33%) were the most used part followed by fruits (19%), stems (12%), rhizomes (10%), flowers (4%) young shoots (8%), bulbs (2%), seeds (8%), buds (2%), inflorescence (1%) and pseudostems (1%), barks (1%). Zingiberaceae was the most dominant family followed by Apiaceae and Fabaceae. Flavouring was the most used category followed by seasoning, preservation and colouring. Habitwise, herbs were represented by the maximum number (38) followed by trees (15), shrubs (12), aquatic (4), climbers (3) and grass (2). Debbarma used the maximum number of plants (54 spp.) as spices and condiments followed by Jamatia (33 spp.), Kalai (30 spp.) and Noatia (41 spp.). Trachyspermum roxburghianum was the most culturally important plant with a mean cultural index 1.37 followed by Curcuma longa (1.34), Ocimum americanum (1.30), Allium sativum (1.20) and Zingiber officinale (1.19).

In Beninese traditional medicine, Khaya senegalensis, Ocimum americanum, and Cassytha filiformis are commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to evaluate their phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, analgesic and diuretic effects, and acute toxicity. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed using staining and precipitation methods. Plant materials were extracted with 70% ethanol, yielding a hydroethanolic extract. Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic strains was assessed using disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Anti-biofilm effects were evaluated with a colorimetric method. Analgesic and diuretic activities were tested in vivo in Wistar rats. Acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extracts was assessed over 14 days following OECD guidelines. Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponosides, tannins, reducing compounds, and mucilage in various plant parts. All extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococci and uropathogenic Enterobacteria, with inhibition zones of 13.8-21.2 mm and MICs of 3.5-9 mg/mL. Both aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts reduced bacterial biofilm formation to varying degrees. At 200 mg/kg, the hydroethanolic extracts significantly reduced acetic acid-induced pain. K. senegalensis and C. filiformis exhibited diuretic activity comparable to furosemide. No toxic effects were observed at 2000 mg/kg. The antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, analgesic, and diuretic properties of these plants support their use in managing UTIs. Their favorable acute toxicity profile further highlights their therapeutic potential and supports the development of improved traditional medicines.

Background: Traditional herbal steam inhalation (Nyungu) is a key healthcare practice in Zanzibar for treating respiratory, febrile, and spiritual ailments. Despite its importance, it remains under documented and underutilized in wellness tourism. This study aimed to document the medicinal plants used in Nyungu and explore opportunities for integration into tourism. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 26 shehias (14 in Unguja and 12 in Pemba). Sixty-eight traditional healers were purposively selected and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Data on plant use, preparation, treated ailments, and commercialization were analyzed using SPSS and Origin software. Results: The study identified 73 and 75 plant species in Unguja and Pemba, respectively. Commonly cited species included Citrus aurantiacus, Azadirachta indica, and Ocimum americanum. The main ailments treated were runny nose (18%), fever (15%), common cold (13%), and spiritual disorders (12%). Treatment regimens varied: most healers in Unguja preferred one-day sessions, while those in Pemba favored three- to seven-day duration. Polyherbal preparations were widely used. Commercialization was limited, with 60% of healers in Unguja and 84% in Pemba not offering services to tourists. Documentation was low, as only 8% (Unguja) and 17% (Pemba) recorded their practices. Conclusion: Nyungu remains a cornerstone of traditional healthcare in Zanzibar and holds promise for wellness tourism. However, poor documentation, limited commercialization, and lack of standardization hinder its development. Phytochemical validation, cultivation of key species, tourism integration, and supportive policies are recommended for sustainable use and cultural preservation.

