Nutritional composition, anti-oxidant, anthelmintic and anti-diabetic properties of juice and molasses of Nypa fruticans collected from coastal areas of Bangladesh

Objective Nypa fructicans is an invasive plant belonging to the family Arecaceae and grows along tidal streams in brackish swamps. Its invasive nature has been linked to the presence of phytochemicals present in the plant. In this study, the leaves of Nypa fructicans commonly called Nypa palm were subjected to phytochemical screening using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methodology: Aqueous extract of Nypa fructicans was analysed using Gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. Results: The results from the GC-MS showed that the aqueous extracts of Nypa fructicans contains bioactive compounds. The major constituents are Beta-sitosterol (22.18%), Acetic acid dichloro (6.23%), 2-Etoxy carbonyl-3-methyl-4-azafluorenone, 2-flurenyimine (5.55%).

Rumpiang Village is located in the northern part of Beruntung Baru District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. This area is located in a low-lying plain, so most of the population works in sectors related to water and swamps. The plain of Rumpiang Village is a green area where rice fields are located, and many wild plants grow around the village, such as nipa palms, water mimosa leaves, water jasmine, water spinach, weeds, and other wetland plants. However, this local wisdom has not been utilized to its full potential due to the limited knowledge of rural communities regarding natural ingredient plants. Therefore, there is a need for education on the utilization of Nypa fruticans Wurmb plants to become the village's flagship product. The method for implementing this activity uses a participatory approach, namely socialization. Socialization to increase public knowledge, measured by pre-tests and post-tests to assess participants' initial knowledge. PKK cadres also received education regarding the halal product registration process and the siHALAL website. Knowledge regarding marketing strategies is still very limited, with an average score of 60, indicating a need for further education and guidance for PKK cadres.

Mosquitoes are ancient enemies of humans and act as vectors of many life-threatening diseases, including dengue, malaria, chikungunya, filariasis. In Bangladesh, more than a hundred thousand individuals suffered from dengue in 2019 and this number is increasing consistently at every year. For sustainable control of mosquitoes, we aimed to isolate and characterize mosquito controlling Bacillus species from mangrove forests and municipal areas in Bangladesh. Initially, 38 bacteria were isolated in laboratory via the heat-shock method and categorized by morphological studies, Gram staining, and catalase test. To conduct different in vitro and in vivo trials, 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based molecular prediction of 12 bacterial strains was conducted via amplification with 27F and 1492R universal primer pairs. Antimicrobial assays, salt and pH tolerance tests, amylase, cellulase, protease, and antibiotic susceptibility test were performed on Bacillus sp. to identify their multiplication potential in diverse and challenging environments. However, larvicidal assay was conducted against Aedes (Aedes aegypti) and Culex (Culex quinquefasciatus) mosquitoes to select the best potential biopesticide among the 6 selected Bacillus species (Bacillus tropicus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus zanthoxyli, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus pseudoflexus, and Fictibacillus barbaricus), and a lethality test was conducted for four potential biopesticides, all of which showed no lethality to Artemia salina in aquatic environment. The whole genome sequence (WGS) data obtained with the "K-mar" finder revealed that the best biopesticide bacteria was Bacillus altitudinis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that Bacillus altitudinis has mosquito larvicidal activity and can be a commercial and ecofriendly mosquito controlling biopesticides after scaling up.

Green efficient dual-strategy for critical metal recovery from spent LIBs: Nipa palm shell-derived cellulose and [C4H9NH3][Cyanex 272] ionic liquid extraction

High-performance bio-aerogel from Nipa Palm cellulose: Physico-chemical properties, soil-degradable behavior, methylene blue and tetracycline adsorption

