2O3 Composites Research Articles

Development of Composite Materials Using Magnesium Matrix with Variations in the Addition of Volume Fractions of Nano-Al2O3 Reinforcement Results of the Stir Casting Method

Magnesium matrix composites were developed as a form of material selection that can save fuel use due to excess magnesium, which has very low specific gravity and still has good mechanical properties. In this study, a magnesium matrix composite with nano-Al2O3 reinforcement was successfully fabricated using the stir casting method. When compared with magnesium monolithic, the addition of nano-Al2O3 particles of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 %Vf in magnesium composite casting was investigated to improve the mechanical properties of Mg/nano-Al2O3 composites. Magnesium composites with 0.20% Vf reinforcement were found to be the best composition of impact price, wear rate, density, and porosity. This is because the more reinforcement given, the more mechanical properties increase, but the agglomeration tendency of nano-Al2O3 particles is higher so that at a composition of 0.25 %Vf, there is a mechanism anomaly because the reinforcement carried out is less homogeneous. In addition to the number of amplifiers, the improvement of mechanical properties is influenced by the fabrication process, i.e. stir casting. This study uses chemical characterization of OES, EDS, and XRD, hard damage, impact, wear, density and porosity testing, and metallographic observations using OM and SEM.

Precursor influence on the raman spectrum of KNNLiTaLa0.01 prepared by two different methods

This work presents a study of ceramics with the (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)0.97La0.01Nb0.9Ta0.1O3 composition through their Raman spectra. In the previous studies [1], this particular composition has shown good permittivity and piezoelectric parameter values that justify a deeper investigation. Two sets of samples of these ceramic compounds were prepared using different methods. The first set was prepared using a classical solid-state reaction of oxides and carbonates, as described in Ref. 2. The second set was prepared using the NaNbO3 as a precursor. The Raman spectra of the samples obtained by the direct ceramic method consisted of 4 modes. In contrast, the spectra of the samples obtained using the precursor showed a shift of the wavenumber of the A1g(ν1) mode peak towards lower values and consisted of six modes with the appearance of two additional IR modes, F1u(ν3) and F2g(ν4). Notably, the use of the precursor preparation route led to important improvements resulting in a more straightforward method than that of Saito et al. [3].

Analisis Kinerja Pengolahan Biogas di PT. Mitra Puding Mas Kecamatan Putri Hijau Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara Provinsi Bengkulu

PT. Mitra Puding Mas is one of the oil palm fruit processing factories in Bengkulu Province. POME palm oil mill effluent is the largest waste generated from the palm oil production process. The largest components contained in biogas are CH4 (50 % – 75 %) and CO2 (24% - 45 %) as well as several percent, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of biogas CH4, O2, CO2 and H2S as well as the factors that affect the performance of biogas processing production at PT Mitra Puding Mas. Processing performance was obtained by using secondary data collection methods and literature study, while the factors influencing performance were obtained through interviews and observations. The results of the analysis of the performance of the biogas processing process, CH4 (53.6%), CO2 (36.18%), O2 (1.14%) and H2S (1.92 ppm) were categorized according to the standard composition of biogas liquid waste from palm oil. Factors that affect the performance of biogas processing are categorized very well, in the human aspect, namely the employees are skilled and expert in biogas management, in the raw material aspect, namely the use of palm oil or POME liquid waste as biogas raw material, in the method aspect, namely work instructions according to the SOP before and during the production process; on the machine aspect that is always checked regularly or periodically to avoid damage.

High piezoelectric performance in lead-free (K, Na)NbO3 ceramics under a low driving field

In this work, lead-free (K0.485Na0.485Li0.03)Nb0.8Ta0.2O3 composition was designed to control the orthorhombic-tetragonal phases boundary near the room temperature as confirmed by Rietveld analysis, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and temperature dependent dielectric constant. A comparative study of the direct and indirect synthesis methods was carried out and their functional properties were optimized as a function of sintering temperature (Ts) and dwell time. Here, we achieved a large dynamic piezoelectric constant (d33*) of 510 pm/V under a very low electric field of 15–30 kV/cm. Moreover, an enhanced static piezoelectric constant (d33) of 335 pC/N was obtained with a high Curie temperature (TC) of 315 °C. The large d33 and d33* simultaneously with high TC in a single composition are promising results in lead-free polycrystalline ceramics. The strategic design of this work opens a new door for the possible development of novel functional materials for device applications.

