Nylon Fishing Line Research Articles

A 32 x 32 capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer array manufactured in standard CMOS

As ultrasound imagers become increasingly portable and lower cost, breakthroughs in transducer technology will be needed to provide high-resolution, real-time 3-D imaging while maintaining the affordability needed for portable systems. This paper presents a 32 x 32 ultrasound array prototype, manufactured using a CMUT-in-CMOS approach whereby ultrasonic transducer elements and readout circuits are integrated on a single chip using a standard integrated circuit manufacturing process in a commercial CMOS foundry. Only blanket wet-etch and sealing steps are added to complete the MEMS devices after the CMOS process. This process typically yields better than 99% working elements per array, with less than ±1.5 dB variation in receive sensitivity among the 1024 individually addressable elements. The CMUT pulseecho frequency response is typically centered at 2.1 MHz with a -6 dB fractional bandwidth of 60%, and elements are arranged on a 250 μm hexagonal grid (less than half-wavelength pitch). Multiplexers and CMOS buffers within the array are used to make on-chip routing manageable, reduce the number of physical output leads, and drive the transducer cable. The array has been interfaced to a commercial imager as well as a set of custom transmit and receive electronics, and volumetric images of nylon fishing line targets have been produced.

A report on six cases of seagrass‐associated gastric impaction in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.)

Marine debris such as plastic and other foreign objects (e.g., nylon fishing line, cigarette wrappers, metal bottle caps) are commonly found in odontocete stomachs (Walker and Coe 1990), but due to the often small amounts and diversity of the debris, the impact on animal health is unclear (Walker and Coe 1990, Laist 1997, Baird and Hooker 2000). Small quantities can however, have large effects if they are capable of intermittently or consistently blocking the pyloric outflow tract (e.g., Tarpley and Marwitz 1993, Stamper et al. 2006, Jacobsen et al. 2010) causing longterm malnutrition and death (Gomerˇci´c et al. 2006); either directly due to acute gastric rupture or complete pyloric obstruction, or indirectly as a result of chronic malnutrition due to partial/intermittent pyloric obstruction. Kastelein and Lavaleije (1992) documented the persistence of undigested algae in the forestomach of a harbor porpoise for at least 3 d. Several other odontocete species (e.g., bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, e.g., McBride 1940), northern right whale dolphins (Lissodelphus borealis,Walker and Coe 1990), and spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris, Trianni and Kessler 2002)) have been found to ingest marine plants, such as kelp (Egregia sp., Macrocystic pyrifera), seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) or seagrass (Enhalus acroides, Haldule uninervis). However, death due to gastric impaction by marine plants (high densities of intertwined marine plant(s) preventing efficacious pyloric emptying and gastric evacuation (Santos et al. 2001)) is rarely reported (see McBride 1940, Trianni and Kessler 2002).

The antics of ants: ants as agents of bioturbation in a midden deposit in south-east Queensland

During salvage excavations of an Aboriginal shell midden at Hollywell, on the Gold Coast of Queensland, ant activity was noted as a contributor to both bioturbation, and to the introduction of modern material, including metal fragments, plastic, nylon fishing line and cotton thread into the deposit. This material was found at depths of up to 400 mm and adjacent to excavation units with shells with a calibrated age of 1050–900 BP. These observations prompted the development of a small experiment to illustrate the impact that one species of common Australian ant observed on site, the green-head ant (Rhytidoponera metallica), can have on cultural material in sandy deposits.

A possible experimental artefact associated with leaf tethering in crab herbivory studies

The rate at which crabs consume leaves and propagules in mangrove forests is often measured by tethering the leaves of propagules to the forest floor using a lengths of nylon fishing line. This technique was used to estimate rates of crab consumption of leaves of Avicennia marina in two temperature mangrove forests near Sydney, Australia. Rates of herbivory were low compared to those in tropical forests. An experimental artefact was identified, in that unbaited lines were also found trailing down burrows, suggesting that tethers may be inadvertently intercepted by crabs.

Mechanical Evaluation of Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma Sterilization of Nylon Lines Used for Extra-Articular Stabilization of the Canine Stifle Joint

