Occurrence Of Fumonisin B1 Research Articles

A Decrease of Incidence Cases of Fumonisins in South Korean Feedstuff between 2011 and 2016.

Several plant pathogen Fusarium species produce fumonisins (FUMs); which can end up in food and feed and; when ingested; can exhibit harmful effects on humans and livestock. Mycotoxin intoxication by fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) can cause porcine pulmonary edema; leukoencephalomalacia in equines; esophageal cancer and birth defects by natural contamination. Herein; the occurrence of FB1 and FB2 in feedstuff (compound feed and feed ingredients) was investigated between 2011 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 535 animal feed samples (425 compound feed samples and 110 feed ingredients) produced domestically were sampled four times between 2011 and 2016 (2011; 2012; 2014 and 2016) from feed factories in South Korea. The limit of detection (LOD) for FB1 and FB2 was 20 μg/kg and 25 μg/kg; respectively; and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 30 μg/kg and 35 μg/kg; respectively. The recovery range (%) was between 86.4% and 108.8%; and the relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) was 4.7–12.1%. Seven (swine feed samples) out of the 425 feed samples exceeded the European Union (EU) and South Korea commission regulations over the six-year test period; and no feed ingredients exceeded the guidelines.

Effect of Selected Volatiles on Two Stored Pests: The Fungus Fusarium verticillioides and the Maize Weevil Sithophilus zeamais.

New agronomic practices and technology enabled Argentina a larger production of cereal grains, reaching a harvest yield of 26.5 million metric tons of maize, of which, about 40% was exported. However, much of the maize production is lost annually by the attack of fungi and insects (2.6 million tons). In this study, the antifungal effect of selected volatiles on Fusarium verticillioides, its mycotoxin production, and the repellent and insecticidal activities against the weevill Sithophilus zeamais, an insect vector of F. verticillioides, were evaluated. The compounds tested were (2E)-2-hexenal, (2E)-2-nonenal, (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, pentanal, 2-decanone, and 3-decanone, which occur in the blend of volatile compounds emitted by various cereal grains. The most active antifungals were the aldehydes (2E)-2-nonenal, (2E)-2-hexenal, and (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal (minimum inhibitory concentration values of <0.03, 0.06, and 0.06 mM, respectively). The occurrence of fumonisin B1 also was prevented because these compounds completely inhibited fungal growth. The best insecticidal fumigant activities against the maize weevil were shown by 2-decanone and 3-decanone (lethal concentration ≤ 54.6 μL/L (<0.28 mM)). Although, all tested compounds showed repellent activity against S. zeamais at a concentration of 4 μL/L, (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal was the most active repellent compound. These results demonstrate the potential of (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal to be used as a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides on F. verticillioides and S. zeamais.

In-house method validation, estimating measurement uncertainty and the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in samples of Brazilian commercial rice

Fumonisin B1 was investigated in samples of rice intended for human consumption, including polished parboiled rice, whole grain rice and whole grain parboiled rice. Until the present, no studies on the occurrence of fumonisin B1 have been performed on these types of rice that are commercially available in the south-eastern region of Brazil. A careful intralaboratory validation was carried out to demonstrate the fitness-of-purpose of the applied method for determining fumonisin B1 in the three studied rice types. The performance criteria – selectivity, reliable limits of detection (50 μg kg−1) and quantification (100 μg kg−1), linearity (range 100–2500 μg kg−1), precision (RSD values ≤ 17.0%) and recovery (71.7–112.0 %) were evaluated, and the expanded measurement uncertainty was estimated by using the data obtained from precision and recovery experiments. Matrix-matched calibration standards were employed to quantify the mycotoxin levels in the rice samples, in which the residual normality, homoscedasticity and independence were confirmed. In addition, the measurement uncertainty values are consistent with the maximum acceptable uncertainty established by European Union regulation for analytical methods for controlling mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Among the thirty-one commercial samples of rice analysed in the present study, five samples presented detectable levels of the mycotoxin, and these levels ranged from 64.8 to 163.0 μg kg−1.