Enhanced piezoelectric properties in europium-doped lead lanthanum zirconate titanate thin films

This paper investigates the effect of europium (Eu3+) doping on the crystal structure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin film. For the present study, Pb0·92(La1-yEuy)0·08(Zr0·52Ti0·48)O3 (PLEZT) compositions with various Eu concentrations (y = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) were prepared on Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt substrates by chemical solution deposition technique. The X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed the structural distortions in PLZT films with Eu doping. The piezoelectric charge coefficient showed significant enhancement with Eu doping for y = 0.5 composition, with good room temperature frequency stability. This improvement in the piezoelectric characteristics of PLEZT films is the result of stronger intrinsic contributions brought in by bigger c/a ratios and higher extrinsic contributions from non-180° domain wall motions.

Investigations of the magneto-dielectric and multiferroic properties in of Bi0.90Dy0.10FeO3-BaTi0.95Hf0.05O3 composite

Sol-gel method is used to synthesize the Bi0.90Dy0.10FeO3-BaTi0.95Hf0.05O3 (BDyFO-BTHfO composite) multiferroic composite material. The structural formation was examined utilizing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern preceded by Rietveld refinement utilizing the FULLPROF programme to confirm the presence of tetragonal and partially rhombohedral structures having space group P4mm and R3c, respectively. The dielectric characteristics of the BDyFO-BTHfO composite have been measured with respect to frequency (100 Hz to 1 MHz) and temperature (RT to 663K). Dielectric permittivity (ε) shows low-frequency dispersion which can be addressed by Maxwell-Wanger-type interfacial polarization. The synthesized composite material exhibits a negative magneto-dielectric (MD) effect when a magnetic field is operated (0.0 T to 2.0 T) and the obtained values are −9.61% and −19.68% for the ε and tanδ, respectively, at 1 kHz. The contribution of the grains, grain boundaries and electrode effects on the resistive characteristics of the samples was evaluated using comprehensive impedance spectroscopy using a Nyquist plot. The band gap (Eg ) absorption of the synthesized sample was determined using Tauc’s formula and found to be 2.05 eV. The BDyFO-BTHfO composite has improved magneto-dielectric, magneto impedance, and optical properties that support their potential usage in microelectronics, energy storage devices, and optoelectronic devices.

Phase textures of metal-oxide nanocomposites self-orchestrated by atomic diffusions through precursor alloys.

Metal-oxide nanocomposites (MONs) are of pivotal importance as electrode materials, yet lack a guiding principle to tune their phase texture. Here we report that the phase texture of MONs can be tuned at the nanoscale by controlling the nanophase separation of precursor alloys. In situ transmission electron microscopy (in situ TEM) has demonstrated that a MON material of platinum (Pt) and cerium oxide (CeO2) is obtained through promoted nanophase separation of a Pt5Ce precursor alloy in an atmosphere containing oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The Pt-CeO2 MON material comprised an alternating stack of nanometre-thick layers of Pt and CeO2 in different phase textures ranging from lamellae to mazes, depending on the O2 fraction in the atmosphere. Mathematical simulations have demonstrated that the phase texture of MONs originates from a balance in the atomic diffusions across the alloy precursor, which is controllable by the O2 fraction, temperature, and composition of the precursor alloys.

Characterization of NTC thick film thermistor paste Cu0.2Ni0.5Zn1.0Mn1.3O4

A powder of Cu0.2Ni0.5Zn1.0 Mn1.3O4 composition for custom thermistor was prepared by using the respective mixture of metal oxides and solid state reaction at 1000 ?C/4h in air. The obtained thermistor powder was milled in the planetary ball mill and agate mill for a prolonged time to achieve submicron powder. The prepared thermistor powder was further characterized by using XRD and SEM techniques. After that, the thermistor powder was pressed into small disc-shaped samples and sintered at 1150?C/2h. The sintered samples were also characterized by using XRD and SEM. The main electrical properties such as nominal resistance R and thermistor exponential factor B were measured in the climatic test chamber. After that, the thick film paste was prepared using the same powder, an organic vehicle and a glass frit. The paste was printed on alumina substrate, dried at 150 =?C /30 min and sintered in air at 850?C /10 min in a hybrid conveyor furnace. Planar electrodes were printed on the sintered NTC thermistor layer using PdAg thick film paste. The electric properties of the sintered thick film thermistor were also measured in the climatic test chamber. The obtained results were used for development of novel self-heating thermistor applications.

