Object Language Research Articles

Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media

Anti-Americanism is a growing tendency among people in Turkey, and the media is one source of this negative sentiment. After the failed military coup attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, more than 150 domestic media outlets were shut down, including television channels, daily newspapers, radio stations, news websites, and even social media. Local affiliates of international media companies such as Deutsche Welle Turkish, however, have remained immune to such government interventions to some extent. Considering the difference in the level of independence from Turkish government influence, this study aims to explore how the anti-American sentiment in the news varied across different media outlets. With the content of 690 online news reports, a sentiment analysis compared the pro-government Sabah and Yeni Şafak daily newspapers with two internationally owned and more independent media outlets, BBC News Turkish and Deutsche Welle. The results showed a significant discrepancy between the two groups in terms of how they framed news related to the United States. The domestic media framed and reported the US-related news with a more negative slant, including the use of offensive and pejorative narratives about the United States and its politics. BBC Turkish and Deutsche Welle, however, reported news about the United States with a relatively more neutral and objective language.

Evaluation of Semantic Dementia Patient

Semantic dementia (SD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by selective and progressive semantic memory impairment due to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Semantic memory disorders appear in every cognitive fields, be it language or recognition of familiar people and objects. Left-right asymmetry produces a distinctive clinical symptom of anterior temporal lobe atrophy. Progressive gogi (word-meaning) aphasia, i.e., word comprehension deficits with severe anomia, is prominent in left-dominant patients, whereas progressive prosopagnosia, i.e., difficulty recognizing familiar faces, is prominent in right-dominant patients. Loss of semantic memory of objects is observed in advanced stages of the disease. Behavioral symptoms are less prominent in the early stages; however, behavioral changes in patients with gogi aphasia are observed even in their initial visits. In addition to neuroimaging and neuropsychological evaluation of semantic memory, it will be useful if clinicians pay attention to behavioral changes of patients with gogi aphasia.

Children with language delay referred to Dutch speech and hearing centres: caseload characteristics.

BackgroundEarly detection and remediation of language disorders are important in helping children to establish appropriate communicative and social behaviour and acquire additional information about the world through the use of language. In the Netherlands, children with (a suspicion of) language disorders are referred to speech and hearing centres for multidisciplinary assessment. Reliable data are needed on the nature of language disorders, as well as the age and source of referral, and the effects of cultural and socioeconomic profiles of the population served in order to plan speech and language therapy service provision.AimsTo provide a detailed description of caseload characteristics of children referred with a possible language disorder by generating more understanding of factors that might influence early identification.Methods & ProceduresA database of 11,450 children was analysed consisting of data on children, aged 2–7 years (70% boys, 30% girls), visiting Dutch speech and hearing centres. The factors analysed were age of referral, ratio of boys to girls, mono‐ and bilingualism, nature of the language delay, and language profile of the children.Outcomes & ResultsResults revealed an age bias in the referral of children with language disorders. On average, boys were referred 5 months earlier than girls, and monolingual children were referred 3 months earlier than bilingual children. In addition, bilingual children seemed to have more complex problems at referral than monolingual children. They more often had both a disorder in both receptive and expressive language, and a language disorder with additional (developmental) problems.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis study revealed a bias in age of referral of young children with language disorders. The results implicate the need for objective language screening instruments and the need to increase the awareness of staff in primary child healthcare of red flags in language development of girls and multilingual children aiming at earlier identification of language disorders in these children. What this paper addsWhat is already known on the subject Identifying language disorders before children enter school can foster the initiation of early interventions before these problems interfere with formal education and behavioural adjustment. Information on caseload characteristics is important to plan speech and language therapy service provision. There are only a few studies on the caseload characteristics of children at first referral for language assessment. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study provides a detailed description of the caseload characteristics of children referred to Dutch speech and hearing centres. The results reveal an age bias in referral: boys were referred earlier than girls, and monolingual children were revealed earlier than bilingual children. On top of that, bilingual children seemed to have more complex problems at referral. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study indicates that it is important to be aware of bias in the age of referral of subgroups of children with language disorders. Solutions might be to implement a language screening instrument designed for use by non‐speech–language therapists, and training in early recognition of girls and multilingual children with (less complex) language disorders for health professionals in key positions in child healthcare. In addition, it might be worthwhile to assign speech and language therapists with diverse ethnic and language backgrounds and/or with experience with bilingual/cultural children in a regional mentoring function to support referral agents and parents.