Mangrove habitats serve vital functions; however, this habitat tends to face degradation affected by human activity. This study proposes to evaluate the diversity of flora and fauna in two mangrove habitats in South Sumatra, Indonesia: Banyuasin and Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI). Vegetation analysis was assessed using standard transect and plot-based methods, while fauna were recorded using a rapid assessment method. The results indicated that Banyuasin exhibited a superior flora diversity through a higher Shannon-Wiener Index (H' = 1.61) in contrast to OKI (H' = 1.04); however, the disparity was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). Banyuasin had a greater variety of mangrove trees, including Avicennia alba, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia candel, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, than OKI, which only had A. alba and S. caseolaris. In Banyuasin, fauna observations found three mammal species, 17 bird species, and 6 herpetofauna species, compared to one mammal, 16 birds, and 4 herpetofauna in OKI. Species such as Trachypithecus cristatus, Prionailurus sp., and Elanus caeruleus were only found in Banyuasin. These findings conclude that higher human activity in OKI may lead to biodiversity degradation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for robust conservation policies and community-based management to preserve ecosystem services in the mangrove habitats of these regions. Keywords: biodiversity, conservation, mangrove, rapid assessment, vegetation analysis

Peel-off gel masks are a practical form of topical cosmetics that are easy to use and help remove dead skin cells and impurities from the skin surface. Nipah (Nypa fruticans) leaves contain active compounds such as flavonoids and tannins, which have potential as active ingredients in skin care formulations. This study aimed to determine the effect of varying concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the characteristics of peel-off gel masks containing ethanol extract of nipah leaves, as well as to identify the formula that provides the most optimal quality. The extract was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol and subsequently formulated into a gel base. Evaluation was conducted on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and drying time. Data were analyzed using normality and homogeneity tests, followed by One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. The results showed that all formulas had a uniform dark brown color, the characteristic odor of nipah extract, and differed in form. All formulas met the requirements for normal skin pH (4.5–6.5), spreadability (3–5 cm), and drying time (15–30 minutes). Formulas 1 and 2 also met the viscosity criteria (2000–50,000 cP). However, none of the formulas were homogeneous. Statistical analysis indicated that variations in HPMC concentration affected the organoleptic properties (form), spreadability, viscosity, and drying time. Among the three tested formulas, none fulfilled all the physical evaluation parameters optimally, as all failed the homogeneity test.

Background: The search for natural antioxidants as alternatives to synthetic ones is crucial due to safety concerns. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) leaf, an abundant mangrove waste product in Indonesia, is a potential source of natural antioxidants but remains understudied, particularly regarding its reducing power capacity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of nipa palm leaf ethanol extract through two mechanisms: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH method) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP method).Methods: Dried nipa leaf powder was macerated with 70% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method to obtain the IC?? value and by the FRAP method to measure the reducing power expressed as µM Fe(II) equivalent per gram of extract. Vitamin C and Quercetin were used as standards for the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively.Results: The extraction yield was 15%. The nipa leaf extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity with an IC?? value of 42.08 µg/mL in the DPPH assay. Furthermore, the FRAP assay confirmed its potent reducing capacity, with a value of 2850.50 µM Fe(II)/g extract.Conclusion: The ethanol extract of nipa palm leaves demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through both free radical scavenging and reducing power mechanisms. These findings suggest that nipa leaf, currently an underutilized waste product, is a promising source of natural antioxidants for potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Abstract. Yanti AH, Arinendo HI, Setyawati TR, Kurniatuhadi R. 2025. Total hemocyte and hemoglobin changes in nypa palm worm (Namalycastis rhodochorde) to Aeromonas sp. NrBF9 infection. Biodiversitas 26: 4274-4283. Nypa palm worms (Namalycastis rhodochorde) are polychaetes essential to mangrove ecosystems as detritivores and decomposers. They also hold economic value for coastal communities through cultivation. However, pathogenic infections threaten their survival and aquaculture. Aeromonas sp. NrBF9, isolated from the worms’ fecal pellets, is an indigenous pathogen with hemolytic and DNase activities that likely cause hematological damage. Previous studies observed blanching symptoms in cultured worms exposed to Aeromonas from their feces, hypothesized to result from blood and hemocyte damage, though this remains unconfirmed. This study examined the hematological profile of nypa palm worms after dorsal injection with Aeromonas sp. NrBF9 at 10³, 10?, and 10? cells/mL. Parameters assessed included total hemocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, and hemocyte diameters. Hemolytic activity was tested using a smear method on worm blood agar. Results showed infected worms developed anemia, with significant reductions in total hemocyte counts (32.9%, 39.2%, and 39.9% decreases at 10³, 10?, and 10? cells/mL, respectively; p = 0.007, p<0.05), and hemocyte diameters (8.8%, 12.5%, and 15.0% decreases at 10³, 10?, and 10? cells/mL, respectively; p = 0.00, p<0.05). Infected worms also exhibited paler hemocytes and hemocyte aggregation, while hemoglobin levels remained unchanged (p = 0.679, p>0.05). Aeromonas sp. NrBF9 displayed ?-hemolytic activity on worm blood agar. These findings show changes in hemocyte counts and colonization caused by Aeromonas infection, emphasizing the need for early detection and management to minimize losses and boost nypa palm worm aquaculture productivity.