Study of the Conditions for Ceramic and Mechanochemical Synthesis of CuO/ZnO/γ-Al2O3 Composites

Study of the Conditions for Ceramic and Mechanochemical Synthesis of CuO/ZnO/γ-Al2O3 Composites

Tunable d33/d33* for MPB (Ba0.85Ca0.15) (Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 lead-free piezoceramic by crystallographic texturing approach

The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.10Ti0.90O3 composition is successfully transferred into <001>-textured ceramic having Lotgering factor f-74 % (abbreviated as BCZT-T74) using high aspect ratio BaTiO3-template particles via templated grain growth (TGG) method. The microstructural aspects reveal the distinctive grain growth formation for non-textured (BCZT-NT) and textured (BCZT-T74) ceramics; confirming the proper grain growth formation for textured ceramics. The polarization behavior was tested at 1 Hz, 5 Hz, and 10 Hz electric field frequencies by applying a voltage bias of 1000 V; the BCZT-NT ceramics show more variation in remnant polarization (Pr) as well as maximum polarization (Pmax) peak position while BCZT-T74 ceramics exhibit nearly steady values. The frequency-dependent variation in Pr (i.e. ΔPr) for non-textured and textured BCZT ceramics is ±11.08 % and ±3.25 % respectively in the frequency range 1Hz–10Hz at an applied voltage bias of 1000 V. The bipolar strain-electric field (S-E) butterfly loop evidences the typical piezoelectric nature; for both non-textured and textured BCZT ceramics having the effective piezoelectric strain coefficient d33* of 576 pm/V and 657 pm/V respectively. The BCZT-NT and BCZT-T74 ceramics revealed the average positive strain % values of 0.063 % and 0.1123 % and negative strain % values of 0.003985 % and 0.02281 % respectively at the applied voltage 1000 V functioning at 1Hz. The enhancement in negative strain% for BCZT-T74 ceramics is > 5.70 times higher than BCZT-NT ceramics. The variation in positive strain (i.e. ΔS+ve) and variation in negative strain (i.e. ΔS-ve) for non-textured ceramics is ±11.74 % and ±67.34 %, however, for textured ceramics is only ±3.33 % and ±5.00 % respectively. The BCZT-NT and BCZT-T74 ceramics exhibit the piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 370 pC/N and 520 pC/N (1.4 times that of BCZT-NT ceramics) respectively. The electrostrictive coefficient (Q33) of BCZT-T74 ceramics is 0.039 m4/C2, which is > 2 times higher than BCZT-NT ceramics as well as commercially used toxic PZT-5H ceramics. Therefore, less variation in a strain, as well as polarization nature with varying frequencies and enhancement in piezo properties, suggests the present textured MPB BCZT-T74 ceramics is a promising candidate for piezoelectric devices functioning at the wide range of applied electric field frequencies.

Na(Co,Ti)O2 Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries: A Proper Choice