Abstract Background Vector control strategies have predominantly relied on the use of synthetic chemicals, leading to the widespread of resistance among malaria vector populations. This growing resistance has prompted increased interest in alternative control methods, particularly those based on plant-derived essential oils (EOs). The present study investigates the insecticidal efficacy of five essential oils against field populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from Burkina Faso. The objective was also to assess the current distribution and frequency of resistance-conferring mutations within these mosquito populations. Methods Essential oils were extracted from Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus , Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Lippia multiflora , and Ocimum americanum plants by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The insecticidal activity of the EOs was evaluated on Anopheles gambiae complex populations collected from fifteen localities, following the WHO tube bioassay protocol. Species identification in Anopheles complex was carried out by PCR. Molecular assays targeting specific resistance genes, particularly the knockdown resistance ( kdr ) L1014F mutation, were conducted using allele-specific PCR. The KD effect and mortality rates induced by each EO were recorded. Results GC–MS analysis revealed among the 5 EOs samples tested, monoterpenes were the dominant compounds. The KD effects of Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus and Lippia multiflora were more pronounced in all the study areas. The comparative analysis of knockdown times at 50% and 95% (KDT50 and KDT95) highlights significant differences in efficacy between the tested essential oils and permethrin. Overall, the essential oils exhibited significantly lower KDT values than permethrin, indicating a faster and potentially more effective action against Anopheles gambiae populations. Moreover, L. multiflora induced a rate of mortality of 100% in mosquitoes from fifteen localities. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in mortality rates among the EOs tested. The potent insecticidal activity observed is likely due to the major terpenoid compounds present in these EOs. Among the mosquito populations analyzed, Anopheles arabiensis was predominant and exhibited high phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids in multiple locations. Conclusion The EOs of Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus , and Lippia multiflora could be used as alternatives where pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors has been established. These findings support the potential integration of these plant-derived oils into environmentally sustainable vector management strategies in Burkina Faso.

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that involves the coordinated efforts of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Chronic wounds of various etiologies, such as diabetic ulcers and pressure sores, pose significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide due to their recalcitrant nature and associated complications. Wound healing is a complex physiological process, crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. Recently, plant-derived drugs have gained considerable attention due to their potential therapeutic applications in wound healing. In this study, we have evaluated the wound-healing properties of Ocimum canum (OC-12) extract in in-vitro and in-vivo models. Initially, we used bio-assay-guided isolation approach to identify phytochemicals present in the OC-12 extract. This leads us to isolate nine compounds for the first time from this plant. The extract’s efficacy in promoting wound closure and cell migration was evaluated using in-vitro scratch assays in fibroblast cell lines. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, the extract at a concentration of 50 µg/ml reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-6 and TNF-α levels, by 27% and 37% respectively. At the concentration of 20µM, the isolated compounds BS, ND, and SL showed the 30%, 21%, and 23% inhibition of IL-6, respectively. Subsequently, BS, ND, and SL inhibited TNF-α production by 37%, 42% and 39%, respectively. The extract also possesses antioxidant potential, with a 51.7 µg/mL EC50 value as shown in DPPH radical scavenging assay. In in-vivo wound model, topical application of the 100 mg/mL extract reflected faster wound closure compared to the control, highlighting its therapeutic potential in wound management and inflammation control. These results emphasize the promising therapeutic application of OC-12 extract for the development of novel wound healing agents.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-19923-6.

Insecticidal activity of purified compounds and their derivatives from Ocimum americanum L. against dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti.

This study documents the indigenous medicinal knowledge of the Ongota/Birale people in Hinchete Kebele (county) of Benna Tsemay Woreda (district), South Omo Zone, Ethiopia whose language is endangered, with only six speakers remaining. With their language endangered, documenting their heritage of ethnomedicine is necessary. The study was conducted from January 2023 to February 2024. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with the remaining speakers, field observations, and medicinal plants specimen collection across 14 locations. The data were translated, transcribed, coded, and thematized. Thematic analysis was applied for identifying recurring themes and patterns in the data and interpreting. Frequency analysis was used for some quantifiable data. Ninety-eight sources were cataloged in this study including 31 plant taxa, 8 animal derivatives, 4 minerals, and 3 other materials. Thirty-seven distinct human health problems/Roosaa/ were treated by these. Solanaceae is the most frequently used plant family closely followed by Burseraceae and Tiliaceae. Herbs comprised the largest proportion (38.7%) of the identified medicinal plant species, followed by shrubs (25.8%), trees (22.58%), and climbers (12.9%). 83.87% were harvested from wild areas (natural forest) and 16.13% from home gardens. Grinding and crushing constituted (70%) as the dominant preparation method. The most common routes of administration are dermal (51.35%) and oral (35.13%). Animal-based products (milk, butter, honey, spleen, fat, blood), traditional drinks ('areke' and 'boordee'), and minerals (red soil, the salt mineral 'megaaddoo,' common salt, and copper) were also used. The most frequent therapies reported are cauterization (33.3%), bloodletting (33.3%), massage (22.2%), and acupressure (11.1%). From the 26 medicinal plants that grow in the study area, 7 i.e., Ocimum americanum, Acalypha fruticosa, Corchorus tridens, Adenium obesum, Terminalia brownii, Boswellia neglecta, and Sansevieria ehrenbergii were not reported for similar uses previously. Pharmacological studies have not yet been reported for 12 of the 26 medicinal plants against the causative agents of the diseases they reported. The Birale/Ongota have rich indigenous medicinal knowledge and therapeutic practices that have been maintaining their health. However, due to threats by environmental challenges and the endangerment of their language and culture, further research on ways of conserving their biodiversity and indigenous livelihoods, preserving their medicinal plants, finding the active ingredients in them, and integrating their indigenous healthcare system with the modern are required.

