Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm Research Articles

Modelling and Simulation of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm Based on The PI Controller for Photovoltaic System


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The most popular type of renewable energy is photovoltaic (PV) because it is a sustainable source and environmentally friendly. The power generated by a PV system varies with changes in ambient conditions such as temperature and sun radiation; therefore, tracking the maximum power generation from a photovoltaic system independent of temperature and radiation factors is very important. In the literature, a number of techniques for achieving the maximum power point have been presented. In this work, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system employing perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is implemented based on the Proportional and Integral (PI) controller on the proposed PV system to achieve the highest power production from photovoltaic (PV) system and enhance the system performance. The proposed PV system is composed of a Photovoltaic array, DC to DC boost type converter and an MPPT algorithm using perturb and observe method. 1Soltech 1STH-220-P module type was chosen in this study for the simulation and proposed PV The array consists of 40 rows of PV modules connected in parallel, while each row consists of 10 modules connected in a series. All elements of the PV system were simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed model is used to simulate and optimize the photovoltaic array output current, voltage and power features under various environmental conditions including solar temperature and radiation. The simulation results showed that maximum power point tracking approach using perturbation and observation provide high efficiency to get the highest energy from the PV system regardless of variations in environmental conditions. DC to DC boost converter with perfect performance and high voltage gain is also successfully simulated on the developed PV system.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Design and analysis of an efficient photovoltaic energy-powered electric vehicle charging station using perturb and observe MPPT algorithm

According to the current directive, we must rely on green energy for sustainable mobility. One of the green transition’s goals is to use renewable energy to charge electric vehicles (EVs). Solar energy is a form of renewable energy sources, and it is classified as being clean, available, and renewable because it is based on sunshine. Nowadays, the world is turning to EVs which have lower running costs and cleaner environments. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly utilized to store energy in EVs. This article covers the design and analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system to charge five models of EVs such as BMW i3 2019, Volkswagen e-Golf, Fiat 500e, Mercedes EQA 250, and Hyundai Kona Electric in a DC fast charging mode by using a buck converter to minimize the output voltage and without any addition of energy storage. By applying Perturb & Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), the maximum power and efficiency from PVs are obtained. The charging time is calculated for each EV of the five models in the State of Charge (SOC) area at 20–80 percent. A MATLAB program is employed to simulate the EV models by calculating the efficiency of the MPPT controller, time of charging, and characteristic of voltage and current levels for each model of these EVs. All models are tested under the condition of irradiance level from 600 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 and temperature between 20°C and 30°C. The results showed that the PV system is effective and economical as a stand-alone to charge EVs in a rapid charge mode.

External Current Source–Based Unilluminated PV Partial Shading Emulation System Verified Through the Hybrid Global Search Adaptive Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm

In this study, a novel PV emulator and the state-of-art learning–based real-time hybrid global search adaptive perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm have been presented. The prime objective of the constructed emulator based on integration of unilluminated solar panels with an external current source to overcome the constraints such as the need for wide surrounding space, high installation cost, and lack of control over the environmental conditions. Moreover, the developed algorithm resolved the drawbacks of the conventional P&O MPPT method associated with the use of a constant perturbation size that leads to poor transient response, high continuous steady-state oscillation, and inefficient tracking performance of maximum power point voltage in the presence of partial shading. The intended algorithm has been verified using MATLAB/Simulink by applying comparative analysis with the conventional P&O MPPT. In addition, the performance of the proposed control scheme is validated experimentally with the implementation of MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow a on dSPACE Real-Time-Interface (RTI) 1007 processor board and DS2004 A/D and CP4002 Digital I/O boards. The results indicate that the algorithm is effective in reducing power losses and faster in tracking the speed of the maximum power point with less oscillation. In addition, excellent dynamic characteristics of the proposed emulator have been proven to be an ideal tool for testing PV inverters and various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for commercial applications and university studies.