The association between communication impairments and acquired alexithymia in chronic stroke patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Language dysfunction has recently been suggested to be one route to alexithymia, an impairment in recognizing and communicating one’s own emotions. Neuropsychological evidence is needed to investigate the possibility that acquired language problems could underlie acquired alexithymia. Method This project examined data from a large group of chronic stroke patients (N = 118) to test whether self-reported or behavioral measures of language and communication problems were associated with alexithymia. We also examined the impact of hemisphere of damage on alexithymia. Results We found no differences in alexithymia levels for patients with observed language impairments on brief tests of picture naming, comprehension, and reading vs unimpaired patients. However, self-reported communication difficulties were found to be associated with higher scores of alexithymia, even after controlling for depression and anxiety. Patients with left- versus right-hemisphere damage did not differ in their alexithymia scores. Conclusions We found partial support for the language hypothesis of alexithymia. We discuss potential reasons for the discrepant findings between the self-report and objective language measures and suggest that self-report measures may be more sensitive to milder, more pragmatic language impairments, as opposed to the severe structural language impairments measured by the cognitive screening tests.

Linguistic Means of Expressing Objective Epistemic Modality in Scientific Discourse

The predicates typical of scientific discourse shown, proved, established , etc., which are used to present the results of the study are discussed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the scientific significance of addressing the problem of discursive research of epistemic indicators of reliability in the context of the principles of the language postclassical logical analysis. The purpose of the study is to justify the “modality” of these constructions and describe the epistemic modal meaning that they bring to the proposition, as specific propositional attitudes. The methodology used in the article is based on some basic principles of modal (in particular, epistemic) logic and linguistic semantics of J. Lyons and E. V. Paducheva. The novelty of the study is in the fact that the pragmatic functions of the considered predicates are described. It is shown that, in addition to a simple statement, their value contains an epistemic modal component, which is based on the value of “provability” described by modal logic. It is established that this modal meaning correlates with the category of objective language modality. Particular attention is paid to logical and linguistic grounds on which these predicates are classified as modal. The question is raised about the functioning of these predicates in contexts complicated by indicators of subjective epistemic modality with a value of problematic certainty. It is concluded that the predicates shown, proved, established, and similar ones indicate the “objective” (verifiable) nature of the information presented and the author’s conviction of the reliability of the described data, and constructions with the indicated predicates also perform a rhetorical function and enhance the “persuasiveness” of the text.

Interface entre as histórias em quadrinhos e o ensino de química: uma fonte de informação e incentivo à leitura

O presente trabalho descreve a aplicação e avaliação de uma história em quadrinhos (HQ), que aborda o tema tabela periódica, almejando avaliar o modo de leitura dos estudantes, o interesse pelo conteúdo abordado, bem como a aceitação da HQ por parte deles. A pesquisa foi realizada com 60 alunos, sendo 35 do primeiro ano e 25 do segundo ano do Ensino Médio da Unidade Escolar Severiano de Sousa, na rede pública de ensino, de Teresina-PI. Inicialmente, os alunos fizeram uma leitura da HQ, em seguida responderam, por escrito, um questionário. Os registros dos alunos constituíram a principal fonte de dados e foram analisados de maneira distinta. As respostas das questões objetivas foram expressas em termos quantidades. Já as justificativas foram agrupadas de acordo com suas semelhanças e arranjadas em diferentes categorias, seguindo o princípio da análise de conteúdo. A partir das análises dos dados foi possível sublinhar aspectos que contribuíram para a aceitação da HQ pelos alunos, pode ser levado em consideração seu emprego em sala de aula, por meio da presença de diálogos e imagens, contexto, além de informações químicas. Observou-se também uma linguagem clara, objetiva, contextual e desafiadora, que pode ser assertiva no processo motivacional de interesse dos alunos por meio da leitura. Além disso, constatou ser veículo de leitura agradável, linguagem simples, clara, dinâmica, prazerosa e enriquecedora, por meio das características lúdicas, que podem ajudar a tornar o ensino de Química mais atraente e profícuo para o aprendizado de forma crítica e reflexiva.

