Obscene Words Research Articles

The Letters of Ernest Hemingway, vol. IV: 1929- by Sandra Spanier Miriam B. Mandel J. Gerald Kennedy Rena Sanderson Albert J. DeFazio IIIScott Donaldson

MLR, .,   the task should not be underestimated since many of these diaries will be unfamiliar to readers inside as well outside the Academy. In addition, there is too much speculation as to what Woolf might have felt or thought as she read, and what she might have ‘got’ from the diaries she was reading. Undoubtedly, Woolf’s capacious mind absorbed much from what she read but to reduce her reading of others’ diaries to what she ‘got’ from them is to impoverish her (indeed any) reading experience, surely motivated by curiosity about lives and the writing of those lives, different from as much as they are like one’s own. e approach tends towards tunnel vision, producing links or connections that a reader conscious of the multifarious cultural and social contexts of Woolf’s writing will find implausible. In her second volume, for instance, Lounsberry proposed that A Room of One’s Own was ‘Woolf’s private gi to Katherine Mansfield’ merely on the grounds that in her journal (reviewed by Woolf in ) Mansfield expressed frustration at not having her own room in which to work (Barbara Lounsberry, Virginia Woolf’s Modernist Path: Her Middle Diaries and the Diaries She Read (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, ), p. ). In the volume under review, she claims that the description of an eighteenth-century dinner at the University of Oxford in e Diary of a Country Parson by James Woodforde (read by Woolf in ) ‘underwrites [sic] the famous dinner in A Room of One’s Own’ (p. ). In their details the meals are not sufficiently alike to warrant such a claim, and it is just as likely that Woolf was halfrecalling , half-fabricating a lunch she had enjoyed in the rooms of her friend Dadie Rylands in King’s College, Cambridge. e inputs are surely multiple, and if they may include the connections Lounsberry proposes, Woolf does not simply ‘take’ from what she reads but exercises her own (considerable) powers of imagination in reworking what she has absorbed, consciously or not. Lounsberry’s book will then be of interest to a range of readers, who, however, may be tempted to have recourse to the index and to dip, as they dip into the diaries, rather than reading from cover to cover. But if they yield to the temptation they will miss the sense of history, especially the build-up to the Second World War, as lived by Woolf and her circle, which Lounsberry captures well. ey might also miss some of the (well-chosen) diary entries she includes, which exemplify Woolf’s brilliant wit, her descriptive powers, or the complexity of her reflections on the ‘war within’ and the imminent ‘war without’. U  N M T-C e Letters of Ernest Hemingway, vol. : –. Ed. by S S and M B. M, in association with J. G K, R S- , and A J. DF III. Intro. by S D. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . lxxxv+ pp. £.. ISBN ––– –. e fourth volume in Cambridge University Press’s monumental Ernest Hemingway Letters Project covers the period April  to December , substantive years when Hemingway firmly established his literary reputation with the publication  Reviews of his third novel, the critically praised and commercially successful A Farewell to Arms. e author’s artistic integrity and devotion to his cra are highlighted in the correspondence, particularly in the light of the strain placed upon Hemingway between his father’s suicide in December  (a focus of Volume ) and the novel’s appearance in September . As the eldest male child in a family of five, he took over the major financial responsibility for a disparate household, nominally led by his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway. Using royalties from the novel, he established a $, trust fund to support her and the younger siblings still living at home. at personal concern followed his professional contentions with the American book trade: threats of censorship over obscene words in A Farewell to Arms caused Hemingway to compromise with his editor at Scribner’s, Maxwell Perkins, and substitute dashes, the standard solution to censorship issues in s mainstream publications. In subsequent letters Hemingway fills in the blanks for his correspondents and rationalizes the need...

