Occlusal Force Research Articles

Single posterior implant-supported restorations fabricated using a scannable healing abutment versus a conventional scan body: A randomized controlled trial

Statement of problemThe use of a scannable healing abutment is a convenient option for fabricating implant-supported restorations (ISRs) with a digital workflow; however, clinical studies evaluating prosthetic efficacy are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the prosthetic efficacy of definitive posterior single ISRs fabricated after scanning using a scannable healing abutment-scan peg (SHA-SP) in comparison with a conventional scan body (CSB). The time for data acquisition, quality of proximal and occlusal contacts, and relative occlusal force of ISRs were measured. Material and methodsTwenty-four participants eligible for single ISRs to replace the mandibular first molar with adjacent and antagonist teeth present were randomly allocated to either a study group (n=12) receiving ISRs after intraoral scanning using an SHA-SP or a control group (n=12) receiving ISRs after intraoral scanning using CSB. During the surgical procedure, a prefabricated contoured scannable healing abutment was screwed to the implant in the SHA-SP group, while a custom-made healing abutment was used in the CSB group. After a healing period of 3 months, an intraoral scan was made, and the duration of data acquisition was recorded. The ISRs were milled from zirconia and evaluated for the quality of proximal and occlusal contacts using dental floss and shim stock, respectively. The relative occlusal forces of the ISRs and their contralateral natural teeth were measured using a digital occlusal analyzer. Statistical analysis was done using an independent sample t test for quantitative variables and a Pearson chi-squared test for qualitative variables between the tested groups (α=.05). ResultsThe direct digital workflow using SHA-SP was statistically less time consuming than the CSB (P<.001). The 2 groups were statistically similar regarding the quality of the proximal contacts (P=.281) or occlusal contacts (P=.307) and the relative occlusal forces of ISRs (P=.315). The relative occlusal forces of the ISRs in both groups were significantly lower than those of their contralateral natural teeth (P<.001). ConclusionsDirect digital workflow using SHA-SP was more rapid, saving clinical chairside time, and produced proximal and occlusal contacts of comparable quality with those obtained with CSB. The relative occlusal forces of ISRs in both workflows were lower than their contralateral natural teeth.

Occlusion and Nutrition after Peadiatric Prosthetic Treatment

Nutritional and well-balanced food intake is of utmost importance for children's proper physical development and growth. Changes in masticatory structures are likely to cause significant change in both children's and adult's diet. The aim of this study is to examine the occlusion and the intake of macronutrients in children who have undergone dental treatment and restoration of the teeth affected by caries and its complications with different types of aesthetic crowns.&#x0D; The study included 103 children, which are prosthetically treated with crown structures and divided into four age groups. The restoration of the occlusal balance after the completion of the prosthetic treatment was established by means of a new generation of digital recording system (OccluSense by Bausch, Germany). A 24-hour diary on consumed foods and liquids was taken from children and their parents. Data is analyzed and processed statistically.&#x0D; The obtained results in all studied diagrams showed an increase in the occlusal forces bilaterally in the distal areas of the dentition in the anterior-posterior direction. Protein and carbohydrate intake by the tested children corresponded to the recommended range of 15.2±3.7 E% and 46.6±7.8 E%. Increased fat intake of 38.1±7.5 E%, as well as fibre consumption below the recommended values (13.6 g to 18.6 g) have also been observed.&#x0D; Dental restoration of heavily damaged children's teeth using prosthetic dentistry methods provides the opportunity for a normal intake of the main macronutrients.