Word-Formative Specificity of the Objectification of the Concept “Udacha” (“Luck”) in Modern Russian Language

The article presents an attempt at cognitive linguistic analysis of the Russian cultural concept udacha (“luck”). Its primary goal is to describe derivational properties of the concept’s explication in the language through conceptual analysis of derived lexemes that belong to the family of words based on the verb udat’sya (“to succeed”). This will enable us to more precisely specify the concept’s meaning which was identified at the previous stage of the research. The material for the research was taken from basic Russian explanatory and word-formative dictionaries, and its methodological foundations include theoretical principles of language conceptualization of the world, general tenets of the anthropocentric approach to linguistic description, and ideas of reconstruction of culturally significant information through the data of a language. In her work, the author used the method of conceptual analysis developed by research teams and schools of thought in Volgograd, Voronezh, Nizhniy Novgorod, and Tambov, and the method of linguo-culturological interpretation of word-formative phenomena. The findings include verification and a more precise description of ten cognitive characteristics of the concept udacha (“luck”) revealed at the previous stage of the analysis, such as: “a favorable combination of circumstances,” “a desirable result, the right outcome of a case, success,” “a fortunate turn of events,” “happiness”, “one who can do anything, who succeeds in everything”, “creative accomplishment,” “a great achievement in some activities, success,ˮ “realization of a favorable opportunity,ˮ “something good,ˮ and “imparting or inheriting favorable, positive properties or attributes.ˮ Four new normative-evaluative and modal-evaluative cognitive characteristics have also been detected: “compliance with the necessary requirements, conditions,ˮ “something true, right,ˮ “appreciation of actions, deeds, events as accompanied by success, as leading to the desired result,ˮ and “hope for a favorable occasion without any effort, prior thinking or planningˮ. As a result, at the current stage of the research, the aggregate meaning extension of the concept udacha (“luck”) contains the total of fourteen cognitive characteristics. The author has come to the conclusion that the significant volume and complicated semantic organization of the family of words under analysis can be seen as objective language evidence of substantial cultural development of the concept udacha (“luck”) in the Russian language picture of the world.

ANALISIS AKURASI DAN KARAKTERISTIK TERJEMAHAN AL-QUR`AN DAN TERJEMAHNYA BAHASA JAWA BANYUMASAN

Al-Qur`an dan Terjemahnya Bahasa Jawa Banyumasan is a manifestation of the need for the contribution of the Quran to local communities, especially Banyumasan. This translation was compiled by a team of translators who were delegated by the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia in 2011. The use of Banyumasan Javanese as an object language for translation is a fresh thing. This research is crucial as it is the first study of the Banyumasan translation of the Quran. This study aims to understand the methods of translation and also to look at the accuracy of the translation. This research is a library research using descriptive-analysis method. The references used in analyzing the accuracy of this translation are the Banyumasan dialect dictionary and linguists' statements obtained from the author's interviews. The results of this study indicate that this translation uses a contextual method with several improvisations to explain the meaning, loanwords from both Indonesian and Arabic, hierarchical language, affirmation of meaning, and also distortion of meaning that does not change the meaning of the verse. Keywords: Quran Translation, Banyumasan Javanese Language, dialect, accuration

ТУРКИЙ КОРПУС ЛИНГВИСТИКАСИ РИВОЖЛАНИШИ ВА БУГУНГИ ҲОЛАТИ

This article discusses the experience of creating a Turkic-speaking corpus. The general description, volume, possibilities and practical significance of the electronic corpus of written texts of the Tatar language and the linguistic corpus of the Crimean Tatar language, their general and various aspects are analyzed. Working with linguistic corpora is scientifically substantiated for objective language learning. The article also examines the composition, size and practical significance of the electronic corpus of the language of the Khakas, Tuvans, and Siberian minorities

Comissão de meio ambiente e qualidade de vida na escola (Com-Vida): uma investigação em documentos oficiais

Nesse artigo é apresentada uma investigação que enfocou, a partir de uma análise documental, os documentos “Formando COM-VIDA - construindo a Agenda 21 na escola” e “Educação Ambiental: aprendizes de sustentabilidade”. Para a análise foram relacionadas as palavras: COM-VIDA, Políticas públicas, Educação, Educação ambiental, Práticas pedagógicas, Meio ambiente, Ensino, Jovens e Agenda 21, realizando-se contagem de ocorrências em ambos documentos, relacionando ainda discussões sobre a autoria dos documentos, assim como autores, natureza e contexto. Os documentos analisados tratam o tema de forma correspondente, com linguagem objetiva. Notou-se a estreita relação da Com-Vida com as políticas governamentais atuais, bem como a necessidade de novos documentos sobre o assunto com enfoque mais específico sobre estratégias de implantação do programa e que reforcem a necessidade de continuidade e desenvolvimento do projeto “Vamos Cuidar do Brasil com as Escolas” as quais a Com-Vida integra.