This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of phenolics and antioxidants potential of 9 wild edible vegetables belonging to 9 genera and 6 families in the Surghar range, Pakistan. The selected vegetables were Momordica balsamina, Mentha longifolia, Portulaca oleracea, Cucumis melo var. agrestis, Apteranthes tuberculata, Amaranthus viridis, Achyranthes aspera, Ocimum americanum and Brassica rapa. Dominant families were Amaranthaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae each with 2 documented plant species.Apocynaceae, Portulacaceae and Brasicaceae were found with one species each.The highest antioxidant values were obtained from Portulaca oleracea(62.30%), Mentha longifolia (56.26%) and Ocimum americanum (47.95%). Lowest value was recorded in Cucumis melo var. Agrestis(1.56%). The maximum amount of phenolic contents were present in Amaranthus viridis (523.48 GAE/g), Achyranthes aspera(355.46 GAE/g)and Portulaca oleracea (341.05 GAE/g).Momordica balsaminawas observed with lower amount of phenolic content (45.70GAE/g). The findings underscore the rich antioxidant and phenolic contents potential of these underutilized wild edible species of the Surghar range, emphasizing their importance in addressing food security challenges, promoting sustainable development, and especially exploring their applications in nutraceuticals. Keywords: Wild Edible Vegetables, Antioxidant, Phenolic Content, Surghar range, Nutraceuticals, Food Source

Basil (Ocimum L.) is an important essential oil crop, medicinal plant, and culinary herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It has extensive nutritional and therapeutic benefits, making it valuable in culinary and medicinal applications. Hence, in this study, we aimed to induce basil’s nutritive and biological value. To this end, this study evaluates the potential of the plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas JP0825, isolated from the Jazan region, KSA, as a biopriming agent to improve the growth, nutritional quality, and bioactive compound profile of sweet (Ocimum basilicum L.) and American (Ocimum americanum L.) basil. The molecular identification of Pseudomonas JP0825 confirmed its phylogenetic relationship with other beneficial Pseudomonas species. Our findings revealed significant increases in photosynthetic pigments, biomass, and proximate composition, particularly in sweet basil, following inoculation. Elevated levels of vitamins, amino acids, and organic and fatty acids were observed, alongside enhanced secondary metabolites like phenolics and flavonoids, correlated with enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant properties of treated basil improved significantly, as indicated by increased FRAP and ABTS activities. Furthermore, Pseudomonas JP0825 demonstrated an ability to boost the antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aspergillus flavus. These findings highlight the strain’s potential as a sustainable alternative to chemical inputs, offering improvements in crop quality and resilience, and contributing to global food security efforts.