To compare the effects of hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP) and ethylene oxide (EO) sterilizations on the mechanical properties of nylon lines used for stabilization of the canine stifle. Secondarily, to compare the performance of crimped and knotted lines. In vitro mechanical evaluation. Nonsterilized, EO- and HPGP-sterilized specimens of 36.3 kg test nylon leader line (NLL) and 57.8 kg test nylon fishing line (NFL). Single strands and looped specimens of NLL or NFL were positioned on a material testing machine. To create looped specimens, NLL were crimped using the Securos system, and NFL were knotted, as used clinically. Elongation (%) and ultimate load (N) variables were studied. Elongation and ultimate load of NLL groups were not significantly different between EO and HPGP. For NFL, HPGP sterilization led to slightly greater elongation than EO in loops only. Ultimate load of NFL single strands was not significantly different between EO and HPGP, but was higher after HPGP compared with EO in NFL loops. All NLL groups had less elongation and ultimate load than NFL. The effects of HPGP on NLL compared positively to EO, making HPGP an attractive alternative. As HPGP led to a slightly greater elongation of NFL than EO, the latter could be favored to sterilize NFL. Crimped NLL minimized elongation better than knotted NFL. Sterilization with HPGP seems a good alternative to EO for NLL. EO may be a better choice for NFL; however, it is difficult to judge the clinical relevance of this result. Crimped NLL minimizes elongation and may help reducing the recurrence of stifle instability postoperatively.

126 EFFECT OF ASSISTED HATCHING ON THE SURVIVAL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN VITRO AFTER CRYOPRESERVATION

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of assisted hatching (AH) by partial zona pellucida (ZP) dissection on the survival and the development of bovine IVP embryos after ultra-rapid vitrification and slow freezing. COC obtained from abattoir bovine ovaries were matured and fertilized in vitro, and then cultured in IVD101 (Research Institute for the Functional Peptides, Yamagata, Japan) at 38.5�C in 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2. The treatment of AH was done on compacted morulae by partially dissecting ZP with a micromanipulator. As a control, non-treated embryos with intact ZP were used. For vitrification, the blastocysts at days 7 and 8 were placed into a vitrification solution (Dulbecco's PBS (D-PBS) supplemented with 20% glycerol, 20% ethylene glycol (EG), 0.3 m sucrose (SUC), 0.3 m xylose, and 3% polyethylene glycol) for 30 s after two-step equilibration. Then, they were immediately placed on a custom-made vitrification tool made of nylon fishing line with a small piece of iron attached to one end (V-tool), and immersed into liquid nitrogen (LN2). After cooling, the embryos on the V-tool were placed into frozen 0.25 mL straws filled with a diluting solution (D-PBS supplemented with 0.5 m SUC and 20% new born calf serum) using a magnet, and then they were preserved in LN2. For warming, the straws were immersed into 25�C water. The V-tool was then introduced into the column of diluting solution using a magnet. For freezing, the blastocysts at days 7 and 8 were frozen by the conventional procedure with 10% EG. For thawing, the straws were immersed into 30�C water. In this study, 120 embryos were vitrified and 128 embryos were frozen. Warmed and thawed embryos were washed more than two times, and cultured in TCM199 supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and 0.1 mm β-mercaptoethanol for 72 h for assessment of survivability and developmental capacity of post-thaw embryos. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test. The survival rates of vitrified embryos were the same with or without AH (81.1 and 82.0%, P > 0.05). The survival rates of frozen embryos were also the same with or without AH (76.3 and 66.7%, P > 0.05). The survival rates of vitrified embryos without AH was significantly higher than that of frozen embryos without AH (82.0 v. 66.7%, P < 0.05). The hatched rates of frozen embryos without AH were significantly lower than that of frozen embryos with AH and those of vitrified embryos with and without AH (43.5 v. 64.4%, 67.9 and 68.9%, P < 0.05). These results indicated that AH enhanced the development of frozen bovine IVP embryos and that our vitrification method using a V-tool did not require AH for development of embryos.

First record of the Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, from Kuwait

An adult Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, was found on a beach in southern Kuwait in March 2000. It was dying from the ingestion of a nylon fishing line and died a few hours after being discovered.

Comparison of Fishing Line for Repair of the Cruciate Deficient Stifle

SummaryNumerous types of suture material have been used for extra-articular cranial cruciate ligament stabilization. Although monofilament nylon leader line is considered by some to be the most appropriate material for this procedure, monofilament nylon fishing line is a popular alternative (8, 13). The purpose of this study was to evaluate four brands of nylon fishing line in order to determine the superiority of the material as well as the sterilization method of choice. The four brands of monofilament fishing line tested were 36 kilogram test “Ande”, “Berkley”, “Hi-Seas”, and “Maxima”.“Ande” and “Maxima” proved superior in strength prior to sterilization. When the materials were sterilized by ethylene oxide, minimal elongation was observed. However, there was a significant decrease in strength for three of the four materials (“Ande”, “Hi-Seas”, and “Maxima”) when compared to unsterilized or to steam sterilized samples. Steam sterilization resulted in significant elongation of all materials tested and had a variable effect on strength (either greater, equal, or less than no sterilization). Considering all materials, “Ande” was the nylon material of choice when ethylene oxide was used for sterilization, and “Ande” or “Maxima” were the nylon materials of choice when steam sterilization was used.The strength and elongation of four brands of thirty-six-kilogram test monofilament nylon fishing line were tested using a materials testing machine without sterilization and following either steam or ethylene oxide sterilization. “Ande” was the nylon material of choice when ethylene oxide was used for sterilization and “Ande” or “Maxima” were the nylon materials of choice when steam sterilization was used.