РЕЧЕВАЯ ЭТИКЕТНОСТЬ СЕТЕВОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ: СЕМАНТИКА И ПРАГМАТИКА НОМИНАЦИЙ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ

The article is devoted to the research of one of the most relevant aspects of etiquette in network communication–nominations participants of communication use to refer to each other. Based on a broad understanding of speech etiquette in social networks–as a means of harmonization of speech activity in various communication situations, the authors consider users’ nominations in social networks as markers of constructive or destructive verbal behavior in online communities. The research is based on linguistic and stylistic analysis, which allows: (1) describing the linguistic characteristics of nominations as lexical units in terms of word formation, grammar, and semantics; (2) revealing the peculiarities of the pragmatics of using the nominations in network communication taking into account the linguistic parameters of these nominations; (3) characterizing their stylistic properties that correlate with the goals of communication (common interests, problem solving, tips, causticity) and the selected manner of verbal behavior (solidarity, outrageous behavior, verbal aggression). To guarantee representativeness, the authors took the material for the research from resources created for groups with different principles of formation: gender (“Strana mam”), age (“4chan”) and territorial ones (“Yubileyniy Kvartal i Shuvalovsky”). The analysis shows that the users’ nominations in online communities demonstrate the participants’ solidarity within the relatively closed we-communities as the dominant setting of communication. Within each community, there is a focus on live communication, which activates the use of the phatic speech genres of everyday communication: appeal (generalized or personal), request, advice, comment, call, offer, insult, and so on. The variety of nominations from the point of view of the addressee (generalizing and personal), as well as in terms of communicative orientation (contactestablishing and contact-destroying), is determined by the set of situations of communication, frequent in different communities, and by communicants’ value orientations. In “Strana mam”, a women’s forum focused on the preservation of family values, solidarity is manifested in the desire for a more intimate communication; this activates the use of diminutives, language play, and vocabulary with a positive connotation. In the territorial “Yubileyniy Kvartal i Shuvalovsky” group, the value of community is cultivated, and solidarity is manifested in the imitation of respectful, often close to business, communication, which entails frequent generalizing nominations with a positive attributive component and the use of interlocutors’ full names as personal nominations. In the teenage “4chan” community, solidarity is manifested in the intentional outrageous communication (by using nominations with obscene words), which demonstrates an open violation of family, moral, spiritual, and other values.

ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНО НЕЙТРАЛЬНЫЕ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТЫ: В ПОИСКАХ СПЕЦИФИКИ

The article aims to discuss the problem of verbal features distinguishing emotionally neutral texts from emotional ones. Such features are necessary for elaborating a computer classifier designed to assign Internet texts in Russian to different emotional classes of texts including the neutral class. The complex analysis of the notion of neutrality in stylistics, axiology, emotiology and sentiment analysis allowed the author to formulate the preliminary hypothesis that emotionally neutral texts are marked by (1) the absence of obscene words and evaluative adjectives; (2) the non-expression of the modal frame of the utterance, which influences the functioning of xenomarkers (markers of narrative retelling), of deictic words and frequent predicates; (3) the lack of emotional vocabulary. The sources of the data for the study were three subcorpora: a subcorpus of texts from Wikipedia (136,184 tokens)—“neutral texts a priori”; a subcorpus of texts from the Russian social network VKontakte assessed by 2,000 informants as neutral ones—“neutral texts a posteriori” (14,000 tokens), and, finally, 15,000 emotionally loaded fragments of 60 to 80 words (1,092,327 tokens) from VKontakte assessed by the informants as texts manifesting different emotions: from anger to joy. The choice of the two neutral subcorpora was due to the author’s intention to examine the category of neutrality taking under consideration the genre of Internet texts. To learn the features of neutral Internet texts, the author used the methodology of corpus linguistics largely supported by a number of tools offered by the Sketch Engine corpus manager platform. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis and provided new details. Thus, the analysis revealed that the genre of the Internet text plays a crucial role in how the neutrality category manifests in it: for instance, Wikipedia texts have no obscene words, VKontakte texts assessed as neutral have a number of such lexemes. A similar discrepancy between neutral texts of different genres is observed on the grammatical level: for Vkontakte texts the collocation of the Russian verb byt’ [be] and the pronouns of the third person on, ona, oni [he, she, they] is statistically significant, for Wikipedia texts it is not. There are still some features proper to the two subcorpora considered as neutral: the absence of so-called “xenomarkers” and emotional vocabulary (words naming emotions, their manifestations, and typical situations in which people usually feel them); the low frequency, in comparison with emotional texts, of verbs and deictic words indicating time or place. The author has made a conclusion that, in the internet communicative space, the category of neutrality is construed differently than in others spheres of communication. Internet texts are generally so saturated with emotions that, even if in another context a text would be interpreted as an emotional one, in the social network users assess it as a fragment with no emotion. Another significant result is that the author has found a correlation between the type of narrator—narrator-experiencer, narratorobserver and narrator-non observer—and the type of text in terms of the category of neutrality. In further research, this will facilitate the predictability of text class—emotional or neutral.

LINGUOPOLITOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFICITY OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO AGe

The article deals with the peculiar features of age-related sociolects and their influence upon political communication in linguopolitical perspective. In contrast to political linguistics, linguopolitology is interpreted as a sphere of linguistic research used in political analysis, political counseling and other fields of political technologies. The author notes that people of different ages do not only possess a specific worldview but also come across different agents that influence its formation (newspapers and television for the elder generation, Internet sites of news agencies and Internet blogs for the younger people). The study reveals the main linguistic and discursive characteristics referring a message to the language of a certain generation (which may be related both to the age of the author and value-based characteristics of the target audience). These characteristic features are associated with the temporal characteristics of vocabulary, its connotations, normative features, and precedent texts. Special attention in the article is paid to the specificity of axiological characteristics in the language of different generations. The study provides data about the language of the youth in connection with their political preferences in 1999-2019 and outlines the tendencies typical of the attitude of the young people to socio-political lexicon of 2012-2017 (surge of sympathy for the word “revolution”, low evaluation of the word “soviet” and a positive attitude to the word “patriot”). The emergence of popular bloggers among “the masterminds” is reflected in the fact that obscene (profane) words are no longer considered a taboo, or an instance of showing off, and thus lose their expressiveness. The article suggests further investigation of language differences within the frames of age-related linguistics.

Filthy communication between parents and children and its influence on verbal bulling at school

The article explores the current problem of using obscene language as a tool for verbal bulling, and provides empirical material for the connection between verbal bulling at school and the active obscene vocabulary of parents addressed to children and in the presence of children. The theoretical bases for our study were the works of D. Olveus, J. Devoy, S. Kafenberger, who laid the foundations for the development of the problem of school bulling, as well as the methodology of subject-action approach and the concept of the subject of mental activity developed by V. Tatenko. In accordance with this goal, we investigated the manifestations of verbal bulling behavior in the high school. It was found that high school students most often use obscene language as a tool of verbal bullying. The article also outlines some of the peculiarities of using obscene language as verbal bullying in the environment of high school students. It was established that parents of the students often use verbal harassment and obscene language as a tool to influence a child's behavior in the family environment. Of all the high school students surveyed, 66 % of the students questioned indicated that parents were using obscene language at home, and 48 % of parents questioned were also positive about using verbal bulling of their children. We investigated what kind of obscene words were used as insults of children by the parents, identified and classified them. We established that personal insults were performed on regular basis, and the emotional reactions of children were so acute that 1.5 % of high school students were having suicidal thoughts. That means that for some students the family is the place where they are bulled and verbally abused. We used the concepts of «subject of mental activity» and «system of substantive intuitions» to determine the depth of psychological trauma. It was established that emotional reactions to family bulling are entrenched in the behavior of children and become the basis for the realization in the school of the bullying roles of a victim, a buller and observers.