The optimisation of mechanical properties in composite materials is essential for advancing sustainable material utilisation of non-wood fibres, which often exhibit inferior mechanical performance compared to conventional wood-based composite boards. This study investigates the influence of varying nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) loadings on the mechanical performance of Nypa fruticans-based composite boards. Epoxy resin was employed as the binding matrix, with nano-TiO2 incorporated at loading levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% by weight. Key mechanical properties were evaluated through modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and tensile strength testing. The results revealed a pronounced effect of nano-TiO2 incorporation on the composite’s mechanical performance, with improvements observed up to an optimal loading of 3 wt%. Beyond this critical threshold, the reinforcing efficiency of the nanoparticle declined, primarily due to agglomeration. This phenomenon was substantiated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the microstructural changes and non-uniform nanoparticle distribution at higher loadings. Overall, the optimised composite board containing 3 wt% nano-TiO2 satisfied the ISO and ASTM standard requirements for both bending and tensile strength, demonstrating the viability of N. fruticans fibre as a sustainable alternative material for indoor application.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) green-synthesized using Nypa fruticans fruit husk (NF) extract were applied as catalysts for the degradation of organic dyes in water for the first time. The synthesized Ag NPs, which were well-dispersed, highly stable, and small in size with an average diameter of ~4 nm, efficiently catalyzed the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in the presence of , achieving complete degradation (>99%) within one minute under optimized conditions. The application to a commercial synthetic dye resulted in over 89% degradation within five minutes. To elucidate the degradation mechanism at the atomistic level, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed. MD simulations revealed the adsorption behavior of MO on the Ag(111) surface. DFT calculations clarified the reaction pathway of MO degradation, identifying direct hydride transfer from to the azo group of MO as the rate-determining step, with the subsequent step influenced by the pH conditions. These findings illustrate the potential of NF extract in the green synthesis of catalytically active Ag NPs and contribute to understanding their role in dye degradation processes relevant to environmental remediation.

This study successfully demonstrates the application of GO/IL/ZnxCly as a novel and environmentally friendly catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives. Using Nypa fruticans husk as a precursor, a hybrid catalyst combining graphene oxide (GO), ionic liquid (IL), and zinc chloride-based species (ZnxCly−) was produced, exhibiting higher catalytic activity, better selectivity, and outstanding recyclability. The structural and morphological features of GO/IL/ZnxCly were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XRD analysis, ICP-MS analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to elucidate their properties and establish the catalyst's efficiency and stability in organic synthesis. Under solvent-free conditions, we investigated the adaptability of the catalyst by effectively synthesizing of 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives with moderate to high yields (up to 57%), at 110 °C for 40 min. Analysis of the electronic and steric effects of different substituents revealed that electron-donating groups improve yield while electron-withdrawing groups reduce it, thereby offering insightful information for further catalyst modifications. The sustainability of the approach was determined by applying green chemistry criteria. The key indicators highlighting notable waste reduction and effective resource use were an E-factor of 1.40, an atom economy of 73.44%, and a process mass intensity (PMI) of 2.40. GO/IL/ZnxCly provides a possible substitute for sustainable organic synthesis owing to its excellent catalytic efficiency, selectivity, recyclability, and eco-friendly nature.