Use of T-Scan III in analyzing occlusal changes in molar fixed denture placement

BackgroundThis study aims to analyze the longitudinal variation of occlusal force distribution prior to and after fixed restoration for molar full-crowns with T-SCAN III which provide reference for occlusal adjustment and long-term maintenance.MethodsWe enrolled a total of 20 patients who received conventional restorative treatment for molars. The occlusion examination was conducted in 3 stages (before placement, immediately after placement, and 3 months after placement) using T-SCAN III (Tekscan South Boston, MA, USA, 10.0) to examine and measure the occlusal contact areas of the full dentition.ResultsThe results indicated that the occlusal force distribution in the molar region of the patients changed before and after the fixed restoration, but the percentages of occlusal force in the dental arch of the molar did not differ significantly before and after the restoration (P > 0.05). Three months after the fixed restoration, the percentage of occlusal force in the restored dental arches of lateral teeth increased significantly (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that the occlusal forces of the patients changed with tooth movement and adaptation, which is mainly reflected in the increasing occlusal force. Quantitative occlusal force analysis using T-SCAN III occlusal analyzer can provide more objective and accurate data to effectively guide clinical occlusion adjustments.

Biological Properties of 3D-Printed Zirconia Implants with p-Cell Structures

Research on 3-dimensional (3D) printed porous zirconia-based dental implants is still in its infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the biological responses of novel zirconia implants with p-cell structures fabricated by 3D printing. The solid zirconia samples exhibited comparable density, 3-point flexural strength, and accelerated aging properties compared to specimens prepared previously by conventional methods. Cell-based experiments showed that the p-cell structure promoted cell proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenesis-related protein expression. Mechanical tests showed that both p-cell and control implants could withstand a torque of 35 Ncm without breaking. The mean maximum breaking loads of p-cell and control implants were 1,222.429 ± 115.591 N and 1,903.857 ± 250.673 N, respectively, which were much higher than the human physiological chewing force and human mean maximum occlusal force. An animal experiment showed that the bone trabeculae around the implants were significantly thicker, more numerous, and denser in the p-cell group than in the control group. This work could provide promising guidance for further exploring 3D printing techniques for porous zirconia bionic implants in dentistry.

Influence of Implant Location, Number, and Design in Ischemic Zone for Implant Prosthesis Success Rate: A Comparative Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis.

The performance of an implant-supported prosthesis depends on the implant type, number, implant location, and prosthesis design which is directly associated with the distribution of the occlusal forces during mastication. Thepurpose of the present study is to analyze with three-dimensional (3D) finite element comparative analysis, the influence of implant location, number, and prosthesis design in the mandibular posterior region where multiple posterior teeth replacement is indicated, which in turn is associated with the longevity or Implant success rate. Mandibular posterior section, where 4 teeth are missing, based on the space available for implants and following the surgical guide instructions, a standard make four implants (1st and 2nd premolars {3.8 mm × 11.5 mm}, 1st and 2nd molar {5.1 mm × 11.5 mm}) were selected and with standardization for placement, 4 groups were created with different implant location, number and prosthesis design from the selected implants as model FM1, FM2, FM3, FM4. Finite element analysis was carried out usingANSYS software, version 14.5 (ANSYS Inc.,Canonsburg, PA, USA) for assessment of stress, strain, and deformation around implant and bone. Maximum von Mises stress on vertical loading was highest for FM4 (139.55MPa) model (center of prosthesis on premolar and molar pontics) and lowest for FM3 (53.65MPa) model (on 2ndpremolar pontic) with values in decreasing order as FM4 ˃ FM2 ˃ FM1 ˃ FM3. Maximum von Mises stress on oblique loading was highest at the distal of 1stmolar implant pontic for FM2 (539.81MPa) and lowest at the 2ndpremolar pontic for FM3 (352.48MPa) model with values as FM2˃FM1˃FM4˃FM3. Deformation for vertical and oblique loading was observed minimum at the buccal cusp and buccal crestal bone of 2ndpremolar, 1stmolaron FM3 model against highest deformation on buccal and lingual crestal bone, cuspal area of 2ndpremolar, 1stmolar implants. For oblique loading minimum deformation was seenfor the 2ndpremolar, 1stmolar cuspal area in FM3,and maximum at the 2ndpremolar region in FM1. Four single implants may be chosen if there is enough mesiodistal and buccolingual space to allow for a minimum inter-implant and inter-implant-tooth distance that can be maintained while putting the least amount of stress on the implants and bone. To reduce stress on the bone and implants, it is best to avoid long-span implant-supported prostheses when using fixed implant-supported prostheses.