Mycobiota and occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in wheat harvested in Southern Brazil

Although fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin poorly studied in wheat, the Fusarium genus fungi have been frequently detected in this cereal, especially in subtropical regions such as southern Brazil, thus studies on their occurrence are required. This study evaluated the mycobiota, water activity and the presence of FB1 in 11 wheat cultivars grown in the northeastern and northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul. The mycobiota was identified by morphological and molecular techniques and FB1 was determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Microbial counts lower than 103CFU were found in the samples, and the fungi genera Phoma, Cladosporium and Fusarium were the most frequent. Despite this, 54% of the samples were contaminated with FB1 at levels ranging from 958 to 4,906µg FB1 kg-1.

Fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in corn products, wheat flour and corn oil marketed in Shandong province of China

In this study a total of 522 samples were collected from Shandong province of China in 2014 and analysed for the occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1), FB2 and FB3 by isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Fumonisins were detected in 98.1% of the corn products, with the average total level of 369.2 μg kg−1. The individual average values of FB1, FB2 and FB3 in corn products were 268.3, 53.7 and 47.2 μg kg−1, respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of FB1, FB2 and FB3 was observed in 76.7% of the corn products. Especially, the results demonstrated that the difference in the contamination levels for fumonisins in these three types of corn products was apparent. In addition, 6.2% of the wheat flour samples were contaminated with FB1, with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 34.6 µg kg−1. No FB2 or FB3 was detected in wheat flour. In corn oil samples no fumonisins were detected.

Fumonisin B1 and B2 occurrence in dried fig fruits (Ficus carica L.) under Meander Valley's climatic conditions and relationship with fruit quality

Fusarium is the agent causing endosepsis (internal rot) in fig fruits and it is widespread in fig orchards in the Aegean region. This research was conducted to determine the natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) on dried fig fruits of Sarilop (syn. Calimyrna) variety which are mainly grown in the Big and Small Meander Basins in the Aegean region, representing 60% of world dried fig production. A total of 262 samples belonging to two quality classes, Class A and Class cull, were collected from 12 different locations during the two crop years in 2004 and 2005. The fumonisin detection method is based on extraction with methanol–acetonitrile–water, derivatization with o-phthaldehyde and quantification by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The mean concentrations of FB1 and FB2 in fumonisin-positive samples were 0.080 ± 0.047 µg g−1 and 0.055 ± 0.031 µg g−1 and ranged from LOD to 0.332 µg g−1 and from LOD to 0.198 µg g−1, respectively. The incidence of fumonisins significantly differed between the two crop years. This difference can be attributed to the alteration in the rainfall regime from mid-May to mid-August (7.2 mm in 2004, 90.9 mm in 2005) and number of humid wind currents from a westerly direction (183 in 2004, 492 in 2005) from the end of July and mid-August that may have triggered a higher incidence of Fusarium spp. and thus fumonisin production.

Survey of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in conventional and organic retail corn products in Spain and Italy and estimated dietary exposure

A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 during 2007 in 186 samples of organic and conventional locally available corn products. Samples included baby food (n = 62), corn flour (11), cornflakes (23), pasta (14), cookies (17) and other corn products (59) were obtained from popular markets of Valencia (Spain) and Perugia (Italy). The analytical method used pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyser. Of the 104 Spanish samples, 22% contained levels in the range of 2–449 µg kg−1, 2–229 µg kg−1 and 6–105 µg kg−1 for FB1, FB2 and FB3, respectively, while 19 (23%) of the 82 Italian samples were positive with quantifiable levels between 2–235 µg kg−1, 3–187 µg kg−1, and 4–40 µg kg−1 for fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, respectively. Overall, none of the Italian samples and only one organic baby food sample from a Spanish market was above the maximum permitted levels established by European legislation. Fumonisins were found mostly in corn flour followed by cookies and cornflakes. Eleven samples from Spain and nine samples from Italy were organic products, being contaminated the 72% and 77% of the samples, respectively. Analysis of the results showed that levels of fumonisins in corn products were similar in Italy and Spain. The safety of fumonisin intake through corn products was demonstrated by the calculation of the estimated daily intake of both populations considering organic and conventional products separately, which ranged from 1.7 × 10−3 to 0.72 µg kg−1 bw day−1 and comparing them with the provisional maximum total daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 µg kg−1 bw day−1 established by the European Union.

Occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in Corn from the Main Corn-Producing Areas of China

Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is the most abundant of the fumonisin mycotoxins, mainly produced in maize by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. A total of 282 corn samples harvested in 2005 from six provinces, the main corn-producing areas of China, were analyzed for FB(1) using high-performance liquid chromatography. All samples except one were (99.6%) positive for FB(1) at levels varying from 3 to 71,121 ng/g with mean and median levels for all samples of 6,662 and 1,569 ng/g, respectively. During an analysis of the distribution pattern for FB(1), it became apparent that 43.6% of tested samples had FB(1) concentrations below 1,000 ng/g, while 25.2% contained in excess of 5,000 ng/g. The average exposure to FB(1) (1.1 microg/kg body weight/day) is within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 microg/kg body weight/day set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

Occurrence of Fumonisin B1 and Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 in Mexican Nixtamalized Cornmeal

Occurrence of Fumonisin B1 and Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 in Mexican Nixtamalized Cornmeal

Occurrence of fumonisin B1 in Bulgarian maize samples determined by ELISA and TLC methods using different clean up steps.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method with two different clean-up procedures have been used to analyse maize samples (food and feeding stuff) obtained from Bulgaria. The occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in Bulgarian maize was found to be in the range of what was reported for other European regions with a mean value of 1.5 mg/kg, 2.1 mg/kg and 1.8 mg/kg when analysed by ELISA and thin-layer chromatography with solid phase extraction clean up and immunoaffinity clean up, respectively. It was shown that results of the different methods are comparable, indicating that the methods applied are sufficiently reliable tools for the simple and rapid screening of maize samples.

Survey for fumonisin B1 in Korean corn-based food products

Seventy-six corn-based foods collected in Seoul, Korea, including corn flakes, corn snack, cornstarch, corn for popping, roasted corn for tea, canned sweet corn and other corn products were analysed for the occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) by using direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The average recoveries of FB1 from the corn flakes sample in the range 5–1000 ng g−1 were 104% by dcELISA and 82% by HPLC. The limits of detection were approximately 5 ng g—1 by dcELISA and 20 ng g−1 by HPLC. The incidences and mean levels of FB1 were 73.3, 78.6, 50, 58.3, 17.6 and 40% and 41.8, 67.9, 114, 256, 172 and 22 ng g−1 from corn flakes, corn snack, corn starch, corn for popping, roasted corn for tea and other corn products, respectively, by dcELISA. No FB1 was found in canned sweet corn. The results obtained by dcELISA were correlated to those by HPLC for FB1 (r2 = 0.992). This is the first report on the occurrence of FB1 in corn-based foods in Korea.

Analysis of Fumonisin B1 in Fusarium proliferatum-Infected Asparagus Spears and Garlic Bulbs from Germany by Liquid Chromatography−Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Fusarium proliferatum is one of a group of fungal species that produce fumonisins and is considered to be a pathogen of many economically important plants. The occurrence of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) in F. proliferatum-infected asparagus spears from Germany was investigated using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method with isotopically labeled fumonisin FB(1)-d(6) as internal standard. FB(1) was detected in 9 of the 10 samples in amounts ranging from 36.4 to 4513.7 ng/g (based on dry weight). Furthermore, the capability of producing FB(1) by the fungus in garlic bulbs was investigated. Therefore, garlic was cultured in F. proliferatum-contaminated soil, and the bulbs were screened for infection with F. proliferatum and for the occurrence of fumonisins by LC-MS. F. proliferatum was detectable in the garlic tissue, and all samples contained FB(1) (26.0-94.6 ng/g). This is the first report of the natural occurrence of FB(1) in German asparagus spears, and these findings suggest a potential for natural contamination of garlic bulbs with fumonisins.