East Aceh Regency is one of the many regencies that have experienced a decrease in area in the last 27 years due to the conversion of mangrove land into pond areas or other interests. Banyuen and Rantau Seulamat Districts are also among the districts that have experienced a decrease in area until 2014. Areas that have abundant resources can be threatened by human activities. This requires appropriate ecosystem management to maintain the sustainability and sustainability of resources. This study aims to see the current condition of the mangrove ecosystem. The sampling method used is purposive sampling, with 3 mangrove data collection stations. then the density level and the level of damage will be analyzed. The results of the study showed that there has been an increase in the area of ​​mangroves in the Birem Bayuen and Rantau Seulamat Districts by 846.03 hectares from 2014 to 2023. The types of mangroves found were Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Nypa fruticans. There are various types of biota such as fish, crabs, birds, shrimp, molluscs and reptiles. The mangroves in Birem Bayuen and Rantau Seulamat Districts have a density level of "Very Dense", with the number of individuals 31 Ind/m2, and has a relatively very low level of deterioration. This area is still far from significant damage, but the local community is massively carrying out mangrove felling activities to be used as building materials and firewood or charcoal. It is necessary to carry out appropriate sustainable ecosystem management, one of which is conservation-based ecotourism activities. Keywords: Damage; Density; Management, Mangrove

Nypa fruticans Wurmb. merupakan spesies mangrove yang tumbuh dominan di kawasan Banyuasin dan berperan ekologis dan ekonomis dalam ekosistem mangrove. Salinitas merupakan faktor pembatas dalam distribusi dan regenerasi alami suatu spesies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kerapatan, frekuensi, serta pola sebaran seedling dan juvenile N. fruticans pada gradien salinitas di Pulau Payung, Muara sungai Lalan dan Tanjung Buyut kabupaten Banyuasin. Data menunjukkan kerapatan tertinggi pada fase seedling (2976 indiv/ha) di Pulau Payung dengan porewater salinity terendah 4,8‰, sedangkan pada fase juvelile kerapatan tertinggi (373 indiv/ha) di Muara Sungai Lalan dengan porewater salinity sedang (7,3 ‰). Kerapatan terendah pada seedling (119 indv/ha) dan juvenile (27 indv/ha) ditemukan pada porewater salinity tertinggi di Tanjung Buyut (12,4‰). Frekuensi kehadiran seedling dan juvenile memiliki pola yang sama yaitu frekuensi tertinggi (57,1%) pada porewater salinity terendah 4,8‰ (Pulau Payung) dan frekeunsi terendah (6,7%) pada porewater salinity tertinggi 12,4 ‰ (Tanjung Buyut). Pola sebaran pada fase seedling berbentuk berkelompok ditemukan habitat dengan porewater salinity 4,8‰ dan 7,3‰, serta pola seragam pada habitat dengan porewater salinity 12,4 ‰. Sedangkan pada fase juvenil pola sebaran berkelompok hanya terdapat pada habitat dengan porewater salinity 17,3 ‰ dan pola seragam ditemukan pada habitat porewater salinity 4,8‰ dan 12,4 ‰ . Studi ini memperlihatkan bahwa pola regenerasi alami N. fruticans pada fase pertumbuhan yang berbeda memberikan respon yang berbeda terhadap gradien salinitas.

The utilization of wetland vegetation as ethnobotany by the people of Burai Village reflects the strong relationship between local communities and their surrounding environment. This research aims to identify wetland plants used by the community and document their ethnobotanical values. The identification results will serve as a reference for the development of science learning resources and support the creation of contextual teaching materials for junior high school students in Burai Village The study applied a descriptive qualitative method with field surveys, observations, and in-depth interviews with traditional leaders and local residents. Data were analyzed through identification of species, uses, and cultural significance. The results identified 16 species of wetland plants utilized for food, traditional medicine, handicrafts, construction materials, and cultural ceremonies. Species such as Hymenachine amplexicaulis, Melaleuca leucadendron, Nelumbo nucifera, Eleocharis dulci, and Nypa fruticans are essential in daily life. The findings indicate that wetland vegetation plays a crucial role in supporting local livelihoods, preserving traditional knowledge, and maintaining cultural identity. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating local wisdom into sustainable wetland management to ensure ecological and cultural preservation in Burai Village