Clinical Measurements of Force Exerted on Anterior Teeth in Partial Edentulous Distal Extension.

To determine the influence of partial edentulous distal extension and the use of removable partial dental prostheses in partially edentulous areas on the force exerted on the anterior teeth. A total of 83 volunteer patients participated in this study. The occlusal force was measured using an occlusal force measuring sheet in the patient's mouth. The occlusal forces and ratios were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < .05). The force exerted on the anterior teeth increased significantly as the number of remaining teeth decreased in an edentulous distal extension. The force exerted on the anterior teeth decreased significantly with the use of a removable partial dental prosthesis. In a clinical setting, when the number of remaining teeth in a partial edentulous distal extension decreases, the burden on the anterior teeth increases. Our findings suggest that, for patients with partial edentulous distal extension, using a removable partial dental prosthesis is effective in preserving the residual anterior teeth by reducing excessive force.

Cracked Teeth and Vertical Root Fractures in Pandemic Crisis - Retrospective Study.

Dental fatigue fractures are the result of occlusal overloads occurring because of increased intensity of occlusal forces or decreased resistance of dental hard tissues to habitual occlusal forces. In the COVID-19 pandemic, occlusal stress has increased significantly, and so has the number of dental fractures. The study has the aim to determine if the number of cases of dental fatigue fractures during the pandemic crisis was higher than in the immediately preceding period. The retrospective study was carried out in a private dental clinic, selecting from the case series presented during March 2019-March 2021 the cases of dental fatigue fractures presented for diagnosis and treatment. The data collected from the patients included the reason for the presentation, the dental and medical history, and results from dental examination and radiological data. The statistical analysis was carried out with Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. The study included 644 patients, 430 women and 214 men, with ages between 25 and 85 years (61±7.4 years). From a total of 2581 visits, 1534 visits were made to 383 patients between March 2019 and March 2020, and 1047 visits were made to 261 patients between March 2020 and March 2021, the number of visits decreasing by 31.75% during the pandemic. During the pandemic, the number of fractured teeth tripled, increasing from 0.53% to 1.53% (p=0.009). The most affected teeth were the maxillary premolars and the permanent first molar, both mandibular and maxillary. In most cases, the indication for treatment was extraction. The Sars-Cov2 virus pandemic crisis has significantly increased the number of teeth with dental fatigue fractures presented to the dental office for diagnosis and treatment.

Accuracy of Occlusal Contacts of All-Ceramic Single Crowns Designed by Virtual Articulators from a CAD/CAM System: A Preliminary Evaluation.

To compare the static and dynamic occlusion of all-ceramic single crowns designed by mechanical and virtual articulators, by evalua6ng the accuracy of occlusal contacts of prostheses designed by virtual articulators and the feasibility of clinical application of CAD/CAM virtual articulators. Nine subjects with an average age of 27 years who needed crown repair were recruited. After preparation of the all-ceramic crowns, two zirconia crowns were designed and fabricated through digital procedures and traditional methods. The intraoral scanner, Geomagic software, and T-Scan analyzer were used to analyze the occlusal contact points, areas, and the occlusal force percentage peak before the treatment and after the two crowns were temporarily fixed. There was a significant difference in the number of occlusal contact points and areas between the mechanical group and control group (preoperation group), but there was no obvious difference between the virtual group and control group. The occlusal contact overlapping areas of the virtual-control group were significantly larger than those of the mechanical-control group. The occlusal force percentage peak of the tested teeth was slightly larger in the mechanical group than in the virtual group. The posterior single crown designed by a virtual articulator restored the intercuspal occlusal better than one designed by a mechanical articulator, and it produced less dynamic occlusal interference. This finding suggests that virtual articulators can provide guidance for the design and adjustment of the occlusal surface of posterior single crown prostheses.