Detecting online expressional anomie and its evolutions in social media

Purpose Expressional anomie (e.g. obscene words) can hinder communications and even obstruct improvements of national literacy. Meanwhile, the borderless and rapid transmission of the internet has exacerbated the influences. Hence, the purpose of this paper is detecting online anomic expression automatically and analyzing dynamic evolution processes of expressional anomie, so as to reveal multidimensional status of expressional anomie. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducted expressional anomie analysis via fine-grained microblog mining. Specifically, anomic microblogs and their anomic types were identified via a supervised classification method. Then, the evolutions of expressional anomie were analyzed, and impacts of users’ characteristics on the evolution process were mined. Finally, expressional anomie characteristics and evolution trends were obtained. Findings Empirical results on microblogs indicate that more effective and diversified measures need to be used to address the current large-scale anomie in expression. Moreover, measures should be tailored to individuals and local conditions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first research to mine evolutions of expressional anomie automatically in social media. It may discover more continuous and universal rules of expressional anomie, so as to optimize the online expression environment.

FORMATION OF TEENAGER’S IDIOLECT IN DONNA TARTT’S NOVEL “THE GOLDFINCH” AND SPECIFICS OF ITS TRANSLATION

In the article the means of forming an adolescent idiollect and the peculiarities of its reproduction in translation are considered. The study was focused on the idiolects of the central characters of the Donna Tart’s novel “The Goldfinch” – Theo and Boris. The article deals with such concepts as idiostyle, author's style and idiolect, as well as the definition of idiolect as a set of formal and stylistic peculiarities inherent to the speech of a separate carrier of a certain language. On the example of Donna Tart’s novel “The Goldfinch”, it was found out that the means of forming teen idiolect are slang, argots, jargon – they are common to the teen's idiolect in general. In addition, it was found that the elements of the idiolect of each character are words and expressions that reflect his personal life experience: in Theo’s speech such vocabulary includes psychological and art-study terms, a sophisticated and intelligent style of utterances, and later – obscene words and words, borrowed from Russian, Ukrainian and Polish, which appeared in Theo’s speech after he got acquainted with Boris; Boris, a son of a Ukrainian emigrant who had mixed Ukrainian-Polish origin, uses in speech lots of obscene words, borrowings from Ukrainian, Russian and Polish. The translation of the novel by Viktor Shovkun was analyzed and it was found that the translator significantly softened and to some extent neutralized the language of adolescents. A series of translation procedures (classification by Vinogradov), which were used for the reproduction of idiolects of the central characters of the novel, were considered. After the analysis of 300 linguistic units selected by the method of full selection, the frequency of the translation procedures usage and the expediency and correctness of their application were determined. It was noted that the main difficulties of the translation of idiolects is the preservation of connotation and stylistic coloring of idiolects in translation, the transmission of idioms, the adaptation of idiolect to the language of translation and its correlation with the broadcast of the readers. Prospects for further research on the means of forming idiolects and ways of their translation were determined.

PENGGUNAAN KATA TABU DI MEDIA SOSIAL: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK FORENSIK

The freedom in social media communication have not been responded wisely by the citizen of the net (netizen). Sometimes while expressing themselves in the social media, netizens used the taboo words which potentially break the law. The problems chosen in this research is a type of taboo words used by the netizen and also whether these expressed words have a potential to violate the law. The method to collect the data is “Simak bebas libat cakap“(SBLC), it is a method where there is no active communication between interviewer and interviewee but it is only taken the data from internet, then to transcribe the taken data. The following step is analyzing data which used referential equivalent method, then the results of the analysis were presented informally. The findings showed that taboo words used in social media consisted of: (1) obscene words, (2) vulgar language, and (3) nick name and insult. These taboo words potentially violate the government regulation of the Republic Indonesia number 11 of 2008 concerning electronic information and transactions article 27 paragraph (3) and article 45 paragraph (1) as well as article 310 section (1) and article 311 section (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning defamation. Therefore, netizens must be careful in the way how communicate. Criminal Code, defamation, forensic linguistics, ITE Law, netizen, social media, taboo