Early Maternal Spatial Support for Toddlers and Math Skills in Second Grade

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate whether maternal spatial support during two types of joint manipulative toy play tasks with 2-year-old children was longitudinally associated with math screening test scores in second grade. The interaction between spatial support and maternal education was explored as well. We also investigated predictions of a teacher rating of math performance at second grade, although these effects were less robust. Data were drawn from BONDS (The Behavior Outlook Norwegian Developmental Study), a longitudinal study of Norwegian children and their families. Participants were a subsample of 932 mothers and their 2-year-olds. Mothers were asked to help their children solve both a puzzle task and a shape-color sorting task. Mothers’ spatial support included spatial language, gestures, and placement of objects. Results showed that higher levels of spatial support during mother-child interaction tasks at 2 years of age was significantly associated with fewer math difficulties in second grade. This was the case for a puzzle task (a task associated with spatial visualization skills), but not for a shape-color sorting task (a task associated with shape and color feature discriminations). Conclusions are drawn with respect to the importance of identifying optimal parental spatial strategies associated with better math outcomes. These findings on parental facilitation of spatial skills during joint early play may be useful for future training interventions directed at parents of children at risk for poor math skills.

Metapragmatics of Metalanguage: Poetic Emergence of Object Language and Its Socialization Effect in an EFL Classroom

Metapragmatics of Metalanguage: Poetic Emergence of Object Language and Its Socialization Effect in an EFL Classroom

КАРТОСЕМІОТИКА І КОНЦЕПЦІЯ «ПОЛЯ» В АТЛАСІ УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ (ЗВО) ОСВІТНЬО-УПРАВЛІНСЬКОГО ТИПУ

Map semìotiсs formed at the junction of cartography and semiotics, linguistic science, which investigates the properties ofcharacters and iconic systems as language structures. The importance of the consideration of its provisions for the newmethods and different way of spatial analysis applications and in the used to modern techniques and methods of spatial analysisand determination of the features of the state and development of material objects, processes and phenomena and their changesin time, is conditioned by the widespread use in different areas of public activity of the object language of cartography, therequirements for which are constantly increasing. In particular, this applies to the field of science, where the concept of "field"defines the transition from "discrete to continual" in which the map semiotics provisions of cartographic modeling are essential.Examples of maps of the "fields" of density of the manifestation (spreading) of natural, social and man-made phenomenadeveloped in different directions of scientific and practical implementation, consider the essence of the application of thenormalized structure of the semiotic sides of maps content, as a reference of requirements, to justify the methodology of suchresearch, including for institutions of the Higher Education System of Ukraine (HEIs).The work explores the possibility of using the concept of "field" in atlas mapping modeling. On the basis of this concept, thedensity (thickness) of the placement (spatial organization) of the structural units Taras Shevchenko National University of Kievwithin the borders of Kiev is justified. Its mapping, in the form of developments of the interactive atlas of the university, locallevel, educational - managerial type, because of the dispersed territorial structure and thematic content of its main sections iscarried out for the first time.

Argument evaluation in multi-agent justification logics

Abstract Argument evaluation , one of the central problems in argumentation theory, consists in studying what makes an argument a good one. This paper proposes a formal approach to argument evaluation from the perspective of justification logic. We adopt a multi-agent setting, accepting the intuitive idea that arguments are always evaluated by someone. Two general restrictions are imposed on our analysis: non-deductive arguments are left out and the goal of argument evaluation is fixed: supporting a given proposition. Methodologically, our approach uses several existing tools borrowed from justification logic, awareness logic, doxastic logic and logics for belief dependence. We start by introducing a basic logic for argument evaluation, where a list of argumentative and doxastic notions can be expressed. Later on, we discuss how to capture the mentioned form of argument evaluation by defining a preference operator in the object language. The intuitive picture behind this definition is that, when assessing a couple of arguments, the agent puts them to a test consisting of several criteria (filters). As a result of this process, a preference relation among the evaluated arguments is established by the agent. After showing that this operator suffers a special form of logical omniscience, called preferential omniscience, we discuss how to define an explicit version of it, more suitable to deal with non-ideal agents. The present work exploits the formal notion of awareness in order to model several informal phenomena: awareness of sentences, availability of arguments and communication between agents and external sources (advisers). We discuss several extensions of the basic logic and offer completeness and decidability results for all of them.