Increased attention to sodium-containing materials during the last several years is caused by the rapid development of sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), considered as a potential successor for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [1]. Especially layered sodium oxides have gained large interest due to their potential applicability as electrode materials (both, as cathodes and anodes). Similar to LiCoO2 in LIBs, NaCoO2 shows an immense potential as a cathode in NIBs. A partial replacement of Co by Ti in a Na(Co,Ti)O2 cathode can stabilize the crystal structure during (de)sodiation and reduce the number of phase transformations. Although the phase diagram of the Na-Co-Ti-O system has not been studied yet, existence of single-phase and multi-phase regions in dependence on the Na-content and temperature is reported in the literature [2]. Typically, layered Na,Co,Ti-oxides adopt three very close structure types P2, O3 and P3, which differ in the oxygen surrounding for Na-cations (octahedral or prismatic) and in the number of the formula units in the crystal unit cell (2 or 3). For application in Na-batteries, however, a trial-and-error approach is mostly needed to evaluate a composition with outstanding electrochemical performance.The redox activity of Co and Ti cations is usually characterized by two well-separated cell potentials. The Co-oxidation (Co2+ → Co3+ and Co3+→ Co4+) occurs mostly at potentials between 3 and 4 V vs. Na+/Na, qualifying the material as cathode while Ti4+/Ti3+ redox process takes place below 1.5 V, as common for anode materials. Based on our experimental studies of layered Na,Co,Ti-oxides with different compositions as NaCo0.5Ti0.5O2 (O3) [3], Na0.65Co0.5Ti0.5O2 (P3) [3], Na0.67Co0.33Ti0.67O2 (P2- and O3-structures) [4] and Na0.8Co0.8Ti0.2O2 (P2) [5] as well as on literature report [6], we can conclude that the most stable cycling behavior can be realized, if the composition in the initial (discharged) state contains mainly Co3+ and not Co2+. The reason for this is a first-order spin-state transition of high-spin HS-Co2+ to low-spin LS-Co3+ and back upon (de)sodiation, which is accompanied by a phase transformation, leading to a huge potential hysteresis of about 2 V. This hysteresis only slightly depends on the temperature between 0 °C and 40 °C. Among the compositions mentioned above, Na0.8Co0.8Ti0.2O2 with the P2-structure is the best candidate for application as a cathode in Na-batteries. However, a deep discharge of the material below 1.6 V to reach the Na1.0Co0.8Ti0.2O2 composition is detrimental as well, since some amount of Co2+ appears, negatively influencing the cycling behavior.

Thermodynamic analysis on CSP integrated cerium oxide (CeO2 − CeO1.72/1.83) water splitting cycle for hydrogen production

Solar thermochemical CeO2-based H2O splitting cycle was thermodynamically analyzed to ascertain the optimal thermal reduction (TH) and re-oxidation (TL) temperatures and evaluate the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency (ηsolar−to−fuel) of the cycle. The equilibrium composition of CeO2, CeO1.72,CeO1.83 and O2 exhibited that the thermal reduction initiated at 1400 K thereby attaining 100 % TR at 2734 K. The observed variations in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) correspond to the feasibility of the re-oxidation step of CeO1.83 and CeO1.72 at 1050 K and 1200 K respectively. It was reported that the absorption efficiency of solar reactor (ηabs−solar−reactor−WS) decreases from 95.6 % to 37 %, as the TH increases from 1400 K to 2734 K. The results show that ηsolar−to−fuel reached the maximum value of 7.45 % for CeO1.72 and 7.69 % for CeO1.83 at 61.72 % TR of CeO2 without heat recuperation. Further, the ηsolar−to−fuel attained the maximum value of 14.92 % and 13.54 % for CeO1.83 and CeO1.72, respectively at the %TR of CeO2 of 80 % with 50 % heat recuperation. The solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency (ηsolar−to−fuel) further can be increased with the optimization of oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and molar flow rate of reduction regents (Ar or N2).

Resonant Magnetoelectric Coupling of Fe-Si-B/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Laminated Composites with Surface Crystalline Layers.

The resonant magnetoelectric (ME) effect of Fe78Si9B13/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (FeSiB/PZT) composites with a surface-modified Fe78Si9B13 amorphous alloy has been studied. The surface-modified FeSiB can improve the ME coefficient at the resonant frequency by optimizing the magnetomechancial power conversion efficiency. The maximum ME coefficient of the surface-modified ribbons combined with soft PZT (PZT5) is two-thirds larger than that of the composites with fully amorphous ribbons. Meanwhile, the maximum value of the ME coefficient with surface-modified FeSiB ribbons and hard PZT (PZT8) is one-third higher compared with the fully amorphous composites. In addition, experimental results of magnetomechanical coupling properties of FeSiB/PZT composites with or without piezoelectric layers indicate that the power efficiency of the composites first decreases and then increases with the increase in the number of FeSiB layers. When the surface crystalline FeSiB ribbons are combined with a commercially available hard piezoelectric ceramic plate, the maximum magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of the ME composite reaches 5522 V/(Oe*cm), of which the electromechanical resonant frequency is 23.89 kHz.