Yok Edici isimli kitaptaki çevirmenin önsözü üzerine bir çalışma

Translation and publication of foreign literature
 have at times resulted in obscenity court cases (e.g. the Aphrodite [1940] and Tropic
 of Cancer [1988] cases) against Turkish translators and publishers since
 the first decades of the Turkish Republic. 
 The recent obscenity court cases against the Turkish translators and
 publishers of William S. Burroughs’ The
 Soft Machine and Chuck Palahniuk’s Snuff
 (2011) were interpreted as instances of censorship. Taking this as a starting
 point, this article conducts a case study of Ahmet Ergenç’s translator’s
 preface for Exterminator!, a book by
 Burroughs which contains obscenity and was published in Turkey after the
 aforementioned court cases. The aims of this case study is to investigate the
 purpose of and reasons behind Ergenç’s preface and to determine whether
 Ergenç’s preface was influenced by the court cases and the censorial conditions
 under which Turkish translators work. To do so, Ergenç’s preface is studied in
 the light of Genette’s (1997) understanding of allographic and authorial
 prefaces and an interview is conducted with Ergenç. As a result, it is
 discussed that Ergenç aimed at informing readers unfamiliar with Burroughs
 about his style, which consists of fragmented narrative and obscene words, to
 prevent misinterpretations of them as translation mistakes on the part of the
 reader. As to the question of the influence of censorship on Ergenç’s preface,
 results of the analysis of the preface and the interview are conflicting. The article
 concludes that Ergenç denies any authorial responsibility for fragmentation and
 obscenity in Exterminator! and uses
 his preface to embrace invisibility as a translator while also gaining
 visibility at the same time through it.

The Demonolexis in Yu. Andrukhovych’s Long Short Story “Recreatsii” (“Recreations”)

The demonolexis in Yu. Andrukhovych’s long short story “Recreatsii” (“Recreations”) has been analyzed in the article. In the course of the research there have been outlined the following lexical-semantic groups of demonomens: toponymic and onomastic names, modified lexemes, names of the rituals, genuine Ukrainian demonomens, obscene words and expressions, demonomens of Biblical origin, names from the world mythology and general demonolexis. The special lexical-semantic group has been formed by non personificated demonomens, which serve to convey the peculiarities of the contemporary Ukrainian writers’ mentality, their habits through speech. Such nomens help to reveal the protagonist’s soul, show the positive and negative sides of his personal ego, demonstrate the duality of the human perception of the world, indicate the causes of phobias, emotions, sensations. Key words: demonolexis, demonomen, lexical-semantic group, non personificated demonomen.

LÉXICO OBSCENO E GÍRIAS PAULISTANAS: UM ESTUDO NA PERSPECTIVA DA NEOLOGIA PRAGMÁTICA

O artigo analisa léxico obsceno utilizado na posição de gíria configurada como resultado de neologia. Objetiva levantar léxico gírio a partir de construções neológicas, em específico quanto à escolha de léxico obsceno para interação, considerando fatores de ordem pragmática. Utiliza a pragmática, a sociolinguística interacional, a sociolinguística variacionista e a lexicologia como base teórica e adota como procedimento metodológico a recolha de gírias com usos de léxico obsceno em entrevistas orais. Conclui que a adoção de gírias na forma de léxico obsceno traduz um comportamento sociolinguístico e pragmático que remete a uma utilização na qual amplia o campo lexical, por meio de neologia pragmática, consolidando a noção conceitual de gíria e estabelecendo novas possibilidades de sentido para unidades lexicais obscenas em uso na nossa língua.

ВОСПРИЯТИЕ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ ТЕКСТОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ МОЛОДЕЖЬЮ