Comparison of volumetric loss and surface roughness of composite dental restorations obtained by additive and subtractive manufacturing methods

Statement of problemPermanent crown materials produced with new generation additive manufacturing and traditional subtractive manufacturing materials have not been compared in terms of wear resistance. PurposeThis study aims to compare the volumetric loss related to wear and resulting surface roughness after aging in a chewing simulator between resin nano ceramics produced with milling technique and permanent crown materials produced with three dimensional (3D) printing. Materials and methodsThree different hybrid composite-ceramic (HCC) (The three materials are GC: Cerasmart, VE: Vita Enamic, and GV: Grandio Voco.) and one 3D printed definitive crown resin (FormLabs Permanent Crown Resin) were investigated before aging (n:8), the surface roughness of all samples was measured with a profilometer, and 1 randomly selected sample from each subgroup was imaged with scanning electron microscope (SEM). 3D scans of each sample were obtained with a desktop scanner. Thermomechanical aging was performed using a chewing simulator. Four hundred thousand cycles were completed under a vertical occlusal force of 49 ± 0.7 N with a thermal cycle of 1.7 Hz 5–55° and with a dwell time of 120 s, mimicking 2 years of aging. The imaging procedures were repeated, and the change in surface roughness was evaluated. 3D images were also overlapped, and the volumetric loss was calculated with the relevant inspector software. The data obtained were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). ResultThe results showed significant statistical differences for both parameters (p > 0.05). The highest volumetric loss was found in the GV group while the lowest volumetric loss was in the VE group. The highest surface roughness values were observed in the GV group, while the lowest values belonged to the VE one. ConclusionOf the restorative materials evaluated, the VE group is suitable for long-term restorations, whereas the GV one is suitable for medium-term restorations. It is promising in terms of 3D printing technologies that the 3D material gives comparable results with the GV group. Clinical i̇mplicationAdditive manufacturing techniques are a successful method that accelerates the manufacturing process. Permanent crown resins are promising alternatives to conventional production.

Evaluation of Failure in Single-Piece Implant Systems: A One-Year Follow-Up Study.

This study's goal was to assess the failure rate and peri-implant complications of single-piece implant systems over the course of a one-year follow-up. Patient records were examined retrospectively. 150 single-piece dental implants were analyzed. Clinical results, implant features, and demographic information were gathered. Implant failure, which is characterized as the total loss of osseointegration, served as the key outcome indicator. Patient satisfaction and peri-implant problems were secondary outcomes. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics. During the one-year follow-up period, the failure rate for single-piece implant systems was 6.7%. The two main factors leading to implant failure were found to be poor osseointegration (60%) and biomechanical overload (40%). 20% of the cases had peri-implant problems, such as peri-implantitis. 85% of the panelists felt that single-piece implants had satisfied their patients. A 6.7% failure rate in single-piece implant systems was seen in this one-year follow-up investigation. The major causes of implant failure were found to be poor osseointegration and biomechanical loading. In 20% of the cases, peri-implant problems such as peri-implantitis, were noted. There was great patient satisfaction. These results highlight the significance of regulating occlusal forces, optimizing osseointegration, and applying preventive measures to ensure the long-term viability of single-piece implant systems.

Biomechanical analysis and comparison between ‘Zeta’ miniplate design and conventional miniplate system for fixation of fracture segments in transition zone of parasymphysis body region of mandible – an in vitro study

The parasymphysis area of the mandible is highly dynamic because it is subjected to both occlusal and muscular forces. As a result, the fractures in this transition zone have a special pattern, posing a challenge for surgeons whether to use one miniplate versus two miniplates, as per Champy's recommendations. The commonest complication resulting to treat this area is mental nerve paraesthesia due to the dissection and stretching of the nerve. Hence, an in vitro research study of a newly designed ‘Zeta’ miniplate is performed, to evaluate the biomechanical behaviour using finite element (FE) analysis and biomechanical analysis along with a comparison study with the conventional miniplate configurations. The results showed that the Zeta miniplate produces the lowest stresses 17.511 MPa and the least total structural deformation of 0.0011 mm after applying the maximum occlusal bite force. On application of torsional load, total structural deformation was 0.0004 mm and von Mises (VM) stress value was 0.24 MPa which was lowest when compared with the two miniplate system. Hence, the newly developed Zeta miniplate is superior in terms of stability. Another benefit of its design is that it helps in preventing mental nerve paraesthesia and tooth root damage while fixing and stabilising the fractured bony segments.