Hyphae Carbon Coupled with Gel Composite Assembly for Construction of Advanced Carbon/Sulfur Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The design and fabrication of novel carbon hosts with high conductivity, accelerated electrochemical catalytic activities, and superior physical/chemical confinement on sulfur and its reaction intermediates polysulfides are essential for the construction of high-performance C/S cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). In this work, a novel biofermentation coupled gel composite assembly technology is developed to prepare cross-linked carbon composite hosts consisting of conductive Rhizopus hyphae carbon fiber (RHCF) skeleton and lamellar sodium alginate carbon (SAC) uniformly implanted with polarized nanoparticles (V2O3, Ag, Co, etc.) with diameters of several nanometers. Impressively, the RHCF/SAC/V2O3 composites exhibit enhanced physical/chemical adsorption of polysulfides due to the synergistic effect between hierarchical pore structures, heteroatoms (N, P) doping, and polar V2O3 generation. Additionally, the catalytic conversion kinetics of cathodes are effectively improved by regulating the 3D carbon structure and optimizing the V2O3 catalyst. Consequently, the LSBs assembled with RHCF/SAC/V2O3-S cathode show exceptional cycle stability (capacity retention rate of 94.0% after 200 cycles at 0.1 C) and excellent rate performance (specific capacity of 578mA h g-1 at 5 C). This work opens a new door for the fabrication of hyphae carbon composites via fermentation for electrochemical energy storage.

Carbon coated LaFe0.92Pd0.08O3 composites for catalytic transfer hydrogenation: Balance in the ability of substrates adsorption and conversion

Carbon coated LaFe0.92Pd0.08O3 composites for catalytic transfer hydrogenation: Balance in the ability of substrates adsorption and conversion

Energy storage and electrocaloric properties of lead free (1‐x)(0.6Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3‐0.4(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3)–xBiZn0.5Ti0.5O3 ferroelectric ceramics

In the present work, we investigated the effect of BiZn0.5Ti0.5O3 composition on energy storage and electrocaloric properties of lead free (1-x)(0.6Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3‐0.4(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3)–xBiZn0.5Ti0.5O3 [BZCT-BZ] ceramics by varying the x from 0 to 10%. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis evidences the formation of BZCT-BZ solid solution without any secondary or impurity phase. The peaks splitting at 2θ = ∼ 45° and 66° suggested the co-existence of rhombohedral (R) and tetragonal (T) phases (morphotropic phase boundary) at room temperature for x ≤ 1%. Further, BZCT-BZ ceramics with x > 1% exhibited pseudocubic nature. The ferroelectric hysteresis loop confirms relaxor behavior and the decrease in remanent polarization with increase of BZ content is explained based on the back switching calculations. The BZCT-BZ ceramics as function of BZ composition gave the optimum recoverable energy density of 197 mJ/cm3 and an efficiency of 92% at an applied field of 45 kVcm−1. Such an exceptionally high energy storage efficiency is attributed to the enhanced relaxor behavior and superior back switching capability. Further, the values of electrocaloric temperature change and responsivity are found to be 0.67 K at 45 kV/cm and 0.014 Kcm/kV respectively in 0.98BZCT-0.02BZ ceramics. Thus, BZCT-BZ ceramics are appealing candidates for energy storage and electrocaloric application.

Efficient removal of tetracycline hydrochloride by high entropy oxides in visible photo-Fenton catalytic process

ABSTRACT A novel type of oxide material, high entropy oxide (Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2)3O4 (MFO) composites with spinel structure were successfully synthesized by a simple solution combustion in this paper, and it was first applied to the degradation of antibiotic organic pollutants in water by photo-Fenton. SEM and BET characterization showed that the composite was porous and had a large specific surface area. XPS results showed that Fe, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni all participated in the redox reaction of the catalytic process. The redox pairs of Mn2+/Mn3+, Cu+/Cu2+, Co2+/Co3+, Ni2+/Ni3+ can accelerate the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycling in MFO to activate H2O2 and produce more reactive oxygen species. The catalytic performance of MFO composite was investigated using tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) as a model pollutant. The results displayed that the degradation rate of TC-HCl by MFO was 92.9% when the initial pH was 4, the dose of H2O2 was 50 mM, and the irradiation time was 60 min. The high entropy oxide MFO composites could build up an internal electric field, which restrains electron–hole recombination, improves the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers and maximize photocatalytic property. In addition, the free radical capture experiment determined that the main active species of the degradation reaction were e−, •O2 − and •OH. The synergistic effect of the five components in the high entropy oxide strengthens lattice distortion and defects, increases oxygen vacancies, and thus has enhanced catalytic effect for TC-HCl degradation. This work shows that high entropy oxides have excellent catalytic performance for tetracycline organic pollutants, and it is speculated that high entropy oxides have good application prospects in the field of advanced oxidation technology for the degradation of organic pollutants.