A new perturb and observe MPPT algorithm based on two steps variable voltage control

Based on the fact that the effectiveness of perturb and observe algorithm in a maximum power point tracking maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a photovoltaic array is a tradeoff between the tracking speed during the transient response and the oscillation around the stable level during the steady state response. To have a high tracking speed, incremental step should be high, but this high incremental step increases the oscillation level around the steady level of MPPT, whereas adopting low incremental step reduces the algorithm response time but improve the response during the steady state condition. This paper presents a new perturb and observe algorithm based on two step variable control for MPPT applications. A two variable incremental step control is proposed to gain the merit of high step for guaranteeing a fast response during tracking process, and also for guaranteeing the merit of low oscillation during the steady state working condition through adopting a low step during steady state response. The effectiveness of the proposal is proved by the analysis of the simulation results via MATLAB/Simulink software, and by the comparison of the simulation results with a conventional perturb and observe MPPT algorithm.

Derated Mode of Power Generation in PV System Using Modified Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm

In a grid-integrated photovoltaic system (GIPVS), issues such as surplus active power and inadequate performance of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) exist. A surplus active power causes the overvoltage problem at the point of common coupling in low or medium voltage level grid during the peak hours of power generation. Additionally, the inadequate performance of the MPPT technique results in the power loss due to high settling time during the sudden change in irradiance. Therefore, to solve the surplus power problem, the curtailment of active power is suggested with improved MPPT algorithm in variable irradiance conditions. In this paper, a derated power generation mode (DPGM) control strategy is presented for the curtailment of active power. Additionally, a drift free (named as modified) Perturb & Observe (P&O) is also proposed to improve the performance of the MPPT algorithm. Consequently, the DPGM control scheme with the intermediate boost converter shaves the surplus active power during the peak hours of power generation. Furthermore, the modified MPPT algorithm deals with the fluctuation of irradiance during non-peak hours. Thus, the proposed control scheme delivers in a more efficient system during the peak hours of power generation. In addition, it reduces the power loss and settling time during the change in irradiance for non-peak hours. In the support of the proposed control scheme, a 30 kW system has been simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink using Simpower tools under different environmental conditions.

Detailed modeling of a thermoelectric generator for maximum power point tracking

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in small power applications to generate electrical energy from waste heats. Maximum power is obtained when the connected load to the ends of TEGs matches their internal resistance. However, impedance matching cannot always be ensured. Therefore, TEGs operate at lower efficiency. For this reason, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are utilized. In this study, both TEGs and a boost converter with MPPT were modeled together. Detailed modeling, simulation, and verification of TEGs depending on the Seebeck coefficient, the hot/cold side temperatures, and the number of modules in MATLAB/Simulink were carried out. In addition, a boost converter having a perturb and observation (P & O) MPPT algorithm was added to the TEG modeling. After the TEG output equations were determined, the TEG modeling was performed based on manufacturer data sheets. Thanks to the TEG model and the boost converter with P & O MPPT, the maximum power was tracked with a value of 98.64 % and the power derived from the TEG was nearly unaffected by the load changes. The power outputs obtained from the system with and without MPPT were compared to emphasize the importance of MPPT. These simulation values were verified by using an experimental setup. Ultimately, the proposed modeling provides a system of TEGs and a boost converter having P & O MPPT.

Non-isolated conventional DC-DC converter comparison for a photovoltaic system: A review

The output power from a photovoltaic (PV) system varies due to its high dependency on the surrounding irradiance and temperature. To overcome this, a maximum power point (MPP) tracker is used alongside a DC-DC converter to track the varying power. The purpose of the DC-DC converter is to interface the PV system to the load on the grid or a standalone system by balancing the power between them. Selection of the appropriate DC-DC converter is essential because it plays an important role in the overall performance of the PV system. In this paper, various nonisolated conventional DC-DC converter topologies are reviewed, compared, and discussed. The review and discussion of each converter are based on the recent development of converters in terms of efficiency, steady state oscillation, number of components, voltage transfer, and tracking speed. The advantages and disadvantages of the recent topologies within this scope are also highlighted in this paper. A simulation work has been performed to validate the performance of all the reviewed converters using the perturb and observe MPP tracking algorithm under different sets of irradiance and temperature. Finally, this paper also provides a selection method to select the best converter in a stand-alone PV system.