What do we mean when we talk of object-language and metalanguage in the theory of natural languages?

What do we mean when we talk of object-language and metalanguage in the theory of natural languages?

Polskie zdania względne z wewnętrznym rzeczownikiem – wstępne rozpoznanie

troduced by a special relator który to, which in sentences bearing such clauses obligatorily agrees with the internal head. Such clauses have been hitherto overlooked in most syntactic descriptions of Polish. The inquiry is based on 291 citations obtained from the National Corpus of Polish, analysed for their semantic and syntactic features. The results show that double-headed relative clauses in Polish are marked as explicitly non-restrictive (as opposed to standard relative clauses). While identical internal and external heads need to be separated by a phrase governed by the external head, there is no such constraint on nonidentical internal heads. These may have not only nominal, but also clausal antecedents. In addition, non-identity of internal and external heads allows an introduction of subjective valuation (in the internal head) and a switch from object language to metalanguage or vice versa between the governing clause and the relative clause.

The Language of Voice: How “Head” and “Chest” Can Pave the Way to Twenty-First-Century Terminology

ABSTRACT This article asks the central question of language: “why?” If language is a symbolic representation, then why does language become embedded in vocal practice, unable to be dislodged? Why do people war over their language choices? And why do there seem to be too few approaches in the voice field that utilize objective language? As a means to explore these questions, this article will examine vocal registration terminology and seek to discover ways in which traditional language can be redirected into new opportunities for communication. New communication opportunities include scientific research that more objectively defines the object or experience, using questions to discover new ways of describing the object or experience and finding approaches such as filtered listening that eliminate the functional need for language. Ultimately, language as a tool can be most effectively employed if it serves the voice user. Focusing more intently on the object or experience, by contrast to the words that describe that experience, opens vocalists into new ways of thinking and being. The role reversal that comes from new technology allows the vocalist to directly engage with their minds and bodies without the instructor’s leading language and conscious thought acting as a gatekeeper.

Investigating the Role of Foreign Language Anxiety in Explicit and Implicit L2 Knowledge

Empirical studies have provided evidence for the negative role of foreign language anxiety in language proficiency measured via final course grades, self-assessments, objective language tests, and GPAs. However, its role in language proficiency from the perspective of explicit and implicit L2 knowledge is under-investigated. The current study therefore investigates the relationship between foreign language anxiety and explicit and implicit L2 knowledge in an English as a foreign language context. Participants were 156 university-level non-English majors. The results of the t test and multiple regression analyses showed that foreign language anxiety has a negative role in implicit L2 knowledge and also can predict it, but it was not found to have a significantly negative role in explicit L2 knowledge. The nature of the tests and knowledge may account for the results.

Relational religion: manifesto for a synthesis in the study of religion

ABSTRACTReligious traditions – although socially constructed – are distinguishable as distinct, practiced entities having pragmatic effects. Religion is not a purely scholarly invention. Correspondencies between empirical data and scientific concepts, or, between object language and metalanguage, have to be found beyond essentialism and reification. Consequently, there is a shift in parts of the study of religion towards approaches that counteract essentialism and reification by explaining subject-matters through relationality. A relational paradigm is beyond the alternative of a naïve realism and positivism on the one hand or a radical constructivism or deconstructivism on the other hand. Against this background, the article draws attention to relations in the study of religion, especially between cognition, experience, action, and materiality, between semantics and social structure, and between structure and process. The article argues for a synthesis of different approaches in the study of religion, namely cognitive and material approaches, and experience- and action-orientated theories and methodologies.

Metalanguage and Revelation: Rethinking Theology’s Language and Relevance

What distinguishes theology (in specific Christian theology) from the other uses of language? Is theology a specific language, or is it a specific situation of language, a specific way to consider language? I start with the issue of language’s inadequacy before (and because of) divine revelation. By analyzing the variety of answers to this inopia verborum, I show that the theological inadequacy of language is not conceptual, but formal: it concerns the metalinguistic definition of inadequacy. Then, I formalize the relationship between metalanguage and object language, and I argue that theology applies precisely to this formal relationship. From this, I deduce that the function of theology is to question the need for metalinguistic foundation and validation—given that this need characterizes human language, that is, what is not divine revelation. I end with two applications: on one hand, to the axiomatization of theology; on the other hand, to the methodology for inter-religious dialogue.