Note. Occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in Spanish Corn-Based Foods for Animal and Human Consumption

This survey describes the fumonisin B 1(FB1) occurrence in 228 and 58 corn-based food samples from Spain for human and animal consumption, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ophthaldialdehyde derivatization was used for the analysis of FB 1. We detected FB1 in 86% of the samples for animal consumption, ranging from 89–8757 ng/g. Four of these samples had levels of FB 1&gt; 5000 ng/g but none of them higher than 10,000 ng/g. On the other hand, FB 1was detected in 23% of the samples for human consumption. The lowest amount of FB 1found in a positive sample was 16 ng/g, and the highest was 938 ng/g. The most contaminated samples were the wholemeal corn flours, with a range of contamination that varied from 299–938 ng/g.

Occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in beer*

A total of 29 nationally distributed brands of beer, representing 25 domestic US and four imported brands, were purchased in retail outlets in Lincoln, Nebraska and analysed for concentrations of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2(FB2). Immunoaffinity column extraction and cleanup of fumonisins from the beer samples, coupled with detection and analysis by gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), provided a limit of quantitation for each toxin of 0.3ng/ml. Of the brands of beer sampled, 86% were positive for FB and 41% were positive for FB2. No beer contained a detectable quantity of FB without a detectable quantity of FB1. The total fumonisin (FB1 + FB2) content of positive samples ranged from 0.3 to 12.7ng/ml, with a mean concentration for all positive samples of 4.0 ± 3.4ng/ml (n = 25). Considering that the level of fumonisin contamination of corn in recent harvest years has been minimal, the results of this limited survey could represent levels associated with current agricultural and brewing practices.

Occurrence of fumonisin B1 in maize and poultry feeds in Haryana, India.

A total of 100 maize and 50 poultry feed samples collected in 1998 at random from nine and eight districts of Haryana, respectively, were analysed for fumonisin B1. The samples were collected from poultry farms, feed manufacturers and markets. Ninety one (91%) maize samples and forty two (84%) poultry feed samples were found to contain fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B1 contamination in the maize samples ranged from 0.1-87.0 ppm. Whereas the poultry feed samples contained fumonisin B1 in the range of 0.02-28.0 ppm. It indicated widespread prevalence of fumonisin B1 in maize and poultry feeds in different areas of Haryana.

Occurrence of Fumonisin B1 and B2 in Fusarium proliferatum Infected Asparagus Plants

Fusarium proliferatum, a fumonisin producing fungal species, is a causal agent of a destructive disease of asparagus called Fusarium crown and root rot. The occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in asparagus plants heavily infected by F. proliferatum has been investigated together with the capability of producing FB1 and FB2 by the fungus. Both fumonisins were detected in asparagus plants colonized by F. proliferatum at levels of 7.4 and 0.83 μg/g (FB1) and 0.46 μg/g and 0.06 μg/g (FB2) in crown and stem samples, respectively. Eight out of nine isolates of F. proliferatum tested for sexual compatibility proved to be members of Gibberella fujikuroi mating population D. All nine isolates produced high amounts of FB1 and FB2 (up to 2504 and 946 μg/g, respectively) when cultured on autoclaved maize kernels for 4 weeks at 25 °C. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of fumonisins in asparagus plants. Keywords: Fumonisins; Fusarium proliferatum; Liseola section; toxins; asparagus