В статье анализируется категория воспринимаемости текстов культуры на примере их восприятия современной молодежью. Утверждается, что это восприятие осложняется изза явно неудовлетворительной способности молодых людей погрузиться в прошлые эпохи, изза отсутствия шифра к коду семиотической памяти культуры. Интерпретация текстов культуры молодежью демонстрирует тревожное явление: у нее нет жизненной практики употребления многих слов духовного наследия, эти слова не прочувствованы, не прожиты ею образовавшиеся таким образом семантические лакуны быстро заполняются жаргонной и обсценной лексикой. The paper looks at the perception patterns of cultural texts with a particular focus on their perception by young people. The research methods employed include comparative analysis of the authors intentions and the recipients interpretations as well as linguistic experiment. The empirical analysis focuses on the texts by prominent authors and journalists and their interpretation by students, high schoolers creative writing works to analyze cultural texts and experimental texts featuring gaps. The findings of the analysis into the perception of cultural texts by young people suggest that their perception is impaired as youngsters are unable to comprehend the nations history and culturerelated semiotic elements. In case of a literary text they need to know the signaling features of a certain historic period or be familiar with the literary text itself. When dealing with an experimental mediatext the students were challenged with an abstract narrative lacking in images or featuring images which are used figuratively. Mass communication urges authors to address urgent and topical social issues, which suggest an emotional delivery featuring an idiosyncratic mix of bookish (archaic or dialectic) and colloquial (obsolete) lexemes. Recipients of these texts come from different social backgrounds and are less sensitive to the emotional charge of the text focusing merely on the texts content. While attempting to comprehend the authors message, they often fail to grasp the authors intention and appear to be less emotional. The analysis of the most common flaws and failures in high schoolers essays revealed misused speech patterns and grammarand stylerelated mistakes. This shows that they are lacking experience in drafting opinion essays. Another problem relates to their limited literary baggage as they are unfamiliar with classical texts and have no experience of analytical reading. Students texts often feature clich d pseudoscientific and formal stereotypical collocations which they see as markers of sophisticated style. Syntaxwise they tend to use sequences of words in similar syntactic functions, which, regardless of the authors intention, make a vivid stylistic tool of gradation and therefore is always emotionally charged. Overall creative essays drafted by students are excessively pathetic. On top of it, youngsters appear to have no sense of style. More than that, they often turn out to be insufficiently literate, which adds to the problem. The research findings showed an unwelcome trend: lacking in experience of using culturebased words, they turn to jargonisms and obscene words to fill in these semantic lacunae.

Er det frækt at være fræk? - En litteraturhistorisk baseret diskussion af obskøne ords brug

This article discusses the status of obscene words, looking in particular at their relation to the erotic sphere. Are these words sexually arousing, or rather the opposite? And why do they affect us as they do? An analysis of this question conducted by C. S. Lewis and including historical examples, is compared with D. H. Lawrence’s project in Lady Chatterley’s lover, where he re-evaluates obscenity by attempting to actively change its use from offensive to endearing.

Бранная лексика в стихотворениях Сергея Есенина и Владимира Маяковского

В статье на примере лирики С. Есенина и В. Маяковского рассматриваются вопросы использования бранной лексики в художественных текстах. Целью анализа является класси-фикация лексики с учётом её особенностей. Обнаружено, что высокочастотное использование бранной лексики в лирике поэта обусловлено необходимостью выражения экспрессии. Нецензурные слова в основном использовались Маяковским и Есениным для усиления идеологического сообщения.