Diabetes Mellitus remains a global health challenge. In Indonesia, diabetes ranks as the third leading cause of death, after heart disease and cancer. Flavonoids, as natural antioxidants, have proven effective in mitigating the pathogenesis and complications of diabetes. Nypa fruticans is a plant with potential as an antidiabetic agent due to its high flavonoid content.This study aimed to measure the total flavonoid content and explore the potential of ethanol extract of nipa fronds as an antidiabetic, specifically in reducing blood glucose levels. Flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl₃ complex method. Antidiabetic testing was conducted in-vivo using STZ-induced diabetic rat model. Ethanol extracts of nipa fronds at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg were administered to STZ (65 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats for 21 days, with glibenclamide (0.45 mg/kg) serving as a positive control.The study results show that the ethanol extract of nipa fronds has a total flavonoid content of 48.247 ± 0.260 mgQE/g. In the antidiabetic testing, the ethanol extract of nipa fronds at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW significantly reduced the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats compared to the negative control (p<0.05) and was comparable to the positive control. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of nipa fronds can be utilized for managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Optimization of Cellulose Isolation from Nypa Fruticans Fronds Assisted by Hydrolysis and Re-bleaching

This study evaluates the compressive strength performance of Nipa Palm Fibre Reinforced Concrete (NPFRC) as a sustainable alternative for low- to medium-strength construction. Using Central Composite Design, the research examined how varying fibre content and length influence compressive strength. NPFRC compressive strength ranged from 9.17 to 21.96 MPa, compared to 26.12 MPa for conventional concrete. Higher fibre content and length generally reduced strength due to poor workability, compaction, and increased porosity. Fibre dosage had a more significant impact than fibre length. Interaction plots revealed that fibre content and length had interdependent, not additive, effects on strength. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized the mix design, identifying 0.5% fibre content and 34.25 mm fibre length as ideal, yielding a predicted strength of 20.98 MPa with 92.30% desirability. A confirmatory test recorded 19.87 MPa, a 5.58% deviation from the prediction, within acceptable limits. Although the optimized compressive strength does not meet structural-grade standards (ASTM and EN 206), the results demonstrate NPFRC’s potential for non-load-bearing and light structural applications. The study highlights the importance of fibre treatment, optimal proportioning, and quality control, reinforcing NPFRC’s viability in eco-friendly construction where moderate strength and sustainability are prioritized.

Indonesia has around 3,500 species of therapeutic plants, one of which is utilized by the individuals of Selilau Town, Aru Islands Rule, Maluku Area.. This study aims to examine 15 types of medicinal plants that are used traditionally, including plant parts, properties, active compound content, and pharmacological activity based on scientific literature from the last 10 years. This survey points to recognize species of restorative plants commonly utilized in neighborhood conventional medication, look at the plant parts utilized, handling strategies, and maladies treated based on neighborhood experiences and to survey logical writing to decide the dynamic compound substance and pharmacological movement of each distinguished plant. The comes about of the think about appeared that the foremost broadly utilized plant is the leaf portion. Some of them are: Momordica charantia (bitter melon) for cough; Urena lobata (pulutan) to smooth postpartum blood; Morinda citrifolia (mengkudu) for broken bones; Erythrina variegata (dadap) for body recovery; Myrmecodia pendens (ant nest) for swelling and beriberi; and Carica papaya (papaya) for malaria. Other plants such as Manihot esculenta, Tradescantia spathacea, Graptophyllum pictum, Hemigraphis alternata, Mimosa pudica, Jatropha curcas, Psidium guajava, Nypa fruticans, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis are also used for various health complaints. Active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins support pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, gastroprotective, and immunostimulant. This study emphasizes the importance of documenting traditional knowledge as an effort to preserve and develop local wisdom-based medicines.