Rice blast, aused by Magnaporthe oryzae B.C.Couch, is considered as the main fungal disease in rice fields in Burkina Faso. This study aimed to assess the essential oils of Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum gratissimum and Lippia multiflora on mycelial radial growth and inhibition rate of the fungus using the contact and fumigation methods. For each essential oil, six doses were used : T0 (0 µl/ml), T1 (0.1 µl/ml), T2 (0.6 µl/ml), T3 (1.2 µl/ml), T4 (1.8 µl/ml) and T5 (2.4 µl/ml). In both tests, two treatments of synthetic fungicides namely Tma (mancozeb) and Taz (azoxystrobin) at recommended doses of 6.67 µl/ml and 3.33 µl/ml respectively. The results showed that in the contact method, essential oils of L. multiflora, O. americanum,C. schoenanthus and O. gratissimum inhibited 100% (0 cm of diameter) the fungus mycelial radial growth at doses of T3 (1.2 µl/ml), T5 (2.4 µl/ml), T2 (0.6 µl/ml) and T2 (0.6 µl/ml) respectively. As for the fumigation method, oils of L. multiflora, O. americanum,C. schoenanthus and O. gratissimum inhibited mycelial radial growth of the fungus by 100% at doses of T2 (0.6 µl/ml), T5 (2.4 µl/ml), T4 (1.8 µl/ml) and T3 (1.2 µl/ml) respectively. Mancozeb and azoxystrobin treatments inhibited radial mycelial growth by 100% and 74.1% respectively. These essential oils can be used to control rice blast in the field. The use of these essential oils in rice blast management may also help to reduce environmental pollution caused by synthetic fungicides.”

Background/Objectives: There is evidence concerning herbal medicines and plant-based compounds, including Lamiaceae species, as putative senolytic agents; however, there are only a few reports on Ocimum americanum properties using rat models. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects and potential modes of action of Ocimum americanum L. using ex vivo and in vivo assays to assess the effects of OAEE on hippocampal tissue from young adult and late middle-aged Wistar rats, with a focus on oxidative stress, cholinesterase activity, and neuroinflammatory markers. Methods: Ocimum americanum ethanol extract (OAEE) was incubated with hippocampal slices of young adult and late middle-aged male Wistar rats exposed to H2O2; an acute treatment with OAEE was evaluated in aversive memory performance and neurochemical parameters, such as hippocampal cellular oxidative state, and anticholinesterase activity, and a diet supplementation of OAEE were evaluated on several hippocampal biochemical parameters, such as oxidative state, anticholinesterase activity, and neuroinflammatory parameters in young adult and late middle-aged male rats. Results: OAEE reversed the H2O2-induced impaired cellular viability in hippocampal slices from young adult rats, as well as protected hippocampal slices against H2O2-induced damage in both young adult and late middle-aged Wistar rats, indicating its neuroprotective action. Chronic dietary OAEE supplementation reduced aging-induced increases in reactive species and lipid peroxidation levels in the hippocampus. Indeed, this supplementation reduced the TNF-α content in hippocampus from both ages, and IL-1β levels in young adult rats. Conclusions: The antioxidant actions of OAEE here observed, preventing the lipoperoxidation, as well as its anti-neuroinflammatory effect, might be related to neuroprotective effect. Our findings add evidence to support the idea of the potential use of Ocimum americanum as a nutraceutical or functional food in the aging process.

Stomach ulcers have become more common recently, mostly as a result of the usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines. Thus, current work examined Ocimum americanum antiulcer effectiveness on acute stomach mucosal hemorrhagic lesions caused by ethanol-induced ulcers. Six groups of Swiss albino mice were selected at random: three experimental, normal control, ulcer control, and standard groups. Oral feeding of the normal control groups used a 10 ml/kg vehicle. The standard group was given 40 mg/kg pantoprazole. Ocimum americanum leaves extract (OALE) at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg was given to the groups being studied. Except for the first group, all groups received an oral treatment of 1 ml of ethanol solution for gastric-ulcer production after an hour. All of the mice were killed after one hour. The ulcer control group had significant superficial hemorrhagic lesions of the stomach mucosa and a reduction in the pH of the stomach contents and gastric mucus production. The OALE considerably lowered the number of ulcers, as shown by the elevated stomach pH and mucus production, the area of the ulcer reduced or not edema, and the infiltration of leucocytes into the subcutaneous layer. OALE substantially raised the amount of nitric oxide (NO) and reduced the stomach mucosal homogenate's concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). OALE acute toxicity in mice did not show any toxicological symptoms 400 mg/kg as a dose, and it may strengthen defenses against stomach mucosal lesions. Because of its antioxidant and mucoprotective qualities, OALE demonstrated gastro-protective benefits.