Mechanical Comparison of Suture Material and Knot Type Used for Fabello-Tibial Sutures

SummaryMany different suture materials have been used for extra-articular stabilization of the canine cruciate-deficient stifle. In this study, two different materials frequently used as fabello-tibial sutures (27-kilogram-test [kgt] nylon fishing line [labeled 60-pound-test] and 27-kgt nylon leader line) and two knot types used to tie these materials (square knot and slip knot) were evaluated mechanically in vitro. Twenty loops of each material were tied with each knot and evaluated. The purpose of the study reported herein was to compare the mechanical performance of two different monofilament nylon materials and two knot types when subjected to: 1) continuous elongation until failure, and 2) cycling 10 times to 100 N followed by elongation to failure testing methods. Nylon leader line tolerated higher failure loads and deformed less than nylon fishing line for both knot types. Nylon fishing line secured with a square knot recovered resting tension more completely following cycling than nylon fishing line secured with a slip knot. Nylon leader line secured with a slip knot recovered resting tension following cycling better than leader line with a square knot and both fishing line groups. When used as fabello-tibial sutures, it is suggested that 27-kgt nylon leader line be secured with a slip knot, and 27-kgt nylon fishing line be secured with a square knot to optimize the mechanical performance of the loop.The influence of knot type on the in vitro mechanical performance of monofilament nylon fishing line and monofilament leader line used as fabello-tibial sutures was investigated. Testing of loops of the materials tied with either a slip knot or a square knot was performed on steel hook attachment points. When used as fabello-tibial sutures, it is suggested that 27-kgt nylon leader line be secured with a slip knot, and 27-kgt nylon fishing line be secured with a square knot to optimize the mechanical performance of the loop.

海水培地中での生糸の生分解

It is said that lines could be still made with silk as used to be done in Japan as a countermeasure against pollution by nylon fishing lines. However, it is not clear whether or not silk fishing lines would be decomposed biologically in marine environments. To answer this question, seawater was collected at six stations at the entrance of Tokyo Bay and sterile raw silk threads (27-denier) were added to these seawaters. The final concentrations of raw silk threads in the seawaters were 0.5%. The six seawaters with raw silk threads [silk-decomposing seawater media (SDS media)] were incubated for 2 months at 20°C. The tensile strengths of the raw silk threads in the three SDS media were clearly decreased at least after 2-month incubation. The degree of decomposition of the raw silk threads, which were observed visually, correlated approximately with the ammonia contents of the SDS media. When the incubated raw silk threads were examined microscopically, it was shown that the raw silk threads were split into more and finer filaments after 1-and 2-month incubation. These results suggest the possibility of decomposition of raw silk threads in marine environments.

Biomechanical Evaluation of the Suitability of Monofilament Nylon Fishing and Leader Line for Extra-articular Stabilisation of the Canine Cruciate-deficient Stifle

SummaryThe use of monofilament nylon line for extra-articular stabilisation of the cruciate deficient canine stifle is widespread in veterinary surgery. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the mechanical behaviour of two forms of monofilament line - standard nylon fishing line (NFL) and nylon leader line (NLL) - when sterilised by steam or ethylene oxide and formed into loops approximating their use in the clinical situation; 2) to compare the mechanical performance of the canine fabellar attachment site to the steel hooks used in the first part of the study.It was found that NLL loops were not affected by sterilisation and had higher failure loads and stiffness than NFL loops. Further testing of 27-kilo - gram-test (kgt) and 36 kgt steam-sterilised NFL and NLL found that of the materials tested, NLL 27 kgt was most suitable as an extra-articular stabiliser of the canine stifle. The performance of the fabellar attachment site was superior to the steel hooks when cycled to 50 N and inferior when cycled to 100 N.The suitability of monofilament nylon fishing line (NFL) and monofilament nylon leader line (NLL) for use as lateral fabel-lotibial sutures (LFTS) in canine cranial cruciate ligament repair was investigated. In vitro testing of loops of the materials was performed with steel hook and fabellar attachment points. Twenty-seven-kilogram test NLL was found to be the most suitable nylon line from which to construct an LFTS.