Critical Assessment of a PV Utility Tied System using P&O MPPT Technique under Dynamic Loaded Conditions

This paper discusses the modelling and simulation of a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) grid integrated system using parallel topology to accomplish load demand. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control is employed for the determination of maximum power level under variable solar radiation and ambient temperature levels. Proportional Integral (PI) type voltage and current controllers have been employed for generating a required switching control signal. Under changing environmental conditions, Perturb & Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm tracks the DC reference signal and controls the current regulator to obtain the maximum power from SPV array. It has been found that MPPT control tracks the maximum DC link voltage around reference value even under dynamic conditions. Voltage and current measurements have been performed at various Point of Common Couplings (PCCs) under changing environmental conditions. Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and utility grid values have also been compared. MATLAB results obtained through two case studies justify the implementation of our proposed system which is beneficial for research engineers working in various power quality assessment studies.

Solar Energy System Based Impedance-Source Inverter for Grid Connected System

In this work, the fickleness of solar energy can be overcome by using Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm (MPPT). Perturb and Observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm accomplish fast the maximum power point for rapid change of environmental conditions such as irradiance intensity and temperature. The MPPT algorithm applied to solar system keep the boost converter output constant. Output from boost converter is taken to three phase impedance-source inverter with RL load and grid system. Impedance-source inverter performs the transformation of variable DC output of the solar system in to near sinusoidal AC output. This near sinusoidal AC output consecutively is served to the RL load first and then to grid system. The simulation is carried out in matlab/simulink platform both for RL load and grid system and the simulation results are experimentally validated for RL load arrangement only.

A New Robust Analog Maximum Power Point Tracker for a PV Battery Charger

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an inevitable part of new controller design for PV connected voltage converters used to extract energy. To simplify the implementation of the algorithm, in this paper, an analog circuit for MPPT of a PV battery charger is proposed which works in a full range condition with constant switching frequency. Besides this, a new robust controller parameter is introduced. As discussed in the paper, conventional MPPT algorithms provide PV current or voltage reference value as output controller parameter, which fast climate changes may cause system instability. Here, a new variable is defined to eliminate the problem and improve the stability of the system. To compare the presented circuit with a conventional system, perturb and observe MPPT algorithm which is well-known in PV systems is implemented on the same system. The proposed system is also compared with a recently developed current-mode system. Simulation results for both simulations are presented and compared which demonstrate performance and effectiveness of the proposed analog MPPT circuit.

Study and development of digital signal processor based real-time simulation platform for photovoltaic system with buck converter for maximum power tracking

This paper discusses the development of real-time simulation platform using digital signal processor (DSP) for photovoltaic (PV) system to study maximum power tracking algorithms in the laboratory. In this paper, PV module is simulated and deployed in TMS320F28335 to emulate the characteristics of PV at different temperature and irradiation with two DC voltage source. Further, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of PV module with statistical method is developed. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed MPPT control algorithm, the authors propose a real-time PV simulation system consisting of a PV module with a buck converter using a DSP and two DC voltage source to emulate the temperature and irradiation. Further, the proposed statistical MPPT is compared with the performance of the existing perturb and observe MPPT algorithm. Also, the performance of MPPT algorithms is tested with PV and a buck converter at different temperature and irradiation using hypothetical source. This scheme is validated with that of standard conditions given on the PV data sheet. This work may enable more researchers to study the integration of renewable energy sources and power electronics circuits at a low-cost without damaging the system.

Assessment of the Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm

An efficient, cost-effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is required to improve the energy utilization efficiency of low power photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the incremental conductance MPPT algorithm when employed by a standalone PV pumping system, using an experimental installation comprised of a 1080-Wp photovoltaic array connected to a 1-kW permanent magnet dc motor-centrifugal pump set. Particular focus is given to the evaluation of the two commonly utilized implementation techniques: reference voltage perturbation and direct duty ratio perturbation. The influence of algorithm parameters on system behavior is investigated and the energy utilization efficiency is calculated for different weather conditions. The performance of the incremental conductance algorithm is compared to that of the commonly used perturb and observe MPPT algorithm and the various advantages and drawbacks of each technique are identified.