Methods and applications of finite element analysis in dental trauma research: A scoping review.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is vital for understanding dental traumatology (DT) biomechanics, aiding diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome prediction. This review explores FEA applications in DT research, evaluates their quality and outcomes, and assesses methodological aspects. Accordingly, recommendations for future researchers are provided. The study adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for scoping reviews and registered in Open Science framework. A comprehensive search using relevant text-words and MeSH terms was performed in established databases. The inclusion criteria encompassed all Finite element analysis (FEA)-based Dental traumatology (DT) studies without language or publication year restrictions. Risk of bias was assessed with the Risk of bias tool for the use of finite element analysis in dentistry (ROBFEAD) tool. Forty-six studies published from 2001 to 2023 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The studies were categorized into five domains and six subdomains based on objectives. Maxillary central incisors and surrounding structures were commonly modelled (n = 27). Most studies utilized Computed tomography (CT), Cone Beam CT, or micro CT. Traumatic injury forces ranged from 100 N to 2000 N, and occlusal forces ranged from 150 N to 350 N. All studies were rated as high risk of bias. Fory-six studies were categorized, with most focusing on stress distribution and fracture patterns in dento-alveolar structures under various conditions, while few assessed displacements. Methodological quality lacked robustness in model development and substructure properties. Future studies should address these limitations and enhance reporting practices.

Comparison Between Maximum Bite Force on First Molar with Prosthesis and Contralateral First Molar Without Prosthesis

Background: Bite force is an indicator of the functional state of the masticatory system that results from the action of jaw elevator muscles modified by the craniomandibular biomechanics. Bite force measurement is essential in dental treatment as an extreme bite force on tooth may affect health of periodontium and increase risk of prosthesis fracture. A patient with low biting force may be helpful for the successful long-term outcome of prosthesis. A variety of devices has been used to record human bite force. Nowadays, sensitive electronic devices are used those are both accurate and precise enough. Recently, T-scan has been more popular to record the pattern of occlusion. The T-scan system precisely and dynamically records the occlusal contact time, force, and area in percentage. T-scan identify both force and timing which are the most fundamental parameters for measuring occlusion. The present study was designed to compare maximum bite force on first molar with prosthesis and contralateral first molar without prosthesis by using T-scan. Objectives: To compare maximum bite force (MBF) on first molar with prosthesis and contralateral first molar without prosthesis. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental type study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, BSMMU. The patients were selected by a consecutive sampling technique, requiring permanent restoration in endodontically treated first molar on one side and natural first molar on contralateral side. The selected tooth was prepared for full veneer crown following standard procedure with armamentarium. Symptomless patients up to 3 months were measured bite force on cemented prosthesis and contralateral natural tooth. Bite force was measured with T-scan for three times with 30 sec interval and highest value was recorded in a data collection sheet for each patient to compare maximum bite force on first molar with prosthesis and contralateral first molar without prosthesis in the same patient. Result: The maximum bite force at the first molar without prosthesis was 14.30 ±4.2% and first molar with prosthesis was 12.05 ±3.55%. Tooth without prosthesis maximum bite force was significantly more than the tooth with prosthesis. Conclusion: Maximum bite force was significantly higher in tooth without prosthesis than the tooth with prosthesis. The difference of maximum bite force was not statistically significant in relation to gender, age and BMI.