Bilingual Obscenities: James Joyce, Ulysses, and the Linguistics of Taboo Words

In letter Nora Barnacle, one of the infamous dirty James sent her from Dublin in the winter of 1909, wrote: you know, dearest, I never use obscene phrases in speaking. You have never heard me, have you, utter an unfit word before others. When men tell in my presence here filthy or lecherous stories I hardly smile (SL 182). (1) This from the same man who wrote Ulysses, the book that was banned on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean for its professed obscenity. Yet where his work is concerned, at the time of this letter Nora he was right: there had been little obscenity in his writings far. In fact, there is little obscenity in any of writings until Ulysses, apart from the private, sexually explicit letters he wrote Nora. Printers and publishers had objected the word bloody in Dubliners, where, after endless negotiations with the publisher, appears four times, and words like fart and ballocks in A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man, and they had refused set in print large section of Portrait's chapter three, in which Stephen thinks about his wanderings around Dublin's red light district (Potter 28). Yet these instances are tame compared some of the language in Ulysses, especially in the Circe and Penelope episodes. language of was sexually explicit and blasphemous that was not just considered obscene by law, but by many of literary peers as well. (2) book raised blush upon the cheeks of Virginia Woolf (231), who complained Lytton Strachey: First there's dog that p's--then there's man that forths, and one can be monotonous even on that subject (234)--too much of prude write the words pee and fart; Katherine Mansfield found so repellent that it was difficult read it, as she wrote Sydney Schiff: shocks me come upon words, expressions and on that I'd shrink from in life (432); and Arnold Bennett claimed that Ulysses is not pornographic, but is more indecent, obscene, scatological and licentious than the majority of professedly pornographic books (qtd. in Potter 96). Even D. H. Lawrence, himself no stranger allegations of obscenity and recurrent user, in his works, of bad words such as fuck, cunt, and balls (all of which Lady Chatterley 's Lover uses more frequently than Ulysses, according British prosecuting counsel Mervyn Griffiths-Jones [qtd. in Conley, Joyce's Bad Words]), wrote in horror his wife: The last part of [Penelope] is the dirtiest, most indecent, obscene thing ever written. Yes is, Frieda. It is filthy.... This muck is more disgusting than Casanova (qtd. in Meyers 362). This repellent, licentious muck was written by man whose young alter ego, Stephen Dedalus, had been shocked to read the word Foetus cut several times in school desk in Portrait of the Artist, where the obscene word startled his blood (89) and disturbs him profoundly. If the earlier and later of works are indeed a meeting of extremes... between the early romantic phase in which Stephen Dedalus vowed forge the 'uncreated conscience' of his race, and the monumental profanities of the later Joyce (Parrinder 13), then what gave rise this dramatic shift in style? At least in part, cause may be found in increased involvement with Italian during the eleven years, from 1904 1915, he spent in Pola, Rome, and Trieste. During this period of his life, gained an almost native competence in Italian. As I will suggest in this essay, his fluency in Italian had important consequences for his writing, especially with regard his use of obscene language. Psycholinguistic studies of language emotionality suggest that late bilinguals (people who, like Joyce, become bilingual as adults) process emotional words differently in their respective languages. Linguists have found that affective processing is deeper in the native language than in languages that have been learned as adults. …

Ukrainain Swearing in the Mirror of German Translation

The article deals with the problem of swearing and its translation from Ukrainian intoGerman. It provides the analyses of the previous researches covering the topics “foul language”,“obscene language” and “swearing”. Swearing is a language taboo that conveys the negativeenergy a speaker wants to get rid of by the means of shifting it on the recipient. It is not always therecipient who is the addressee of the swearing, since language taboo includes the usage of anaddress-free swearing, the latter one belonging to the parenthetic words which are languageincrustations and which do not carry semantic meaning. But in the language there are also otherobscene words with the semantically-lowered connotation. The article reveals the differences in theusage of swear language by different nations, it also provides the comparison of the Ukrainian,Russian and German swearing. It is pointed out that Russian obscene language is more connectedto the rude names of genitals, sexual intercourse and sexual deviations, but it is less connected tothe physiological ejections. The article studies the influence of the Russian culture on other nations’cultures, including the Ukrainian one. In the Ukrainian and German languages, contrary to theRussian language, obscene words are mainly connected to the physiological ejections (scatologicalhumour). After careful study of the certain scholars works the author of the article alsodemonstrates the ways obscene words come up in the Ukrainian language. The article alsodemonstrates the ways of translation of the swearing the examples being provided from the fromthe post-modern literature works.

Are there distinct subtypes in Tourette syndrome? Pure-Tourette syndrome versus Tourette syndrome-plus, and simple versus complex tics.