Ocimum canum Sims is an aromatic, essential oil, and medicinal plant. Although this species is not as well studied as other members of the genus, such as Ocimum basilicum, there is evidence of high biological activity of extracts and use for certain diseases. The essential oil composition, according to previous data, is valuable but depends on numerous factors. This study aimed to evaluate economically valuable features of O. canum f. 17-35 in the flowering stage grown in the South of Ukraine (Kherson Oblast). Plants were investigated for morphometric features such as plant height (cm), plant diameter (cm), length and width of leaves (in cm), inflorescence length (cm), the number of shoots (first and second order), inflorescences (per plant), and described the colour of shoots, lamina, and flowers. The essential oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation method (Ginsberg’s method) on the Clevenger apparatus. The study of the component composition of the essential oil was carried out by the high-performance gas-liquid chromatography method. It was found the average values of plant height (55.17 cm), plant diameter (44.6 cm), leaf length (6.98 cm), leaf width (4.1 cm), inflorescence length (26.55 cm), inflorescence number (82.43), shoot number of first order (9.88), and shoot number of second order (5.73). The 43 compounds were determined in the essential oil, and 41 were identified. The main components of the O. canum f. 17-35 essential oil of this sample are linalool (58.99%), methyl chavicol (10.66%), epi-α-cadinol (5.14%), eugenol (4.71%), and geraniol (4.35%) Thus, the obtained data concerning the O. canum showed differences in essential oil content and selected morphometrical parameters of plants. Also, the essential oil of O. canum f. 17-35 contains the principal chemicals that can be used in further pharmacological investigations, cosmetic, and food industries

Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia hirta and Ocimum americanum: Optimization, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications

Exploration of the Ocimum americanum extract as a novel pickling agent for steel in sulfuric acid medium: electrochemical, surface modification, DFT, and MC simulation studies

BackgroundMalaria poses a global threat to human health. It’s a vector-borne disease of public health concern and affects the socio-economic status of people in developing countries. Malaria management faces many challenges namely, affordability, availability, and quality of drugs. Plants are considered a very significant resource in many parts of the world due to their variety of uses in treating diseases and ailments. Conventional drugs are expensive and not readily available. Repellents have been in use for the prevention of Anopheles bites, but all these have a myriad of negative effects to the user, such as allergy and dermatitis. This study sought to develop a plant-based Anopheles gambiae repellent for control of malaria, because it is eco-friendly and non-toxic. MethodsThe plant leaf samples: Ocimum americanum and Eucalyptus citriodora were collected from Mugui village in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya, while Ocimum suave was harvested at Gacuru village in Meru County, Kenya. The samples were hydro-distilled using a Clevenger apparatus to obtain the essential oils. The experimental tests were done in a repellent testing chamber. The values of repellency action were determined over control at a p-value of 0.05 and 0.01 by one-way ANOVA and separated using Student-Newman-Keels at P ≤ 0.05 using Minitab software. The chemical analysis of the essential oils was done using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective detector instrument (GC-MSD). The human-bait method was used to assess the repellency efficacy of the essential oils and their blends against An. gambiae.ResultsThe GC-MSD results revealed that the plants are endowed with terpenoids, such as 1,8-Cineole. β-Bisabolene, β-Pinene, α-Terpineol, and Geranial as the most abundant compounds in the samples. The blend of O. suave and O. americanum in the ratio of 1:1 was the most potent (100.00 ± 0.00) and compared well with the positive control Ballet™ (100.00 ± 0.00). The observation that the blend of O. suave and O. americanum was comparable to Ballet™, suggests that this may be due to additive or synergistic effects of individual constituents.ConclusionThis study revealed that these plants are endowed with bioactive compounds such as terpenoids and flavonoids that possess potent repellency against An. gambiae mosquitoes.