Comparative Analysis of Occlusal Force Distribution Using T-Scan in Chronic Periodontitis Patients before and after Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Comparative Analysis of Occlusal Force Distribution Using T-Scan in Chronic Periodontitis Patients before and after Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of diameters of implant and abutment screw on stress distribution within dental implant and alveolar bone: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

Background/purposeFew studies have investigated the effects of abutment screw diameter in the stress of dental implants and alveolar bones under occlusal forces. In this study, we investigated how variations in implant diameter, abutment screw diameter, and bone condition affect stresses in the abutment screw, implant, and surrounding bone. Materials and methodsThree-dimensional finite element (FE) models were fabricated for dental implants with external hex-type abutments measuring 4 and 5 mm in diameter. The models also included abutment screws measuring 2.0 and 2.5 mm in diameter. Each implant model was integrated with the mandibular bone comprising the cortical bone and four types of cancellous bone. In total, 12 finite element models were generated, subjected to three different occlusal forces, and analyzed using FE software to investigate the stress distribution of dental implant and alveolar bone. ResultsWider implants demonstrated lower stresses in implant and bone compared with standard-diameter implants. The quality of cancellous bone has a minimal impact on the stress values of the implant, abutment screw, and cortical bone. Regardless of occlusal arrangement or quality of cancellous bone, a consistent pattern emerged: larger abutment screw diameters led to increased stress levels on the screws, while the stress levels in both cortical and cancellous bone showed comparatively minor fluctuations. ConclusionWider implants tend to have better stress distribution than standard-diameter implants. The potential advantage of augmenting the abutment screw diameter is unfavorable. It may result in elevated stresses in the implant system.

Orthodontic considerations in hypodivergent craniofacial patterns

This article examines the characteristics of hypodivergent craniofacial patterns and explores treatment modalities in response to these features. It discusses the impact of robust masticatory muscles, which produce heavy occlusal forces. In addition, it examines the use of Botox or splints to reduce gonial angles in individuals with a square face. A nonextraction treatment approach supported by temporary skeletal anchorage devices is recommended; however, if anatomical limitations persist, extraction may be necessary when arch expansion, molar distalization, incisor proclination, or interproximal reduction cannot create the necessary space. In hypodivergent cases where a nonextraction approach is impractical, a single-arch extraction strategy may be considered to prevent a reduction in the vertical dimension. Emphasizing esthetics, particularly maxillary incisor display, a protocol of total arch extrusion of the maxillary dentition assisted with temporary skeletal anchorage device, bite raisers, and interarch elastics is suggested.

Effects of denture use on occlusal force on abutment teeth in molar distal-extension edentulism.

The present clinical study aimed to investigate the load exerted on abutment teeth in patients with distal extension edentulism, with and without a removable partial denture (RPD). A total of 55 volunteers with distal extension edentulism who were fitted with an RPD participated in the present study. Occlusal force was measured by having the patients bite down on an occlusal force measuring sheet, and the occlusal forces on both the abutment teeth and the entire dentition with and without the RPD were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.05). The occlusal forces on the abutment and non-abutment teeth were also compared. The median total occlusal force with the RPD in place was significantly greater than that without the RPD, while the median occlusal force on the abutment teeth without the RPD in place was significantly greater than that on the abutment teeth with the RPD. The occlusal forces on the abutment teeth were significantly greater than those on the non-abutment teeth. Within the limitations of the present study, we found that the occlusal forces were greater on the abutment than the non-abutment teeth, and that RPDs may reduce the occlusal forces on abutment teeth.

Relationships between maxillofacial morphology and oral function on the habitual and non-habitual chewing sides.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between reference planes and oral functions on the habitual and non-habitual chewing sides. Thirty-four subjects with no abnormalities in the maxillofacial region and oral functions were enrolled in this study. Relationships between angles between the reference plane (Frankfort horizontal plane, Camper's plane, and occlusal plane) and masticatory performance, occlusal force, and occlusal contact area by chewing side were examined. Regarding the measurement of reference planes, a creatively modified three-plane measuring device was used to measure angles between the reference planes. Images were taken from the right and left sides and angles between reference planes were measured. Masticatory performance was examined by measuring the amount of glucose extracted from a gummy jelly on the habitual and non-habitual chewing sides separately. Occlusal force and occlusal contact area were measured by occluding against pressure-sensitive film, and values on the habitual and non-habitual chewing sides were calculated and analyzed. The angle between Camper's plane and the occlusal plane correlated with masticatory performance on both the habitual chewing side (r = 0.47, P < .01) and the non-habitual chewing side (r = 0.36, P < .05). A correlation was observed between masticatory performance and occlusal force on the habitual chewing side (r = 0.46, P < .01). Masticatory performance became higher as occlusal plane inclination increased. This result represents essential knowledge for prosthetic treatment.