Surgery for All: A View From the Developing World

Intestinal anthrax. Nylon fishing line as suture. Ether anesthesia for safety and cost.Surgery for All: A View From the Developing Worldis not a typical Western surgical text. The contributors draw upon their experience as surgical educators in the Islamic world of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The modest volume does not attempt an encyclopedic grasp of surgical theory and practice, but rather offers a fresh perspective, applying the art and science of surgery to the real-life setting of the practitioner in the developing world. This fascinating work focuses on the sensible priorities for surgical care in most regionally prevalent diseases. Given the population and health resource constraints of the Third World,Surgery for Alloffers a significant potential impact for the indigent majority of our global village. The secret lies in the two T's of treatment and training. Curative surgery can provide a lifetime benefit for both

Low-profile Dynamic Splints: A Solution to the Friction Problem

To find a solution to the problem of friction between the nylon fishing line and the outrigger of a low-profile dynamic splint, a jig was manufactured to bend notches in 2.5-mm coppercoated welding rod. This type of outrigger was compared with an adjustable stainless-steel outrigger to determine which of the two types produces the least amount of friction. As one of each type of outrigger was covered with a layer of Teflon paint, four different outriggers were compared with each other: welding rod only, welding rod with Teflon, stainless steel with Teflon, and stainless steel only. Equal traction units were attached to each of the outriggers and the amount of elongation of a 50-mm tension spring was measured when a 300-g weight was hooked onto it. This was compared with the elongation of the same spring when no friction was present. The results show that the Teflon-covered outriggers displayed significantly (on a 5% level) less friction than did the uncovered outriggers. The stainless-steel outrigger with Teflon performed slightly better than the welding-rod outrigger with Teflon. However, there was no significant difference between these two outriggers, and because the welding-rod outrigger is cheaper and more readily available, it is recommended for clinical use.

The quantity of lead shot, nylon fishing line and other litter discarded at a coarse fishing lake

In order to assess the impact of angling on the environment an attempt was made to estimate the quantity of angler litter present around a popular coarse fishery. The lake bank was divided into nine site categories which had experienced different degrees of angler pressure. Lead shot, nylon line and general litter were collected from sampling points within these sites and used to estimate total quantities around the lake. In total 41 000 ± 14 000 lead shot, 57 ± 21 km (96 000 ± 35 000 pieces) of nylon line and 106 m 2 (5552 pieces) of general litter were estimated to occur on the entire lake bank. The vast majority of lead shot, nylon line and general litter was present in close proximity to fishing points and these areas contained the highest litter densities, with lead shot up to 137 pieces m −2, nylon line up to 188 pieces m −2 (173m m −2) and general litter up to 4 pieces m −2, (2900 cm 2m −2). It was concluded that anglers discarded the majority of the lead shot and nylon line pieces during tackle manipulations and that anglers were also the source of a substantial quantity of the general litter which creates a large visual impact on the lake environment.

Uniform contact roentgen therapy for large areas; a simple device and method.

Contact roentgen therapy has certain inherent advantages due to the very short tissue-target distance and the relative low voltage employed. For the Philips contact tube these factors are 18 mm. distance and approximately 50 kv.p. This gives a source of intense irradiation of the order of 6,000 to 10,000 r per minute. The short tissue-target distance results in a very rapid falling off of intensity. The depth dose at 5 mm. is approximately 50 per cent of that at the surface, at 10 mm. 23 per cent, and at 40 mm. 1 per cent. The major disadvantage is that the tube aperture is only 2.5 cm. in diameter. Many thin lesions, both benign and malignant, such as hemangiomas, calluses, keloids, and some epitheliomas, for which the short tissue-target distance and low voltage would be advantageous, are too large for so limited a treatment field. Large-field contact therapy may also be desirable in cases in which the bulk of a tumor has been removed surgically, for intensive irradiation of the tumor base. Two methods have been used in the contact treatment of large areas. One consists in moving the tube, while energizing it, over the area to be treated; in the other the tube is moved from spot to spot, in an attempt to cover the entire lesion. With these methods it is difficult, if not impossible, to get a uniform distribution of radiation (1–3). In order to obtain uniform irradiation of a surface or plane, one of us (E. F. L.) has designed a grid containing squares measuring 1.5 × 1.5 cm. These are the largest squares which can be included within the 2.5 cm. round field of the tube. The grid consists of a sheet of lead, 22 × 22 cm., approximately 0.5 mm. thick, having an aperture in the center measuring 18 cm. on a side. A net is fashioned from nylon fishing line, having meshes 1.5 cm. square, the line being anchored to the lead by staples and stitches. Where the nylon lines cross, they are attached by passing a thread through the line and tying. This is done to avoid any distortion of the field, which is particularly important in treating uneven surfaces. This grid may be sterilized in any manner and used repeatedly. It furnishes uniform radiation to the surface and will fulfill most practical needs. For thicker lesions, in which it is desired to obtain uniform irradiation of other planes than the surface, the 1.5-cm. squares of the grid may be spaced at varying distances, depending upon the depth at which the uniform radiation is desired. For instance, for a plane 5 mm. below the surface, a spacing of 4 mm. is required. The radiation is not uniform below the plane of uniform irradiation because of the geometric spread resulting from the short target-tissue distance and subsequent overlap. The volume of tissue involved in this overlapping is, however, minimal (Fig. 1). Lead rubber can also be used for making the grid.