Non-target organisms are not well studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seven essential oils, two fixed oils, d-limonene and eugenol on the mortality, behavior and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (ENPs). The oils were diluted at 1% (v/v) in water with Tween® 80 PS at 0.05% (v/v), and water with Tween® alone was used as the control treatment. In the mortality test, 2 mL of solution containing 50 µL of the nematode suspension, 20 µL of oil/compounds solution isolated with Tween 80, and 1930 µL of water were placed in plastic containers. After four days, the number of dead juveniles was counted. In the bioassay of the behavior of the EPNs, the frequency of lateral body beats of the infective juveniles in liquid medium was analyzed after exposure to the solutions. In the infectivity test, after contact of the EPNs with oils and essential oil chemical compounds, the juveniles were washed and applied to second-instar Spodoptera eridania larvae. All oils and isolated compounds caused mortality in H. amazonensis and S. rarum, with Ocimum canum and the isolated compound eugenol showing the highest efficacy against H. amazonensis and O. canum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Zingiber officinale, Salvia sclarea and the isolated compound eugenol being the most effective against S. rarum. There was a reduction in the number of lateral beats of H. amazonensis and S. rarum for all treatments, with the exception of Cymbopogon winterianus in H. amazonensis and Annona muricata in S. rarum. The infectivity of H. amazonenis and S. rarum on S. eridania was reduced when exposed to the solutions, with the exception of the isolated compound d-limonene in both species, soursop for H. amazonenis and rosemary for S. rarum, which were classified as non-toxic to the species tested. The results obtained in this study may be useful for the choice of oils and essential oil chemical compounds with potential use in integrated pest management programs.

The main harmful insect that infest stored freshwater smoked fishes is Dermestes maculatus (De Geer, 1774) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). To fight against this harmful insect, people used chemical pesticides. To contribute to the protection of these foodstuffs against attacks of harmful insects during storage, some essential oils of aromatic plants with insecticidal properties are considered as alternatives nowadays. The purpose of the present work was to determine the chemical composition, insecticidal and repellent effects of the essential oils of three aromatic plants of Lamiaceae: Ocimum canum, Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum on D. maculatus. After extraction by hydrodistillation of these plants, the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Insecticidal and insect repellent tests were carried out by contact inhalation of crude essential oils on D. maculatus isolated from stored smoked freshwater fishes. The yields of extraction revealed that O. canum (0.35%) produced more essential oils than O. gratissimum (0.30%) and O. basilicum (0.15%). The GC/MS analyzes showed 47, 46 and 41 chemical compounds in O. basilicum, O. canum and O. gratissimuum essential oil respectively with o-thymol as major active ingredient. These essential oils are rich in monoterpenes (˃75 %). The oxygenated monoterpenes are more represented in O. basilicum (80.30%) followed by O. gratissimum (66.67 %) and O. canum (60.81 %). The essential oil of O. gratissimum is the most effective with a smaller lethal dose 100 (LD100) of 16 µL on larvae VII and 100 µL on adults, with a repellent power of 61.25% (Class IV) on larvae VII. According to the results, the lower lethal time 100 (LT100) is from 18 h for O. gratissimum and from 22 h for O. basilicum and O. canum on the larvae VII. These results suggest a sustainable strategy for the control of insect pests in stored products.

Optimization of microwave-assisted green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ocimum americanum and Euphorbia hirta extracts: In vitro evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and wound healing properties

The acute oral and subacute cutaneous toxicities of Hyptis spicigera and Ocimum americanum from Burkina Faso were evaluated in this study. In both experiments the concentration was 5000 mg/kg b.w., and control groups received corn oil. The acute oral toxicity consisted of administrating by gavage each essential oil diluted in corn oil, to NMRI mice, which were monitored for 14 days. Blood samples were taken for hematological, biochemical analysis and organs were collected for macroscopic analysis after the follow-up. Wistar rats were used for the subacute cutaneous toxicity of O. americanum. For 4 weeks, diluted essential oil was applied daily to a shaved skin area and treatment was maintained by a bandage for 6h. The results of the acute oral toxicity showed that piloerection, drowsiness, itching and hyperactivity had a higher frequence of occurrence than salivation, aggressivity, diarrhea, convulsions, heavy breathing and coma. Animals weight gain and organs weight were normal, except for H. spicigera group and the heart in O. americanum group respectively, which had a statistical difference compared to the control. There was no statistical difference in the blood parameters analyzed (White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Platelets, Hemoglobin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine transaminase). For the subacute cutaneous toxicity, the Draize score was 0 for both edema and erythema.