Evaluation of the Effect of Occlusal Calibration in Periodontitis Patients with Occlusal Trauma Using T-Scan

Abstract Background: High occlusal forces in patients with untreated periodontitis may reflect occlusal trauma-associated periodontal conditions. Occlusal analysis using T-scan might provide the distribution of occlusal loading forces in periodontitis patients. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of occlusal trauma in periodontitis patients and occlusal calibration using a T-scan. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 periodontitis patients were recruited for the study. Patients were categorized into two groups: Group I: scaling and root planing followed by T-scan recording and no occlusal calibration; Group II: scaling and root planing followed by occlusal calibration using T-scan. Clinical parameters, orthopantomogram (OPG) and T-scan evaluation were evaluated at baseline, 3-month and 6-month intervals. Results: Significant improvements in clinical parameters were noted at different time intervals after occlusal calibration using T-scan. At 3-month intervals, mean pocket depth showed statistically significant difference among the test group in the right (upper and lower) and left lower quadrant at P = 0.01, 0.002 and 0.005, respectively. Mean clinical attachment level (CAL) showed statistically significant difference among the test group in the right upper, right lower and left lower quadrants at P = 0.02, 0.001 and 0.009, respectively, at 3 months. The comparison of the mean gingival index (GI) at 6 months showed statistically significant difference among test and control groups at 6 months in different study quadrants (P = 1 in right upper, 0.009 in right lower, &lt;0.001 in left upper and &lt;0.001 in left lower). Mean pocket depth at the 6-month follow-up showed statistically significant difference among the test group in all the study quadrants (P = &lt;0.001 in right upper, &lt;0.001 in right lower, 0.003 in left upper and 0.005 in left lower). Mean CAL showed statistically significant difference among the test group in all the study quadrants at 6-month intervals (P = 0.02 in right upper, &lt;0.001 in right lower, 0.01 in left upper and 0.04 in left lower). The bone defect height showed a statistically significant difference only in the right upper quadrant among both the test groups at the 6-month follow-up (P = 0.02). Comparing the mean percentage of force on both sides of the jaw showed a statistically significant difference among the test group at 6 months (P = 0.001 on the left side and 0.001 on the right side). Conclusion: The occlusal correction using T-scan showed a positive association between probing pocket depth (PPD) and CAL at different time intervals from baseline to 6 months when these parameters were compared after occlusal adjustments.

Radiographic Estimation of Association between Condylar Morphology, Ramal Height, and Mandibular Plane Angle in Various Growth Patterns in District Solan Population in Himachal Pradesh

Introduction: In young adults, the mandibular condyle plays an essential role in the stability of long-term orthodontic and orthognathic treatments. Its morphology varies significantly between individuals and is associated with age, sex, facial type, occlusal force, functional load, malocclusion type, and right and left sides. Aim: The aim of the study was to estimate the association between morphology of condyle, ramus height, and mandibular plane (MP) angle in young adult patients with various vertical skeletal growth patterns. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 90 pretreatment panoramic radiographs of subjects aged between 17 and 21 year of age; the patients were divided into three groups as hypodivergent, normodiveregent, and hyperdivergent with 30 subjects in each group on the basis of Sella-Nasion-MP angle. Various parameters were measured to record the condyle morphology, ramus height, and mandibular angle for all the groups. Results: The intergroup comparisons showed that hypodivergent group has statistically significantly greater values compared to those in the hyperdivergent group. A statistically significant difference was detected between the normodivergent and hypodivergent groups only in the condylar area measurements Conclusion: The condylar height was greater in patient with Class I malocclusion. The condylar height width and other perimeters were greater in males than females.