Assessment of Human Exposure to Fumonisin B1

Fumonisin B1 is currently regarded as the most significant mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. It has carcinogenic properties and may play a role in the etiology of human esophageal cancer. The human population is exposed to fumonisin B1 primarily by intake of fumonisin B1-contaminated maize. Maize consumed in the Netherlands is imported from all parts of the world. Since processing will not affect the overall toxic effect, the fumonisin B1 intake is directly related to the quantity of maize consumed. Literature results concerning the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in a total of 349 samples of maize from 18 countries worldwide demonstrated the presence of this mycotoxin in 93% of the samples. The median fumonisin B1 contamination of all samples was 420 ng of fumonisin B1 per g of maize, and the average contamination level was 1,359 ng of fumonisin B1 per g of maize. Human intake of fumonisin B1 was estimated based on the maize consumption of all people in the Netherlands in 1992. A probability distribution was derived to allow estimation of the exposure of the population to fumonisin B1 intake in relation to maize intake. It showed that among those in the group considered to be at risk, people with gluten intolerance such as people with celiac or Dühring's disease, 37% are estimated to be exposed to an intake of at least 105 ng and 97% to an intake of at least 103 ng of fumonisin B1 per person per day. For all people in the Netherlands these percentages would be 1% and 49%, respectively.

The occurrence of fumonisin B1 in maize‐containing foods in the Netherlands

Seventy‐eight maize‐containing foods obtained from retail stores in The Netherlands were analysed for fumonisin B1 contamination. Thirty‐six per cent of the samples were contaminated with fumonisin B1 in the range of 8 μg kg−1 (limit of detection) to 1430 μg/kg−1. Forty‐six per cent of the minimally treated maize samples (n = 39; maize for bread production, maize for popcorn, maize flour and polenta) were contaminated with fumonisin B1 in the range of 8–380 μg kg−1. Twenty‐six per cent of the maize‐containing processed foods (n = 39; tostada, canned maize, maize starch, maize bread, popped maize, flour mixes, maize chips and cornflakes) were contaminated with fumonisin B1 in the range of 8–1430 μg/kg−1.*** This survey shows that maize‐containing foods in The Netherlands frequently can be contaminated with fumonisin B1.

Occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in corn-based foodstuffs in Taiwan market.

Corn-based human foodstuffs purchased in Taiwan were analyzed for fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Fifty-two (33.9%) and 32 (20.9%) of 153 samples were found to contain FB1 (73-2395 ng/g) and FB2 (120-715 ng/g), respectively. The highest frequency of detection and also the highest FB1 concentrations were found in sweetcorn (50%, 1089 ng/g) and cornflour (50%, 608 ng/g), followed by corn snacks (33.3%, 2395 ng/g), miscellaneous corn products (33.3%, 73 ng/g), popcorn (31.8%, 1003 ng/g) and cornflakes (23.5%, 1281 ng/g). 16 corn snacks (= approximately 20.5% of the samples) had an average FB1 and FB2 content of 456 and 145 ng/g, respectively, while six sweetcorn (= 25%) samples were contaminated with an average of 400 ng/g of FB1 and 65 ng/g of FB2. Of the 22 pop-corn samples examined, 7 had an average of 347 ng/g and 116 ng/g of FB1 and FB2, respectively. During an analysis of the distribution pattern for the combined fumonisin levels of FB1 and FB2, it became apparent that more than 69% of tested samples had fumonisin concentrations below 100 ng/g, while 11.1% (or 17 samples) contained in excess of 600 ng toxins per g. These results clearly illustrated that commercially available corn-based foodstuffs for human consumption in Taiwan are frequently contaminated with FB1 and FB2.

Production of fumonisin B1 and B2 byFusarium moniliforme isolated from Korean corn kerneis for feed

The natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), a promoter for hepatocarcinogenesis, was investigated in Korean corn kernels for feed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. From the 12 corn kernel samples, FB1 was detected in 5 samples at levels ranging from 53 to 1327ng/g, while FB2 was found in 4 samples from 69 to 680ng/g. In the positive samples, the average concentrations of FB1 and FB2 were 506 and 288ng/g, respectively. One sample (No. K3) showed the highest FB1 and FB2 contents as 1327 and 680ng/g, respectively.In the micrological survey on 5 positive samples for FB1 and FB2, 6 strains ofFusarium monlliforme were isolated, and all these isolates had a producibility of FB1 and FB1, with maximum levels of 80.7 to 180.9 g/g.Thisis the first report on the natural co-contamination of FB1 and FB2 in Korean corn kernels for feed, and on the ability ofF. moniliforme isolated from corn kernels for feed in Korea to produce FB1 and FB2.