Unprecedented iron-based photoelectrocatalysts@graphene foam composites as electrolyzing nanomaterials for water splitting in a neutral environment

Using nonprecious metal catalysts to efficiently produce large capacities of H2 and O2 from water splitting through the photoelectrolysis path is a crucial objective. The FeS2/α-Fe2O3 composite is first synthesized using thiourea under hydrothermal conditions and is subsequently combined with different weight ratios of graphene foam (GF; 6–20 %). The catalyst FeS2/α-Fe2O3@11 %GF demonstrates the highest photoelectrochemical water splitting activity at an excessive potential of 0.17 V, accomplishing a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Cdl of 2.14 mF cm−2 for HER, exceeding Pt/C results (0.53 V, 2.0 mF cm−2). OER, on the other hand, exhibits an overpotential of 0.18 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope value of 77.9 mV dec−1, causing a very considerable rise in the reaction kinetics with a noticeably stable behavior. Total water splitting was achieved using the FeS2/α-Fe2O3@11 %GF || FeS2/α-Fe2O3@11 %GF electrolyzer with a small cell voltage of 1.63 V to produce 10 mA cm−2. Due to the significant interfacial effects produced by the well-integrated GF, boosted pore volume and surface area, abundance of accessible sites of activity, and growing Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio, which significantly improved electron transfer and electrolyte transport, the three-component system improved its ability to achieve efficient water splitting.

Characterization and gasification of end-of-life banknotes rich in cotton content

Many central banks are reviewing their environmentally sustainable activities, including the disposal of end-of-life banknotes, within the scope of green finance policies aimed at reducing environmental impacts. The total amount of banknote production waste and end-of-life (non-reusable) banknotes is estimated to exceed 185.000 tons per year worldwide. End-of-life banknotes are commonly disposed of as combustion, incineration for energy recovery, and landfill. In this study, the characterization and gasification of end-of-life banknotes rich in cotton content, which are classified as lignocellulosic waste, were investigated to bring them into the economy more effectively. The proximate, calorific value, lignocellulosic, elemental, and metal analyses were performed as characterization tests. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed at six different heating rates from 5 to 30 °C. The gasification experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. With the gas analyzer, CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and O2 compositions as the mole fraction were determined simultaneously. The effects of temperature, particle size, and H2O/O2 ratio at the inlet intake on the experimental mole fractions were examined. The gasification main reactions that could be effective in gas composition were examined. The cotton-based banknote sample presented high levels of calorific value, C, O, H, cellulose, and lignin concentrations. The sample contained various transition metals such as Fe, Cu, Co, and Cr, which can be used as catalysts in gasification. The activation energy was calculated as 171.13 kJ/mol according to Kissinger method. In gasification experiments, the production of CO (12.11 %) and H2 (8.77 %) in a high composition was carried out.

Development, Physiochemical characterization, Mechanical and Finite element analysis of 3D printed Polylactide-β-TCP/α-Al2O3 composite

Herein, material extrusion (MEX) technique is utilized to develop 3D printed models based on reinforcing β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite in polylactide (PLA) matrix. β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite has been synthesized through co-precipitation method and the phase content of β-Ca3(PO4)2 and α-Al2O3 components are respectively determined as 64 and 36 wt%. The resultant β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite mixed with PLA at various weight ratios were extruded as filaments and subsequently 3D printed into definite shapes for the physiochemical, morphological and mechanical evaluation. 3D printed bodies that comprise 5 wt % β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite yielded an increasing tensile, compressive and flexural strength in the corresponding order of ∼15, ∼15 and 22% than 3D printed pure PLA. Further, the Representative volume element (RVE) unit cells developed based on the various investigated compositions of PLA-β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 were subjected to mechanical evaluation through Finite element analysis (FEA) under both static and dynamic loading conditions on ASTM standard specimens. The results from experimental and FEA analysis demonstrated good uniformity that confirmed the reinforcement of 5 wt % β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 in PLA matrix as an optimum combination to yield better mechanical strength.