This study addressed several questions relating to the core features of Tourette syndrome (TS) including in particular coprolalia (involuntary utterance of obscene words) and copropraxia (involuntary and inappropriate rude gesturing). A cohort of 400 TS patients was investigated. We observed that coprolalia occurred in 39% of the full cohort of 400 patients and copropraxia occurred in 20% of the cohort. Those with coprolalia had significantly higher Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and Diagnostic Confidence Index (DCI) total scores and a significantly higher proportion also experienced copropraxia and echolalia. A subgroup of 222 TS patients with full comorbidity data available were also compared based on whether they had pure-TS (motor and vocal tics only) or associated comorbidities and co-existent psychopathologies (TS-plus). Pure-TS and TS-plus groups were compared across a number of characteristics including TS severity, associated clinical features, and family history. In this subgroup, 13.5% had pure-TS, while the remainder had comorbidities and psychopathologies consistent with TS-plus. Thirty-nine percent of the TS-plus group displayed coprolalia, compared to (0%) of the pure-TS group and the difference in proportions was statistically significant. The only other significant difference found between the two groups was that pure-TS was associated with no family history of obsessive compulsive disorder which is an interesting finding that may suggest that additional genes or environmental factors may be at play when TS is associated with comorbidities. Finally, differences between individuals with simple versus complex vocal/motor tics were evaluated. Results indicated that individuals with complex motor/vocal tics were significantly more likely to report premonitory urges/sensations than individuals with simple tics and TS. The implications of these findings for the assessment and understanding of TS are discussed.

Schizophrenia and Abnormal Paroxystic Movements Treated by Clonazepam and Valproic Acid: a Case Report

Introduction It is not uncommon for people with schizophrenia to exhibit abnormal movements. These abnormal movements could lead to diagnostic difficulties, and represent a therapeutic challenge. Methods and objectives Through a case-report, we illustrate diagnostic difficulties encountred in schizophrenic patients with abnormal movements, mainly if symtoms appear after a trauma. Results Mr M.N. is a 30-year-old Tunisian male. His psychiatric family history includes schizophrenia in one sister and and bipolar disorder in one brother. His personal medical history comprises a head trauma following an argument with his brother in law. He was explored by computed tomography . The patient had a three-year history of disorganised schizophrenia, with two suicidal attempts following frustrations. He was treated by Amisulpride 200mg/day. For two years, he has been presenting weekly and during 45 minutes with crises with loss of contact, stereotyped movements of jittering, denudation, masturbation, obscene words, loss of urine and feces. We objectified these crises twice during hospitalization (video sequence registred). The crises ended after Clonazepam administration. We withdrew antipsychotics and put the patient on Valproic Acid and Clonazepam. Then, one day after introducing Risperidone, the patient presented an other attack. Our therapeutic approach was to maintain the patient on Valproic Acid and Clonazepam, with a good outcome. Normal neurological explorations (Electroencephalography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging) made unlikely the diagnosis of epilepsy. Conclusion A more holistic and multidisciplinary approach may be needed to further our understanding of the etiology as well as treatment of these motor syndroms.

Understanding obscenity and offensive humour: What's funny?

Humourisation of the offensive occupies a position of distinctive prominence in our study of how we experience humour. The offensive is often found to be closely linked with obscene expressions and the mind’s response towards them. This correlation between the obscene and the offensive is explored. “Being offended” is treated as a psychological state that comes into being when a sacrosanct mental territory is threatened by external, unsolicited experiences. The function of obscenity in delivering offence is explained through the subversive ability of the obscene in the context of class conflict, anthropomorphisation of obscene words and images and the strengthening of illocutionary acts. The humorous effect of delivered offence is investigated through superiority theory (laughter as dissidence and disobedience), relief theory, Bergson’s mechanical theory and a theory of trivialisation is further proposed.

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN RIGHTS AGAINST DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION: CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MAGAZINES FOR CHILDREN

The article interprets qualitative and quantitative research data disclosing the detrimental effect of public information in the context of children rights’ protection. The empirical research is based on Social Acquisition Theory, presents the main statement – an individual learns social behaviour through observation. This theory especially emphasises the impact of environment, behaviour and personality’s factors and their general effect. It is dislosed that magazines for children play an important role in the process of child’s becoming a member of society and perceiving the surrounding reality. Referring to Social Constructivism Theory, media creates social meanings and presents them to the people who are creating their own social reality considering or not the symbolic media constructions. Therefore, media performs the function of social reality construction. The results of empirical research have revealed that negative public information is presented in the magazines for children: violent, erotic, detrimental to health and other negative information. The majority of information is erotic or contains obscene words, curses, gestures. KEYWORDS: childhood education, children rights, public information, qualitative, quantitative research methods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/atee.v1i0.680